The Concept Of Reduction

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The Concept of Reduction

Author : Raphael van Riel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319041622
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis The Concept of Reduction by : Raphael van Riel

Download or read book The Concept of Reduction written by Raphael van Riel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-19 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume investigates the notion of reduction. Building on the idea that philosophers employ the term ‘reduction’ to reconcile diversity and directionality with unity, without relying on elimination, the book offers a powerful explication of an “ontological”, notion of reduction the extension of which is (primarily) formed by properties, kinds, individuals, or processes. It argues that related notions of reduction, such as theory-reduction and functional reduction, should be defined in terms of this explication. Thereby, the book offers a coherent framework, which sheds light on the history of the various reduction debates in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of mind, and on related topics such as reduction and unification, the notion of a scientific level, and physicalism. The book takes its point of departure in the examination of a puzzle about reduction. To illustrate, the book takes as an example the reduction of water. If water reduces to H2O, then water is identical to H2O – thus we get unity. Unity does not come at the price of elimination – claiming that water reduces to H2O, we do not thereby claim that there is no water. But what about diversity and directionality? Intuitively, there should be a difference between water and H2O, such that we get diversity. This is required for there to be directionality: in a sense, if water reduces to H2O, then H2O is prior to, or more basic than water. At least, if water reduces to H2O, then H2O does not reduce to water. But how can this be, if water is identical to H2O? The book shows that the application of current models of reduction does not solve this puzzle, and proposes a new coherent definition, according to which unity is tied to identity, diversity is descriptive in nature, and directionality is the directionality of explanation.

Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy

Author : Carl Gillett
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316776646
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (167 download)

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Book Synopsis Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy by : Carl Gillett

Download or read book Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy written by Carl Gillett and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-08 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grand debates over reduction and emergence are playing out across the sciences, but these debates have reached a stalemate, with both sides declaring victory on empirical grounds. In this book, Carl Gillett provides theoretical frameworks with which to understand these debates, illuminating both the novel positions of scientific reductionists and emergentists and the recent empirical advances that drive these new views. Gillett also highlights the flaws in existing philosophical frameworks and reorients the discussion to reflect the new scientific advances and issues, including the nature of 'parts' and 'wholes', the character of aggregation, and thus the continuity of nature itself. Most importantly, Gillett shows how disputes about concrete scientific cases are empirically resolvable and hence how we can break the scientific stalemate. Including a detailed glossary of key terms, this volume will be valuable for researchers and advanced students of the philosophy of science and metaphysics, and scientific researchers working in the area.

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Author : Steven D. Burke
Publisher : Handbook of Reagents for Organ
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxidizing and Reducing Agents by : Steven D. Burke

Download or read book Oxidizing and Reducing Agents written by Steven D. Burke and published by Handbook of Reagents for Organ. This book was released on 1999-07-09 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents S. D. Burke University of Wisconsin at Madison, USA R. L. Danheiser Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA Recognising the critical need for bringing a handy reference work that deals with the most popular reagents in synthesis to the laboratory of practising organic chemists, the Editors of the acclaimed Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (EROS) have selected the most important and useful reagents employed in contemporary organic synthesis. Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, provides the synthetic chemist with a convenient compendium of information concentrating on the most important and frequently employed reagents for the oxidation and reduction of organic compounds, extracted and updated from EROS. The inclusion of a bibliography of reviews and monographs, a compilation of Organic Syntheses procedures with tested experimental details and references to oxidizing and reducing agents will ensure that this handbook is both comprehensive and convenient.

Source Reduction and Waste Minimization

Author : Mosae Selvakumar Paulraj
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 012824321X
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Source Reduction and Waste Minimization by : Mosae Selvakumar Paulraj

Download or read book Source Reduction and Waste Minimization written by Mosae Selvakumar Paulraj and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-08-20 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Source Reduction and Waste Minimization is the second volume in the series Advanced Zero Waste Tools: Present and Emerging Waste Management Practices. It addresses processes and practices for waste minimization to support efforts to promote a more sustainable society and provide readers with a proper understanding of the major mechanisms followed for waste minimization across fields. Despite being one of the major challenges mankind is facing to establish a sustainable society, waste minimization techniques are not broadly adopted and an organized collection of these techniques with corresponding evidence of results is not available currently. This book covers numerous mechanisms supported by scientific evidence and case studies, as well as in-depth flowcharts and process diagrams to allow for readers to adopt these processes. Summarizing the present and emerging zero waste tools on the scale of both experimental and theoretical models, Advanced Zero Waste Tools is the first step toward understanding the state-of-the-art practices in making the zero-waste goal a reality. In addition to environmental and engineering principles, it also covers economic, toxicologic, and regulatory issues, making it an important resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers working toward environmental sustainability. - Uses fundamental, interdisciplinary, and state-of-the-art coverage of zero waste research to provide an integrated approach to tools, methodology, and indicators for waste minimization - Covers current challenges, design and manufacturing technology, and sustainability applications - Includes up-to-date references and web resources at the end of each chapter, as well as a webpage dedicated to providing supplementary information

Completeness and Reduction in Algebraic Complexity Theory

Author : Peter Bürgisser
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662041790
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Completeness and Reduction in Algebraic Complexity Theory by : Peter Bürgisser

Download or read book Completeness and Reduction in Algebraic Complexity Theory written by Peter Bürgisser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a thorough and comprehensive treatment of the theory of NP-completeness in the framework of algebraic complexity theory. Coverage includes Valiant's algebraic theory of NP-completeness; interrelations with the classical theory as well as the Blum-Shub-Smale model of computation, questions of structural complexity; fast evaluation of representations of general linear groups; and complexity of immanants.

Optimization and Variation Reduction in Quality

Author : Wayne A. Taylor
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780963512215
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization and Variation Reduction in Quality by : Wayne A. Taylor

Download or read book Optimization and Variation Reduction in Quality written by Wayne A. Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

Author : Michael Argenziano
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592591213
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Lung Volume Reduction Surgery by : Michael Argenziano

Download or read book Lung Volume Reduction Surgery written by Michael Argenziano and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-10-15 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A panel of recognized authorities comprehensively review the medical, surgical, and pathophysiologic issues relevant to lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema. Topics range from the open technique and video-assisted thoracoscopic approaches to LVRS, to anesthetic management, to perioperative and nursing care of the patient. The experts also detail the selection of candidates for LVRS, the clinical results and clinical trials in LVRS, and the effects of LVRS on survival rates.

Harm Reduction

Author : James A. Inciardi
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780761906889
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Harm Reduction by : James A. Inciardi

Download or read book Harm Reduction written by James A. Inciardi and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1999-10-11 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harm reduction programmes accept the reality of drug use while attempting to reduce its harmful consequences to individuals and society. Here, contributors discuss the philosophical basis and history of such policies and examine their outcomes.

Model Order Reduction: Theory, Research Aspects and Applications

Author : Wilhelmus H. Schilders
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540788417
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Model Order Reduction: Theory, Research Aspects and Applications by : Wilhelmus H. Schilders

Download or read book Model Order Reduction: Theory, Research Aspects and Applications written by Wilhelmus H. Schilders and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-27 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea for this book originated during the workshop “Model order reduction, coupled problems and optimization” held at the Lorentz Center in Leiden from S- tember 19–23, 2005. During one of the discussion sessions, it became clear that a book describing the state of the art in model order reduction, starting from the very basics and containing an overview of all relevant techniques, would be of great use for students, young researchers starting in the ?eld, and experienced researchers. The observation that most of the theory on model order reduction is scattered over many good papers, making it dif?cult to ?nd a good starting point, was supported by most of the participants. Moreover, most of the speakers at the workshop were willing to contribute to the book that is now in front of you. The goal of this book, as de?ned during the discussion sessions at the workshop, is three-fold: ?rst, it should describe the basics of model order reduction. Second, both general and more specialized model order reduction techniques for linear and nonlinear systems should be covered, including the use of several related numerical techniques. Third, the use of model order reduction techniques in practical appli- tions and current research aspects should be discussed. We have organized the book according to these goals. In Part I, the rationale behind model order reduction is explained, and an overview of the most common methods is described.

Reduction and Mechanism

Author : Alex Rosenberg
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108605117
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Reduction and Mechanism by : Alex Rosenberg

Download or read book Reduction and Mechanism written by Alex Rosenberg and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-04 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reductionism is a widely endorsed methodology among biologists, a metaphysical theory advanced to vindicate the biologist's methodology, and an epistemic thesis those opposed to reductionism have been eager to refute. While the methodology has gone from strength to strength in its history of achievements, the metaphysical thesis grounding it remained controversial despite its significant changes over the last 75 years of the philosophy of science. Meanwhile, antireductionism about biology, and especially Darwinian natural selection, became orthodoxy in philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology. This Element expounds the debate about reductionism in biology, from the work of the post-positivists to the end of the century debates about supervenience, multiple realizability, and explanatory exclusion. It shows how the more widely accepted 21st century doctrine of 'mechanism' - reductionism with a human face - inherits both the strengths and the challenges of the view it has largely supplanted.

Power System Coherency and Model Reduction

Author : Joe H. Chow
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461418038
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Power System Coherency and Model Reduction by : Joe H. Chow

Download or read book Power System Coherency and Model Reduction written by Joe H. Chow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Power System Coherency and Model Reduction" provides a comprehensive treatment for understanding interarea modes in large power systems and obtaining reduced-order models using the coherency concept and selective modal analysis method. Both linear and nonlinear analysis methods are covered. This is a reference book for researchers interested in interarea oscillations and model reduction, and power engineers in developing reduced models for power system studies and control design.

The Reduction of Physical Theories

Author : Erhard Scheibe
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3662650002
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis The Reduction of Physical Theories by : Erhard Scheibe

Download or read book The Reduction of Physical Theories written by Erhard Scheibe and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using simple physical examples, this work by Erhard Scheibe presents an important and powerful approach to the reduction of physical theories. Novel to the approach is that it is not based, as usual, on a single reduction concept that is fixed once and for all, but on a series of recursively constructed reductions, with which all reductions appear as combinations of very specific elementary reductions. This leaves the general notion of theory reduction initially open and is beneficial for the treatment of the difficult cases of reduction from the fields of special and general relativity, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics,and quantum mechanics, which are treated in the second volume. The book is systematically organized and intended for readers interested in philosophy of science as well as physicists without deep philosophical knowledge.

Smart Health Choices

Author : Les Irwig
Publisher : Judy Irwig
ISBN 13 : 1905140177
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Smart Health Choices by : Les Irwig

Download or read book Smart Health Choices written by Les Irwig and published by Judy Irwig. This book was released on 2008 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day we make decisions about our health - some big and some small. What we eat, how we live and even where we live can affect our health. But how can we be sure that the advice we are given about these important matters is right for us? This book will provide you with the right tools for assessing health advice.

Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Author : John D. Roberts
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780805383218
Total Pages : 1596 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry by : John D. Roberts

Download or read book Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry written by John D. Roberts and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction what is organic chemistry all about?; Structural organic chemistry the shapes of molecules functional groups; Organic nomenclature; Alkanes; Stereoisomerism of organic molecules; Bonding in organic molecules atomic-orbital models; More on nomenclature compounds other than hydrocarbons; Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions; Separation and purification identification of organic compounds by spectroscopic techniques; Alkenes and alkynes. Ionic and radical addition reactions; Alkenes and alkynes; Oxidation and reduction reactions; Acidity or alkynes.

Resisting Reduction

Author : Nicky Case
Publisher : Mit Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262043144
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Resisting Reduction by : Nicky Case

Download or read book Resisting Reduction written by Nicky Case and published by Mit Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provocative, hopeful essays imagine a future that is not reduced to algorithms. When Joi Ito published an essay, "Resisting Reduction: A Manifesto," about human flourishing in an age of machine intelligence, his argument against industrial optimizations in the pursuit of growth and for the importance of natural complexity and resilience received such an impassioned response that he invited writers to develop full-length essays continuing the conversation. Resisting Reduction is the result: Ito's manifesto and nine equally provocative responses, all imagining a future that is not limited by a worldview defined by algorithm. Rather than await our inevitable domination by machines, Ito and his respondents argue, we should work toward a future of interconnected complex systems. Ito blames Silicon Valley's "groupthink" and "cult of technology" for claiming that narrow technical solutions can resolve the world's complex problems. More computing power does not make us more "intelligent," he tells us, only more computationally powerful. In their responses, the other writers offer persuasive and compelling variations on Ito's argument. Among other things, they call for a "Human+AI Centaur" as the best way to augment intelligence; draw on indigenous epistemology to argue for an extended "circle of relationships" that includes the nonhuman and robotic; debunk the myth of the lone pioneer and propose instead a model of adaptive interconnectivity; cast "Snow White" as a tale of AI featuring a "smart mirror"; point out the "cisnormativity" of security protocol algorithms; and consider the limits of moral mathematics. Contributors Noelani Arista, Nicky Case, Sasha Costanza-Chock, Vafa Ghazavi, Kat Holmes, Joi Ito, Suzanne aka Kite, Cathryn Klusmeier, Jason Edward Lewis, Molly McCue, Archer Pechawis, Jaclyn Sawyer, Gary Zhexi Zhang, Snoweria Zhang

Cell Biology by the Numbers

Author : Ron Milo
Publisher : Garland Science
ISBN 13 : 1317230698
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Cell Biology by the Numbers by : Ron Milo

Download or read book Cell Biology by the Numbers written by Ron Milo and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Top 25 CHOICE 2016 Title, and recipient of the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title (OAT) Award. How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis? How many mRNAs are in a cell? How genetically similar are two random people? What is faster, transcription or translation?Cell Biology by the Numbers explores these questions and dozens of others provid

Theoretical Issues in Psychology

Author : Sacha Bem
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 144629210X
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Theoretical Issues in Psychology by : Sacha Bem

Download or read book Theoretical Issues in Psychology written by Sacha Bem and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bem and de Jong present complex ideas in an accessible manner. Theoretical Issues in Psychology gives undergraduate psychology students all the resources they need to begin reflecting on the most pressing conceptual issues in their discipline. - Stuart Wilson, Queen Margaret University The 3rd edition of Theoretical Issues in Psychology provides an authoritative overview of the conceptual issues in psychology which introduces the underlying philosophies that underpin them. It includes new insights across the philosophy of science combined with increased psychological coverage to show clearly how these two communities interrelate, ensuring an integrative understanding of the fundamental debates and how they link to your wider studies. Key features of this new edition include: Concise paragraphs, multiple examples and additional summaries throughout to help you focus on key areas of knowledge. Textboxes with definitions and key concepts to help your understanding of the main debates and ideas. New content on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, cognition and cognitive neuroscience. New up-to-date material on consciousness and evolutionary psychology. For lecturers and teachers, PowerPoint slides are available for each chapter. Sacha Bem & Huib Looren de Jong′s textbook remains essential for students taking courses in conceptual and historical issues in psychology, the philosophy of psychology or theoretical psychology.