The Battle Of Marathon In Scholarship

Download The Battle Of Marathon In Scholarship full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Battle Of Marathon In Scholarship ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship

Author : Dennis L. Fink
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476615349
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship by : Dennis L. Fink

Download or read book The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship written by Dennis L. Fink and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2014-05-03 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a thorough historiographic review of the Battle of Marathon. Full use is made of the major ancient sources and the debate over the value of Herodotus. The book covers the rise of the Persian Empire, relations between the Greeks and the Persian Empire and the Ionian revolt that set the stage for the Persian expedition in 490 that led to the Battle of Marathon. The book also examines the development of the Persian and Greek military systems, weapons, armor, fighting styles and military tactics. The battle itself is described along with the many questions, controversies and conflicting theories surrounding it, including an explanation of why the Athenians were able to defeat the mighty Persian Empire. The final chapter deals with the issue of the importance of the battle. The 1190 endnotes and bibliography of more than 400 sources dating from the 1850s to 2012 will allow readers to do more research on any of the topics covered.

The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship

Author : Dennis L. Fink
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786479736
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship by : Dennis L. Fink

Download or read book The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship written by Dennis L. Fink and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2014-05-22 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a thorough historiographic review of the Battle of Marathon. Full use is made of the major ancient sources and the debate over the value of Herodotus. The book covers the rise of the Persian Empire, relations between the Greeks and the Persian Empire and the Ionian revolt that set the stage for the Persian expedition in 490 that led to the Battle of Marathon. The book also examines the development of the Persian and Greek military systems, weapons, armor, fighting styles and military tactics. The battle itself is described along with the many questions, controversies and conflicting theories surrounding it, including an explanation of why the Athenians were able to defeat the mighty Persian Empire. The final chapter deals with the issue of the importance of the battle. The 1190 endnotes and bibliography of more than 400 sources dating from the 1850s to 2012 will allow readers to do more research on any of the topics covered.

The Battle of Marathon

Author : Peter Krentz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Battle of Marathon by : Peter Krentz

Download or read book The Battle of Marathon written by Peter Krentz and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Beginning his analysis with the Athenians' first formal contact with the Persians in 507 B.C., [Peter] Krentz weaves together ancient evidence with travelers' descriptions, archaeological discoveries, geological surveys, and the experiences of modern reenactors and soldiers to tell his story. Krentz argues that before Marathon the Athenian army fought in a much less organized way than the standard view of the hoplite phalanx suggests: as an irregularly armed mob rather than a disciplined formation of identically equipped infantry"--Jacket.

Commemorating Classical Battles

Author : Brandon Braun
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1789259363
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Commemorating Classical Battles by : Brandon Braun

Download or read book Commemorating Classical Battles written by Brandon Braun and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2023-07-15 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a study of the commemoration of Classical Greek battles, approaching monuments and other mnemonic practices as vital elements in the creation and curation of memories. It analyzes the diachronic development of battlefield, sanctuary, and city spaces, as evidenced by archaeological remains and ancient literary sources. In addition, it explores the experience of the commemorative spaces through the application of theories of space, phenomenology, and social memory. Following a biographical approach, the commemoration of each battle is organized into stages of initial commemoration, official monumentalization, memory curation, memory lapse, and reception. The research has led to several conclusions. While the commemoration of each battle can be divided into stages, these stages are not always discrete. There is variation in the types of commemorations within the stages, dependent on time, surrounding space, and the parties involved. Single commemorations can resonate differently with multiple audiences. The processes within the stage of memory curation lead to the subsequent lapse. The final stage of commemoration for each battle begins with the rediscovery of ancient monuments and continues to this day. The battles of Marathon, Leuktra, and Chaironeia are case studies for three reasons. First, they effectively span the period of Classical Greece (Marathon in 490 BCE to Chaironeia in 338 BCE). Secondly, these battles had different participants, thus allowing a variety of perspectives of both the victorious and the defeated. Lastly, these were battles that left lasting impacts in the material and literary record, making their commemoration relevant not only in antiquity, but also in the modern world.

Great Battles of the Classical Greek World

Author : Owen Rees
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1473881773
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (738 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Great Battles of the Classical Greek World by : Owen Rees

Download or read book Great Battles of the Classical Greek World written by Owen Rees and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a selection of eighteen land battles and sieges that span the Classical Greek period, from the Persian invasions to the eclipse of the traditional hoplite heavy infantry at the hands of the Macedonians. This of course is the golden age of the hoplite phalanx but Owen Rees is keen to cover all aspects of battle, including mercenary armies and the rise of light infantry, emphasising the variety and tactical developments across the period. Each battle is set in context with a brief background and then the battlefield and opposing forces are discussed before the narrative and analysis of the fighting is given and rounded off with consideration of the aftermath and strategic implications. Written in an accessible narrative tone, a key feature of the book is the authors choice of battles, which collectively challenge popularly held beliefs such as the invincibility of the Spartans. The text is well supported by dozens of tactical diagrams showing deployments and various phase of the battles.

The Persian War in Herodotus and Other Ancient Voices

Author : William Shepherd
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472808657
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (728 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Persian War in Herodotus and Other Ancient Voices by : William Shepherd

Download or read book The Persian War in Herodotus and Other Ancient Voices written by William Shepherd and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'An exciting, highly informative and also enjoyable read: Shepherd writes with clarity and verve... this book should find its way into the hands of all schools, universities and lovers of Herodotus.' - Peter Jones, Classics for All Weaving together the accounts of the ancient historian Herodotus with other ancient sources, this is the engrossing story of the triumph of Greece over the mighty Persian Empire. The Persian War is the name generally given to the first two decades of the period of conflict between the Greeks and the Persians that began in 499 BC and ended around 450. The pivotal moment came in 479, when a massive Persian invasion force was defeated and driven out of mainland Greece and Europe, never to return. The victory of a few Greek city-states over the world's first superpower was an extraordinary military feat that secured the future of Western civilization. All modern accounts of the war as a whole, and of the best-known battles of Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis, depend on the ancient sources, foremost amongst them Herodotus. Yet although these modern narratives generally include numerous references to the ancient authors, they quote little directly from them. This is the first book to bring together Herodotus' entire narrative and interweave it with other ancient voices alongside detailed commentary to present and clarify the original texts. The extracts from other ancient writers add value to Herodotus' narrative in various ways: some offer fresh analysis and credible extra detail; some contradict him interestingly; some provide background illumination; and some add drama and colour. All are woven into a compelling narrative tapestry that brings this immense clash of arms vividly to life. 'Distinguished military historian of the Persian Wars William Shepherd [...] shows himself to be also a most sensitive interpreter of those Wars' original historian Herodotus. With Shepherd as our guide and Herodotus by our side this key moment in West-East relations is given its full cultural and strategic due.' Paul Cartledge, A.G. Leventis Senior Research Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge

Military Geoscience: A Multifaceted Approach to the Study of Warfare

Author : Aldino Bondesan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030792609
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Military Geoscience: A Multifaceted Approach to the Study of Warfare by : Aldino Bondesan

Download or read book Military Geoscience: A Multifaceted Approach to the Study of Warfare written by Aldino Bondesan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-23 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a selection of papers from the 13th International Conference on Military Geosciences (ICMG), held 24-28 June 2019 in Padua, Italy. It covers a wide range of subjects within the confines of military geoscience written by scientists with a variety of different backgrounds from many countries throughout the world. Many of the papers focus on subjects related to Italy and World War I, but additional subject areas include international perspectives in the military geosciences, international security, geospatial intelligence and remote sensing, subterranean and underground warfare, analyses of historical battlefields and fortifications, and military archaeology. The book will be of interest to academics (e.g., military historians, military archaeologists, military geographers and geologists), applied geoscientists (e.g., engineering geologists and geologists working in other areas of applied geology), professional geoscientists, and those with a general interest in military geoscience and history.

The First Clash

Author : James Lacey
Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 055390812X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (539 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The First Clash by : James Lacey

Download or read book The First Clash written by James Lacey and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2011-03-29 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “A compelling and provocative read . . . With a soldier’s eye, Jim Lacey re-creates the battle of Marathon in all its brutal simplicity.”—Barry Strauss, author of Masters of Command Marathon—one of history’s most pivotal battles. Its name evokes images of almost superhuman courage, endurance, and fighting spirit. In this eye-opening book, military analyst James Lacey takes a fresh look at Marathon and reveals why the battle happened, how it was fought, and whether, in fact, it saved Western civilization. Lacey brilliantly reconstructs the world of the fifth century B.C. leading up to the astonishing military defeat of the Persian Empire by the vastly undermanned Greek defenders. With the kind of vivid detail that characterizes the best modern war reportage, he shows how the heavily armed Persian army was shocked and demoralized by the relentless assault of the Athenian phalanx. He reveals the fascinating aftermath of Marathon, how its fighters became the equivalent of our “Greatest Generation,” and challenges the legacy and lessons that have often been misunderstood—perhaps, now more than ever, at our own peril. Immediate, visceral, and full of new analyses that defy decades of conventional wisdom, The First Clash is a superb interpretation of a conflict that indeed made the world safe for Aristotle, Plato, and our own modern democracy. “With a fresh eye to tactics, strategy, and military organization, and with his text grounded in direct experience of the troops on the battlefield, James Lacey gives us not only new understanding of how the Athenians managed to win but also a greater appreciation of the beginning of a long tradition of Western military dynamism that we take for granted today.”—Victor Davis Hanson, author of Carnage and Culture “Lacey’s swords-and-shields approach will absorb readers ever fascinated by the famous battles of antiquity.”—Booklist “A lively and rewarding read.”—Charleston Post and Courier “Exemplary . . . Lacey, a veteran of the 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions and a professor at the Marine War College, brings to the tale of Marathon the practical experiences of the combat soldier and an intellectual sensibility.”—The New Criterion

The First Black Archaeologist

Author : John W. I. Lee
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197578993
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The First Black Archaeologist by : John W. I. Lee

Download or read book The First Black Archaeologist written by John W. I. Lee and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a biography of John Wesley Gilbert, a man famous as 'the first black archaeologist.' The text uses previously unstudied sources to reveal the triumphs and challenges of an overlooked pioneer in American archaeology.

Phoenix

Author : David Stuttard
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674988272
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Phoenix by : David Stuttard

Download or read book Phoenix written by David Stuttard and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-04 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A vivid, novelistic history of the rise of Athens from relative obscurity to the edge of its golden age, told through the lives of Miltiades and Cimon, the father and son whose defiance of Persia vaulted Athens to a leading place in the Greek world. When we think of ancient Greece we think first of Athens: its power, prestige, and revolutionary impact on art, philosophy, and politics. But on the verge of the fifth century BCE, only fifty years before its zenith, Athens was just another Greek city-state in the shadow of Sparta. It would take a catastrophe, the Persian invasions, to push Athens to the fore. In Phoenix, David Stuttard traces Athens’s rise through the lives of two men who spearheaded resistance to Persia: Miltiades, hero of the Battle of Marathon, and his son Cimon, Athens’s dominant leader before Pericles. Miltiades’s career was checkered. An Athenian provincial overlord forced into Persian vassalage, he joined a rebellion against the Persians then fled Great King Darius’s retaliation. Miltiades would later die in prison. But before that, he led Athens to victory over the invading Persians at Marathon. Cimon entered history when the Persians returned; he responded by encouraging a tactical evacuation of Athens as a prelude to decisive victory at sea. Over the next decades, while Greek city-states squabbled, Athens revitalized under Cimon’s inspired leadership. The city vaulted to the head of a powerful empire and the threshold of a golden age. Cimon proved not only an able strategist and administrator but also a peacemaker, whose policies stabilized Athens’s relationship with Sparta. The period preceding Athens’s golden age is rarely described in detail. Stuttard tells the tale with narrative power and historical acumen, recreating vividly the turbulent world of the Eastern Mediterranean in one of its most decisive periods.

Beyond the Gates of Fire

Author : Philip de Souza
Publisher : Casemate Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783469102
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (834 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Beyond the Gates of Fire by : Philip de Souza

Download or read book Beyond the Gates of Fire written by Philip de Souza and published by Casemate Publishers. This book was released on 2013-05-19 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC is one of the most famous battles in history. The heroism of the 300 Spartans who opted to remain behind to face the full might of the Persian host while their Greek allies made good their escape has become the stuff of legend. The story still inspires novelists and film-makers today (Frank Miller's fanciful 300 was a huge hit in 2007 and the film rights to Steven Pressfield's more historical novel Gates of Fire were bought by George Clooney, the film expected to finally surface in 2011 or 2012). But what is the truth behind the legends and why was this bloody defeat immediately accorded a halo of glory that has endured for nearly two-and-a-half millennia?Beyond the Gates of Fire brings together experts on the classical period from Australia, New Zealand and the United States to take a fresh look at various aspects of the battle. A substantial introductory section by the editors outlines the background to the conflict as well as the arms, armor and fighting styles of the opposing sides. The following chapters (9 of them) then discuss such questions as whether the defense of the pass really was a suicide mission; the exact topography of the battlefield itself in 480 BC, using the latest geological research and core samples; the impact of the battle on the Greek psyche; commemoration of the war dead; the impact of the original battle on the conduct of later battles in the pass, right up to the German invasion of 1941. For the classical scholar or the general reader whose interest has been piqued by the popular books and films, this book is sure to shed refreshing new light on the most famous last stand in history.

Athens Burning

Author : Robert Garland
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 142142195X
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Athens Burning by : Robert Garland

Download or read book Athens Burning written by Robert Garland and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In this next offering for the Witness to Ancient History series, Robert Garland writes about the Persian invasion of Greece in the 5th century BC. After introducing the reader to the contextual background of the Greco-Persian Wars, including the famous Battle of Marathon, Garland describes the various stages of the invasion from both the Persian and Greek point of view. He focuses on the Greek evacuation of Attica (the peninsular region of Greece that includes Athens), the siege of the Acropolis, the eventual defeat of the Persians by Athenian and Spartan armies, and the return of the Greek people to their land. Coming off his 2014 PUP book on the experience of diaspora in ancient Greece, Garland is well placed to speak authoritatively on this important time in ancient history when the Greeks had to flee their homeland. Garland is an experienced and productive writer whose experience producing video lecture courses for The Great Courses company makes him an ideal author for this introductory volume"--Provided by publisher.

Famous Battles and How They Shaped the Modern World

Author : Beatrice Heuser
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1473893755
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (738 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Famous Battles and How They Shaped the Modern World by : Beatrice Heuser

Download or read book Famous Battles and How They Shaped the Modern World written by Beatrice Heuser and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2018-08-30 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are some battles remembered more than others? Surprisingly, it is not just size that matters, nor the number of dead, the decisiveness of battles or their effects on communities and civilisations. It is their political afterlife the multiple meanings and political uses attributed to them that determines their fame. This ground-breaking series goes well beyond military history by exploring the transformation of battles into sites of memory and meaning. Cast into epic myths of the fight of Good against Evil, of punishment for decadence or reward for virtue, of the birth of a nation or the collective assertion against a tyrant, the defence of Civilisation against the Barbarians, Christendom against the Infidel, particular battles have acquired fame beyond their immediate contemporaneous relevance.The epic battles of European history examined in this first volume range from the siege of Troy and the encounters of Marathon and Thermopylai, to the wars of the Israelites which inspired the way many later battles would be narrated; and from the triumphs and defeats of the Roman Empire, to Hastings, the massacre of Bziers and the battle of Courtrai. In each chapter, the historical events surrounding a battle form the backdrop for multi-layer interpretations, which, consciously or unconsciously, carry political agendas.

Persian Fire

Author : Tom Holland
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0307386988
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Persian Fire by : Tom Holland

Download or read book Persian Fire written by Tom Holland and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2007-06-12 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A "fresh...thrilling" (The Guardian) account of the Graeco-Persian Wars. In the fifth century B.C., a global superpower was determined to bring truth and order to what it regarded as two terrorist states. The superpower was Persia, incomparably rich in ambition, gold, and men. The terrorist states were Athens and Sparta, eccentric cities in a poor and mountainous backwater: Greece. The story of how their citizens took on the Great King of Persia, and thereby saved not only themselves but Western civilization as well, is as heart-stopping and fateful as any episode in history. Tom Holland’s brilliant study of these critical Persian Wars skillfully examines a conflict of critical importance to both ancient and modern history.

The Greco-Persian Wars

Author : Peter Green
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520917065
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Greco-Persian Wars by : Peter Green

Download or read book The Greco-Persian Wars written by Peter Green and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1996-11-04 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reissue, with a new introduction and an update to the bibliography, of the original edition, published in 1970 as The Year of Salamis in England and as Xerxes at Salamis in the U.S. The long and bitter struggle between the great Persian Empire and the fledgling Greek states reached its high point with the extraordinary Greek victory at Salamis in 480 B.C. The astonishing sea battle banished forever the specter of Persian invasion and occupation. Peter Green brilliantly retells this historic moment, evoking the whole dramatic sweep of events that the Persian offensive set in motion. The massive Greek victory, despite the Greeks' inferior numbers, opened the way for the historic evolution of the Greek states in a climate of creativity, independence, and democracy, one that provided a model and an inspiration for centuries to come. Green's accounts of both Persian and Greek strategies are clear and persuasive; equally convincing are his everyday details regarding the lives of soldiers, statesmen, and ordinary citizens. He has first-hand knowledge of the land and sea he describes, as well as full command of original sources and modern scholarship. With a new foreword, The Greco-Persian Wars is a book that lovers of fine historical writing will greet with pleasure.

Textual Rivals

Author : David Branscome
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472118943
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (721 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Textual Rivals by : David Branscome

Download or read book Textual Rivals written by David Branscome and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2013-11-06 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Textual Rivals studies some of the most debated issues in Herodotean scholarship. One such is Herodotus’ self-presentation: the conspicuousness of his authorial persona is one of the most remarkable features of his Histories. So frequently does he interject first-person comments into the narrative that Herodotus at times almost becomes a character within his own text. Important issues are tied to Herodotus’ self-presentation. First is the narrator’s relationship to truth: to what extent does he expect readers to trust his narrative? While judgments regarding Herodotus’ overall veracity have often been damning, scholars have begun to concentrate on how Herodotus presents his truthfulness. Second is the precise genre Herodotus means to create with his work. Excluding the anachronistic term historian, exactly what would Herodotus have called himself, as author? Third is the presence of “self-referential” characters, whose actions often mirror Herodotus’ as narrator/researcher, in the Histories. David Branscome’s investigative text points to the rival inquirers in Herodotus’ Histories as a key to unraveling these interpretive problems. The rival inquirers are self-referential characters Herodotus uses to further his authorial self-presentation. Through the contrast Herodotus draws between his own exacting standards as an inquirer and the often questionable standards of those rivals, Herodotus underlines just how truthful readers should find his own work. Textual Rivals speaks to those interested in Greek history and historiography, narratology, and ethnography. Those in the growing ranks of Herodotus fans will find much to invite and intrigue.

The Histories Book 7: Polymnia

Author : Herodotus
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1681462966
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (814 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Histories Book 7: Polymnia by : Herodotus

Download or read book The Histories Book 7: Polymnia written by Herodotus and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2015-08-24 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian who lived in the fifth century BC (c.484 - 425 BC). He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative. The Histories-his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced-is a record of his "inquiry", being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. The Histories, were divided into nine books, named after the nine Muses: the "Muse of History", Clio, representing the first book, then Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia, Ourania and Calliope for books 2 to 9, respectively.