The Collected Works of Alonzo Church

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Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 0262025647
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis The Collected Works of Alonzo Church by : Tyler Burge

Download or read book The Collected Works of Alonzo Church written by Tyler Burge and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Writings, including articles, letters, and unpublished work, by one of the twentieth century's most influential figures in mathematical logic and philosophy. Alonzo Church's long and distinguished career in mathematics and philosophy can be traced through his influential and wide-ranging writings. Church published his first article as an undergraduate at Princeton in 1924 and his last shortly before his death in 1995. This volume collects all of his published articles, many of his reviews, his monograph The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion, the introduction to his important and authoritative textbook Introduction to Mathematical Logic, a substantial amount of previously unpublished work (including chapters for the unfinished second volume of Introduction to Mathematical Logic), and a selection of letters to such correspondents as Rudolf Carnap and W. V. O. Quine. With the exception of the reviews, letters, and unpublished work, these appear in chronological order, for the most part in the format in which they were originally published. Church's work in calculability, especially the monograph on the lambda-calculus, helped lay the foundation for theoretical computer science; it attracted the interest of Alan Turing, who later completed his PhD under Church's supervision. (Church coined the term “Turing machine” in a review.) Church's influential textbook, still in print, defined the field of mathematical logic for a generation of logicians. In addition, his close connection with the Association for Symbolic Logic and his many years as review editor for the Journal of Symbolic Logic are documented in the reviews included here.

Books Formerly Owned by Alonzo Church

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis Books Formerly Owned by Alonzo Church by : Alonzo Church

Download or read book Books Formerly Owned by Alonzo Church written by Alonzo Church and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Calculi of Lambda-conversion

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780691083940
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (839 download)

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Book Synopsis The Calculi of Lambda-conversion by : Alonzo Church

Download or read book The Calculi of Lambda-conversion written by Alonzo Church and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1985-01-21 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The description for this book, The Calculi of Lambda Conversion. (AM-6), Volume 6, will be forthcoming.

Introduction to Mathematical Logic

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780691029061
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Mathematical Logic by : Alonzo Church

Download or read book Introduction to Mathematical Logic written by Alonzo Church and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A classic account of mathematical logic from a pioneering giant in the field Logic is sometimes called the foundation of mathematics: the logician studies the kinds of reasoning used in the individual steps of a proof. Alonzo Church was a pioneer in the field of mathematical logic, whose contributions to number theory and the theories of algorithms and computability laid the theoretical foundations of computer science. His first Princeton book, The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion (1941), established an invaluable tool that computer scientists still use today. Even beyond the accomplishment of that book, however, his second Princeton book, Introduction to Mathematical Logic, defined its subject for a generation. Originally published in Princeton's Annals of Mathematics Studies series, this book was revised in 1956 and reprinted a third time, in 1996, in the Princeton Landmarks in Mathematics series. Although new results in mathematical logic have been developed and other textbooks have been published, it remains, sixty years later, a basic source for understanding formal logic. Church was one of the principal founders of the Association for Symbolic Logic; he founded the Journal of Symbolic Logic in 1936 and remained an editor until 1979. At his death in 1995, Church was still regarded as the greatest mathematical logician in the world.

Alan Turing's Systems of Logic

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691164738
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Alan Turing's Systems of Logic by : Andrew W. Appel

Download or read book Alan Turing's Systems of Logic written by Andrew W. Appel and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-11-16 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A facsimile edition of Alan Turing's influential Princeton thesis Between inventing the concept of a universal computer in 1936 and breaking the German Enigma code during World War II, Alan Turing (1912–1954), the British founder of computer science and artificial intelligence, came to Princeton University to study mathematical logic. Some of the greatest logicians in the world—including Alonzo Church, Kurt Gödel, John von Neumann, and Stephen Kleene—were at Princeton in the 1930s, and they were working on ideas that would lay the groundwork for what would become known as computer science. This book presents a facsimile of the original typescript of Turing's fascinating and influential 1938 Princeton PhD thesis, one of the key documents in the history of mathematics and computer science. The book also features essays by Andrew Appel and Solomon Feferman that explain the still-unfolding significance of the ideas Turing developed at Princeton. A work of philosophy as well as mathematics, Turing's thesis envisions a practical goal—a logical system to formalize mathematical proofs so they can be checked mechanically. If every step of a theorem could be verified mechanically, the burden on intuition would be limited to the axioms. Turing's point, as Appel writes, is that "mathematical reasoning can be done, and should be done, in mechanizable formal logic." Turing's vision of "constructive systems of logic for practical use" has become reality: in the twenty-first century, automated "formal methods" are now routine. Presented here in its original form, this fascinating thesis is one of the key documents in the history of mathematics and computer science.

Logic, Meaning and Computation

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402001413
Total Pages : 664 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Logic, Meaning and Computation by : Alonzo Church

Download or read book Logic, Meaning and Computation written by Alonzo Church and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume began as a remembrance of Alonzo Church while he was still with us and is now finally complete. It contains papers by many well-known scholars, most of whom have been directly influenced by Church's own work. Often the emphasis is on foundational issues in logic, mathematics, computation, and philosophy - as was the case with Church's contributions, now universally recognized as having been of profound fundamental significance in those areas. The volume will be of interest to logicians, computer scientists, philosophers, and linguists. The contributions concern classical first-order logic, higher-order logic, non-classical theories of implication, set theories with universal sets, the logical and semantical paradoxes, the lambda-calculus, especially as it is used in computation, philosophical issues about meaning and ontology in the abstract sciences and in natural language, and much else. The material will be accessible to specialists in these areas and to advanced graduate students in the respective fields.

Alan Turing

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0123870127
Total Pages : 937 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Alan Turing by : S. Barry Cooper

Download or read book Alan Turing written by S. Barry Cooper and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-03-18 with total page 937 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this 2013 winner of the prestigious R.R. Hawkins Award from the Association of American Publishers, as well as the 2013 PROSE Awards for Mathematics and Best in Physical Sciences & Mathematics, also from the AAP, readers will find many of the most significant contributions from the four-volume set of the Collected Works of A. M. Turing. These contributions, together with commentaries from current experts in a wide spectrum of fields and backgrounds, provide insight on the significance and contemporary impact of Alan Turing's work. Offering a more modern perspective than anything currently available, Alan Turing: His Work and Impact gives wide coverage of the many ways in which Turing's scientific endeavors have impacted current research and understanding of the world. His pivotal writings on subjects including computing, artificial intelligence, cryptography, morphogenesis, and more display continued relevance and insight into today's scientific and technological landscape. This collection provides a great service to researchers, but is also an approachable entry point for readers with limited training in the science, but an urge to learn more about the details of Turing's work. 2013 winner of the prestigious R.R. Hawkins Award from the Association of American Publishers, as well as the 2013 PROSE Awards for Mathematics and Best in Physical Sciences & Mathematics, also from the AAP Named a 2013 Notable Computer Book in Computing Milieux by Computing Reviews Affordable, key collection of the most significant papers by A.M. Turing Commentary explaining the significance of each seminal paper by preeminent leaders in the field Additional resources available online

Principia Mathematica

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 688 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Principia Mathematica by : Alfred North Whitehead

Download or read book Principia Mathematica written by Alfred North Whitehead and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Selected Writings of Alonzo T. Jones

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781727080933
Total Pages : 630 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Selected Writings of Alonzo T. Jones by : Alonzo T. Jones

Download or read book Selected Writings of Alonzo T. Jones written by Alonzo T. Jones and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-09-12 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume 1 of 4 contains some ten books, eleven sermons/lectures, and five pamphlets-over 800,000 words. There are nearly 7,000,000 recorded words of A. T. Jones available to us. In choosing the material for the planned four volumes, consideration was given to the tendency of placing one's most important material in the most permanent form-books and pamphlets. Thus, the four volumes will contain largely books and pamphlets, plus all of the recorded General Conference sermons, and some selected journal articles. A few booklets and pamphlets that are duplicated in the retained publications are not included. The four "Empire Series" books, - The Empires of the Bible, The Great Empires of Prophecy, Ecclesiastical Empire, and The Great Nations of Today-begin at the Tower of Babel, and cover the history of the world. Jones, Alonzo Trevier (1850-1923) -. Editor, author, preacher. Jones became an SDA in 1874 while in the Army at Fort Walla Walla. He soon became involved in evangelism in the Northwest. He was called in 1885 to assist with periodical editorial work at the Pacific Press, where Ellet J. Waggoner was also working as editor. Jones' knowledge of history enabled him quickly to become the church's expert on the fulfillment of prophecy in the realm of religious liberty. With Waggoner, he pushed the frontiers of understanding the righteousness of Christ in relation to liberty and salvation. May of 1888 Senator Blair brought a national Sunday bill to the U. S. Senate, with Jones appearing later that year before a Senate committee to oppose that legislation on behalf of the church, the first of many testimonies he would give in those settings. The 1888 General Conference Session brought to a head the differences between some leaders and Jones and Waggoner. The issues were prophecy and salvation. Ellen White endorsed the urgency of the crisis in relation to religious liberty and prophecy highlighted by Jones. She later would call the salvation message Jones and Waggoner were presenting "most precious" and prophesied against those who called them "fanatics, extremists, and enthusiasts" (1888 1336.2 & 1341.2). Next to Ellen White, Jones is undoubtedly the most prolific writer the SDA denomination has ever had. Over the years, he did editorial work for a number of our publications. In 1897 he became editor of the Review and Herald for a few years. Ellen White repeatedly, at least through 1899, spoke of Jones as a messenger of God with a special work to do (1888 1455.2), and warned of the "fatal delusion" of rejecting the message, especially if either Waggoner or Jones were to lose their way (1888 1455.2). As the church entered into the period when it would "remain here in this world because of insubordination many more years" (Lt 184, 1901), Jones departed from church membership, but remained active in publishing the last 20 years of his life, and kept the Sabbath until his death in 1923. - Adapted from the Adventist Pioneer Library Publications Included In Vol 1. 1888 The Abiding Sabbath & The Lord's Day 1889 Kansas Camp-meeting Sermons 1889 National Reform is Church and State 1889 The National Sunday Law 1889 Religion and the Public Schools 1889 Rev. W. F. Crafts Against the Editors of the American Sentinel 1889 Tremont Temple Lectures 1889 Views of National Reform, Series One 1890 Arguments on the Breckinridge Sunday Bill 1890 Bible Questions and Answers Concerning Man 1890 The Churches and the Public Treasury 1890 The Edmunds Resolution 1890 An Exposition of Matthew Twenty-Four on the Second Coming of Christ 1890 The Immortality of the Soul, Is it a Scriptural Doctrine? 1891 General Conference Daily Bulletin, Vol. 4 1891The Two Republics, or Rome and the United States of America 1892 "Due Process of Law" and The Divine Right of Dissent 1892 The Limits of Civil Authority

Selected Writings of Alonzo T. Jones, Vol. 3 Of 4

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781727653670
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (536 download)

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Book Synopsis Selected Writings of Alonzo T. Jones, Vol. 3 Of 4 by : Alonzo Jones

Download or read book Selected Writings of Alonzo T. Jones, Vol. 3 Of 4 written by Alonzo Jones and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-09-30 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume 3 of 4 contains some five books, three General Conference sermons, two pamphlets, twenty-five select articles & nineteen editorials.-nearly 700,000 words. There are nearly 7,000,000 recorded words of A. T. Jones available to us. In choosing the material for the planned four volumes, consideration was given to the tendency of placing one's most important material in the most permanent form-books and pamphlets. Thus, the four volumes will contain largely books and pamphlets, plus all of the recorded General Conference sermons, and some selected journal articles. A few booklets and pamphlets that are duplicated in the retained publications are not included.The four "Empire Series" books,- The Empires of the Bible, The Great Empires of Prophecy, Ecclesiastical Empire, and The Great Nations of Today-begin at the Tower of Babel, and cover the history of the world.Jones, Alonzo Trevier (1850-1923) -. Editor, author, preacher. Jones became an SDA in 1874 while in the Army at Fort Walla Walla. He soon became involved in evangelism in the Northwest. He was called in 1885 to assist with periodical editorial work at the Pacific Press, where Ellet J. Waggoner was also working as editor. Jones' knowledge of history enabled him quickly to become the church's expert on the fulfillment of prophecy in the realm of religious liberty. With Waggoner, he pushed the frontiers of understanding the righteousness of Christ in relation to liberty and salvation. May of 1888 Senator Blair brought a national Sunday bill to the U. S. Senate, with Jones appearing later that year before a Senate committee to oppose that legislation on behalf of the church, the first of many testimonies he would give in those settings.The 1888 General Conference Session brought to a head the differences between some leaders and Jones and Waggoner. The issues were prophecy and salvation. Ellen White endorsed the urgency of the crisis in relation to religious liberty and prophecy highlighted by Jones. She later would call the salvation message Jones and Waggoner were presenting "most precious" and prophesied against those who called them "fanatics, extremists, and enthusiasts" (1888 1336.2 & 1341.2). Next to Ellen White, Jones is undoubtedly the most prolific writer the SDA denomination has ever had. Over the years, he did editorial work for a number of our publications. In 1897 he became editor of the Review and Herald for a few years.Ellen White repeatedly, at least through 1899, spoke of Jones as a messenger of God with a special work to do (1888 1455.2), and warned of the "fatal delusion" of rejecting the message, especially if either Waggoner or Jones were to lose their way (1888 1455.2). As the church entered into the period when it would "remain here in this world because of insubordination many more years" (Lt 184, 1901), Jones departed from church membership, but remained active in publishing the last 20 years of his life, and kept the Sabbath until his death in 1923. - Adapted from the Adventist Pioneer LibraryPublications Included In Vol 3:1893 Appeal from the U. S. Supreme Court Decision Making this "A Christian Nation"-Book of 86 pages1894 Civil Government and Religion-Book of 182 pages 1895 The Rights of the People-Book of 378 pages1896 The Eastern Question-Pamphlet of 15 pages1898-1899 Lessons on Faith-25 Articles & 19 Editorials1898 What is Patriotism in the United States?-Pamphlet of 24 pages1900 Christian Patriotism-Books of 104 pages1900 The Marshaling of the Nations-Book of 43 pages1901 Ecclesiastical Empire-Book of 874 pages1901 General Conference Bulletin-3 Sermons

A Bedside Book of Saints

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Publisher : Sophia Institute Press
ISBN 13 : 1933184086
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (331 download)

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Book Synopsis A Bedside Book of Saints by : Aloysius Roche

Download or read book A Bedside Book of Saints written by Aloysius Roche and published by Sophia Institute Press. This book was released on 2006-09 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the lives of Christian saints, and includes Saint Agatha, Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, Saint Luppus, Peter the Hermit, Saint Vitus, and many others.

Proof in Alonzo Church's and Alan Turing's Mathematical Logic: Undecidability of First Order Logic

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Publisher : Universal-Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1612339514
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (123 download)

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Book Synopsis Proof in Alonzo Church's and Alan Turing's Mathematical Logic: Undecidability of First Order Logic by :

Download or read book Proof in Alonzo Church's and Alan Turing's Mathematical Logic: Undecidability of First Order Logic written by and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

On First Principles

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Publisher : Ave Maria Press
ISBN 13 : 0870612808
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis On First Principles by : Origen

Download or read book On First Principles written by Origen and published by Ave Maria Press. This book was released on 2013-12-09 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Origen’s On First Principles is a foundational work in the development of Christian thought and doctrine: it is the first attempt in history at a systematic Christian theology. For over a decade it has been out of print with only expensive used copies available; now it is available at an affordable price and in a more accessible format. On First Principles is the most important surviving text written by third-century Church father, Origen. Origen wrote in a time when fundamental doctrines had not yet been fully articulated by the Church, and contributed to the very formation of Christianity. Readers see Origen grappling with the mysteries of salvation and brainstorming how they can be understood. This edition presents G. W. Butterworth’s trusted translation in a new, more readable format, retains the introduction by Henri de Lubac, and includes a new foreword by John C. Cavadini. As St. Gregory of Nazianzus, Doctor of the Church, wrote: “Origen is the stone on which all of us were sharpened.”

On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems

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Publisher : Courier Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0486158403
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (861 download)

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Book Synopsis On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems by : Kurt Gödel

Download or read book On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems written by Kurt Gödel and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2012-05-24 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First English translation of revolutionary paper (1931) that established that even in elementary parts of arithmetic, there are propositions which cannot be proved or disproved within the system. Introduction by R. B. Braithwaite.

The Collected Works of J. Richard Büchi

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461389283
Total Pages : 691 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis The Collected Works of J. Richard Büchi by : J. Richard Büchi

Download or read book The Collected Works of J. Richard Büchi written by J. Richard Büchi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: J. Richard Biichi is well known for his work in mathematical logic and theoretical computer science. (He himself would have sharply objected to the qualifier "theoretical," because he more or less identified science and theory, using "theory" in a broader sense and "science" in a narrower sense than usual.) We are happy to present here this collection of his papers. I (DS)1 worked with Biichi for many years, on and off, ever since I did my Ph.D. thesis on his Sequential Calculus. His way was to travel locally, not globally: When we met we would try some specific problem, but rarely dis cussed research we had done or might do. After he died in April 1984 I sifted through the manuscripts and notes left behind and was dumbfounded to see what areas he had been in. Essentially I knew about his work in finite au tomata, monadic second-order theories, and computability. But here were at least four layers on his writing desk, and evidently he had been working on them all in parallel. I am sure that many people who knew Biichi would tell an analogous story.

Kurt Gödel: Collected Works: Volume IV

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 019968961X
Total Pages : 685 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis Kurt Gödel: Collected Works: Volume IV by : Kurt Gödel

Download or read book Kurt Gödel: Collected Works: Volume IV written by Kurt Gödel and published by . This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kurt Gödel (1906 - 1978) was the most outstanding logician of the twentieth century. These collected works form the only comprehensive edition of Gödel's work available and are designed to be useful and accessible to as wide an audience as possible without sacrificing scientific or historical accuracy.

The Essential Turing

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Publisher : Clarendon Press
ISBN 13 : 0191606863
Total Pages : 622 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Essential Turing by : B. J. Copeland

Download or read book The Essential Turing written by B. J. Copeland and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 2004-09-09 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alan Turing, pioneer of computing and WWII codebreaker, is one of the most important and influential thinkers of the twentieth century. In this volume for the first time his key writings are made available to a broad, non-specialist readership. They make fascinating reading both in their own right and for their historic significance: contemporary computational theory, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life all spring from this ground-breaking work, which is also rich in philosophical and logical insight. An introduction by leading Turing expert Jack Copeland provides the background and guides the reader through the selection. About Alan Turing Alan Turing FRS OBE, (1912-1954) studied mathematics at King's College, Cambridge. He was elected a Fellow of King's in March 1935, at the age of only 22. In the same year he invented the abstract computing machines - now known simply as Turing machines - on which all subsequent stored-program digital computers are modelled. During 1936-1938 Turing continued his studies, now at Princeton University. He completed a PhD in mathematical logic, analysing the notion of 'intuition' in mathematics and introducing the idea of oracular computation, now fundamental in mathematical recursion theory. An 'oracle' is an abstract device able to solve mathematical problems too difficult for the universal Turing machine. In the summer of 1938 Turing returned to his Fellowship at King's. When WWII started in 1939 he joined the wartime headquarters of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire. Building on earlier work by Polish cryptanalysts, Turing contributed crucially to the design of electro-mechanical machines ('bombes') used to decipher Enigma, the code by means of which the German armed forces sought to protect their radio communications. Turing's work on the version of Enigma used by the German navy was vital to the battle for supremacy in the North Atlantic. He also contributed to the attack on the cyphers known as 'Fish'. Based on binary teleprinter code, Fish was used during the latter part of the war in preference to morse-based Enigma for the encryption of high-level signals, for example messages from Hitler and other members of the German High Command. It is estimated that the work of GC&CS shortened the war in Europe by at least two years. Turing received the Order of the British Empire for the part he played. In 1945, the war over, Turing was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London, his brief to design and develop an electronic computer - a concrete form of the universal Turing machine. Turing's report setting out his design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was the first relatively complete specification of an electronic stored-program general-purpose digital computer. Delays beyond Turing's control resulted in NPL's losing the race to build the world's first working electronic stored-program digital computer - an honour that went to the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University, in June 1948. Discouraged by the delays at NPL, Turing took up the Deputy Directorship of the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory in that year. Turing was a founding father of modern cognitive science and a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine, theorising that the cortex at birth is an 'unorganised machine' which through 'training' becomes organised 'into a universal machine or something like it'. He also pioneered Artificial Intelligence. Turing spent the rest of his short career at Manchester University, being appointed to a specially created Readership in the Theory of Computing in May 1953. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in March 1951 (a high honour).