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The Affect Of Erbium Hydride On The Conversion Efficience To Accelerated Protons From Ultra Shsort Pulse Laser Irradiated Foils
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Book Synopsis The Affect of Erbium Hydride on the Conversion Efficience to Accelerated Protons from Ultra-shsort Pulse Laser Irradiated Foils by :
Download or read book The Affect of Erbium Hydride on the Conversion Efficience to Accelerated Protons from Ultra-shsort Pulse Laser Irradiated Foils written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis work explores, experimentally, the potential gains in the conversion efficiency from ultra-intense laser light to proton beams using erbium hydride coatings. For years, it has been known that contaminants at the rear surface of an ultra-intense laser irradiated thin foil will be accelerated to multi-MeV. Inertial Confinement Fusion fast ignition using proton beams as the igniter source requires of about 1016 protons with an average energy of about 3MeV. This is far more than the 1012 protons available in the contaminant layer. Target designs must include some form of a hydrogen rich coating that can be made thick enough to support the beam requirements of fast ignition. Work with computer simulations of thin foils suggest the atomic mass of the non-hydrogen atoms in the surface layer has a strong affect on the conversion efficiency to protons. For example, the 167amu erbium atoms will take less energy away from the proton beam than a coating using carbon with a mass of 12amu. A pure hydrogen coating would be ideal, but technologically is not feasible at this time. In the experiments performed for my thesis, ErH3 coatings on 5 [mu]m gold foils are compared with typical contaminants which are approximately equivalent to CH{sub 1.7}. It will be shown that there was a factor of 1.25 ± 0.19 improvement in the conversion efficiency for protons above 3MeV using erbium hydride using the Callisto laser. Callisto is a 10J per pulse, 800nm wavelength laser with a pulse duration of 200fs and can be focused to a peak intensity of about 5 x 1019W/cm2. The total number of protons from either target type was on the order of 101°. Furthermore, the same experiment was performed on the Titan laser, which has a 500fs pulse duration, 150J of energy and can be focused to about 3 x 102° W/cm2. In this experiment 1012 protons were seen from both erbium hydride and contaminants on 14 [mu] m gold foils. Significant improvements were also observed but possibly because of the depletion of hydrogen in the contaminant layer case.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Erbium Hydride on the Conversion Efficiency to Accelerated Protons from Ultra-short Pulse Laser Irradiated Foils by : Dustin Theodore Offermann
Download or read book The Effect of Erbium Hydride on the Conversion Efficiency to Accelerated Protons from Ultra-short Pulse Laser Irradiated Foils written by Dustin Theodore Offermann and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: This thesis work explores, experimentally, the potential gains in the conversion efficiency from ultra-intense laser light to proton beams using erbium hydride coatings. For years, it has been known that contaminants at the rear surface of an ultra-intense laser irradiated thin foil will be accelerated to multi-MeV. Inertial Confinement Fusion fast ignition using proton beams as the igniter source requires of about 1016 protons with an average energy of about 3MeV. This is far more than the 1012 protons available in the contaminant layer. Target designs must include some form of a hydrogen rich coating that can be made thick enough to support the beam requirements of fast ignition. Work with computer simulations of thin foils suggest the atomic mass of the non-hydrogen atoms in the surface layer has a strong affect on the conversion efficiency to protons. For example, the 167amu erbium atoms will take less energy away from the proton beam than a coating using carbon with a mass of 12amu. A pure hydrogen coating would be ideal, but technologically is not feasible at this time. In the experiments performed for my thesis, ErH3 coatings on 5um gold foils are compared with typical contaminants which are approximately equivalent to CH1.--. It will be shown that there was a factor of 1.25+̲0.19 improvement in the conversion efficiency for protons above 3MeV using erbium hydride using the Callisto laser. Callisto is a 10J per pulse, 800nm wavelength laser with a pulse duration of 200fs and can be focused to a peak intensity of about 5x1019W/cm2. The total number of protons from either target type was on the order of 1010. Furthermore, the same experiment was performed on the Titan laser, which has a 500fs pulse duration, 150J of energy and can be focused to about 3x1020W/cm2. In this experiment 1012 protons were seen from both erbium hydride and contaminants on 14um gold foils. Significant improvements were also observed but possibly because of the depletion of hydrogen in the contaminant layer case.
Book Synopsis Ion Acceleration from the Interaction of Ultra-Intense Lasers with Solid Foils by :
Download or read book Ion Acceleration from the Interaction of Ultra-Intense Lasers with Solid Foils written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery that ultra-intense laser pulses (I> 10[sup 18] W/cm[sup 2]) can produce short pulse, high energy proton beams has renewed interest in the fundamental mechanisms that govern particle acceleration from laser-solid interactions. Experiments have shown that protons present as hydrocarbon contaminants on laser targets can be accelerated up to energies> 50 MeV. Different theoretical models that explain the observed results have been proposed. One model describes a front-surface acceleration mechanism based on the ponderomotive potential of the laser pulse. At high intensities (I> 10[sup 18] W/cm[sup 2]), the quiver energy of an electron oscillating in the electric field of the laser pulse exceeds the electron rest mass, requiring the consideration of relativistic effects. The relativistically correct ponderomotive potential is given by U[sub p] = ([1 + I[lambda][sup 2]/1.3 x 10[sup 18]][sup 1/2] - 1) m[sub o]c[sup 2], where I[lambda][sup 2] is the irradiance in W [micro]m[sup 2]/cm[sup 2] and m[sub o]c[sup 2] is the electron rest mass. At laser irradiance of I[lambda][sup 2] [approx] 10[sup 20] W [micro]m[sup 2]/cm[sup 2], the ponderomotive potential can be of order several MeV. A few recent experiments--discussed in Chapter 3 of this thesis--consider this ponderomotive potential sufficiently strong to accelerate protons from the front surface of the target to energies up to tens of MeV. Another model, known as Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA), describes the mechanism as an electrostatic sheath on the back surface of the laser target. According to the TNSA model, relativistic hot electrons created at the laser-solid interaction penetrate the foil where a few escape to infinity. The remaining hot electrons are retained by the target potential and establish an electrostatic sheath on the back surface of the target. In this thesis we present several experiments that study the accelerated ions by affecting the contamination layer from which they originate. Radiative heating was employed as a method of removing contamination from palladium targets doped with deuterium. We present evidence that ions heavier than protons can be accelerated if hydrogenous contaminants that cover the laser target can be removed. We show that deuterons can be accelerated from the deuterated-palladium target, which has been radiatively heated to remove contaminants. Impinging a deuteron beam onto a tritiated-titanium catcher could lead to the development of a table-top source of short-pulse, 14-MeV fusion neutrons. We also show that by using an argon-ion sputter gun, contaminants from one side of the laser target can be selectively removed without affecting the other side. We show that irradiating a thin metallic foil with an ultra-intense laser pulse produces a proton beam with a yield of 1.5-2.5 10[sup 11] and temperature, kT = 1.5 MeV with a maximum proton energy> 9 MeV. Removing contaminants from the front surface of the laser target with an argon-ion sputter gun, had no observable effect on the proton beam. However, removing contaminants from the back surface of the laser target reduced the proton beam by two orders of magnitude to, at most, a yield of [approx] 10[sup 9] and a maximum proton energy 4 MeV. Based on these observations, we conclude that the majority ( 99%) of high energy protons (E> 5 MeV) from the interaction of an ultra-intense laser pulse with a thin foil originate on the back surface of the foil--as predicted by the TNSA model. Our experimental results are in agreement with PIC simulations showing back surface protons reach energies up to 13 MeV, while front surface protons reach a maximum energy of 4 MeV. Well diagnosed and controllable proton beams will have many applications: neutron radiography, material damage studies, production of medical isotopes, and as a high-resolution radiography tool for diagnosing opaque materials and plasmas. Well collimated and focusable ion beams may also prove beneficial for alternative inertial-fusion concepts such as proton fast ignition, a potentially viable method for achieving a controlled fusion reaction in the laboratory earlier than expected.
Book Synopsis Laser Ion Acceleration from the Interaction of Ultra-Intense Laser Pulse with Thi Foils by :
Download or read book Laser Ion Acceleration from the Interaction of Ultra-Intense Laser Pulse with Thi Foils written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery that ultra-intense laser pulses (I> 10[sup 18] W/cm[sup 2]) can produce short pulse, high energy proton beams has renewed interest in the fundamental mechanisms that govern particle acceleration from laser-solid interactions. Experiments have shown that protons present as hydrocarbon contaminants on laser targets can be accelerated up to energies> 50 MeV. Different theoretical models that explain the observed results have been proposed. One model describes a front-surface acceleration mechanism based on the ponderomotive potential of the laser pulse. At high intensities (I> 10[sup 18] W/cm[sup 2]), the quiver energy of an electron oscillating in the electric field of the laser pulse exceeds the electron rest mass, requiring the consideration of relativistic effects. The relativistically correct ponderomotive potential is given by U[sub p] = ([1 + I[lambda][sup 2]/1.3 x 10[sup 18]][sup 1/2] - 1) m[sub o]c[sup 2], where I[lambda][sup 2] is the irradiance in W[micro]m[sup 2]/cm[sup 2] and m[sub o]c[sup 2] is the electron rest mass. At laser irradiance of I[lambda][sup 2] [approx] 10[sup 20] W[micro]m[sup 2]/cm[sup 2], the ponderomotive potential can be of order several MeV. A few recent experiments--discussed in Chapter 3 of this thesis--consider this ponderomotive potential sufficiently strong to accelerate protons from the front surface of the target to energies up to tens of MeV. Another model, known as Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA), describes the mechanism as an electrostatic sheath on the back surface of the laser target. According to the TNSA model, relativistic hot electrons created at the laser-solid interaction penetrate the foil where a few escape to infinity. The remaining hot electrons are retained by the target potential and establish an electrostatic sheath on the back surface of the target.
Book Synopsis Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium by : A.K. Suri
Download or read book Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium written by A.K. Suri and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growth and development witnessed today in modern science, engineering, and technology owes a heavy debt to the rare, refractory, and reactive metals group, of which niobium is a member. Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium presents a vivid account of the metal through its comprehensive discussions of properties and applications, resources and resource processing, chemical processing and compound preparation, metal extraction, and refining and consolidation. Typical flow sheets adopted in some leading niobium-producing countries for the beneficiation of various niobium sources are presented, and various chemical processes for producing pure forms of niobium intermediates such as chloride, fluoride, and oxide are discussed. The book also explains how to liberate the metal from its intermediates and describes the physico-chemical principles involved. It is an excellent reference for chemical metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, extraction and process metallurgists, and minerals processors. It is also valuable to a wide variety of scientists, engineers, technologists, and students interested in the topic.
Book Synopsis Neutron Data Booklet by : A. J. Dianoux
Download or read book Neutron Data Booklet written by A. J. Dianoux and published by Old City Pub Incorporated. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis 14 MeV Neutrons by : Vladivoj Valkovic
Download or read book 14 MeV Neutrons written by Vladivoj Valkovic and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-08-25 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the often difficult and time-consuming effort of performing experiments with fast (14 MeV) neutrons, these neutrons can offer special insight into nucleus and other materials because of the absence of charge. 14 MeV Neutrons: Physics and Applications explores fast neutrons in basic science and applications to problems in medicine, the envir
Book Synopsis Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science XIII by : Kaoru Yamanouchi
Download or read book Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science XIII written by Kaoru Yamanouchi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-22 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thirteenth volume in the PUILS series covers a broad range of topics from this interdisciplinary research field, focusing on atoms, molecules, and clusters interacting in intense laser field and high-order harmonics generation and their applications. The series delivers up-to-date reviews of progress in ultrafast intense laser science, the interdisciplinary research field spanning atomic and molecular physics, molecular science, and optical science, which has been stimulated by the developments in ultrafast laser technologies. Each volume compiles peer-reviewed articles authored by researchers at the forefront of each their own subfields of UILS. Typically, each chapter opens with an overview of the topics to be discussed, so that researchers unfamiliar to the subfield, as well as graduate students, can grasp the importance and attractions of the research topic at hand; these are followed by reports of cutting-edge discoveries.
Book Synopsis Lab-on-Fiber Technology by : Andrea Cusano
Download or read book Lab-on-Fiber Technology written by Andrea Cusano and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-29 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on a research field that is rapidly emerging as one of the most promising ones for the global optics and photonics community: the “lab-on-fiber” technology. Inspired by the well-established "lab on-a-chip" concept, this new technology essentially envisages novel and highly functionalized devices completely integrated into a single optical fiber for both communication and sensing applications. Based on the R&D experience of some of the world's leading authorities in the fields of optics, photonics, nanotechnology, and material science, this book provides a broad and accurate description of the main developments and achievements in the lab-on-fiber technology roadmap, also highlighting the new perspectives and challenges to be faced. This book is essential for scientists interested in the cutting-edge fiber optic technology, but also for graduate students.
Book Synopsis The President's Strategic Defense Initiative by :
Download or read book The President's Strategic Defense Initiative written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nuclear Principles in Engineering by : Tatjana Jevremovic
Download or read book Nuclear Principles in Engineering written by Tatjana Jevremovic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-21 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear engineering plays an important role in various industrial, health care, and energy processes. Modern physics has generated its fundamental principles. A growing number of students and practicing engineers need updated material to access the technical language and content of nuclear principles. "Nuclear Principles in Engineering, Second Edition" is written for students, engineers, physicians and scientists who need up-to-date information in basic nuclear concepts and calculation methods using numerous examples and illustrative computer application areas. This new edition features a modern graphical interpretation of the phenomena described in the book fused with the results from research and new applications of nuclear engineering, including but not limited to nuclear engineering, power engineering, homeland security, health physics, radiation treatment and imaging, radiation shielding systems, aerospace and propulsion engineering, and power production propulsion.
Book Synopsis The New Nuclear Forensics by : Vitaly Fedchenko
Download or read book The New Nuclear Forensics written by Vitaly Fedchenko and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear material changes its form and properties as it moves through the nuclear fuel cycle, from one facility to another. Each step of the fuel cycle or each use of the material will inevitably leave its mark. The science of determining the history of a sample of nuclear material through the study of these characteristics is known as nuclear forensics. While nuclear forensic analysis has normally been associated with investigations and prosecutions in the contextof trafficking of nuclear materials or nuclear terrorism, it had wider applications in in national security contexts, such as nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament, and arms control. The New Nuclear Forensics is the first book to give a definitive guide to this broader definition of nuclear forensic analysis. This book describes the various methods used in nuclear forensics, giving first a broad introduction to the process followed by details of relevant measurement techniques and procedures. In each case, the advantages and limitations are outlined. To put these methods in context, the book also recounts the history of the discipline anddescribes the diverse contemporary applications of nuclear forensics.
Book Synopsis Materials and Processes by : Barrie D. Dunn
Download or read book Materials and Processes written by Barrie D. Dunn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-29 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this book is to assist scientists and engineers select the ideal material or manufacturing process for particular applications; these could cover a wide range of fields, from light-weight structures to electronic hardware. The book will help in problem solving as it also presents more than 100 case studies and failure investigations from the space sector that can, by analogy, be applied to other industries. Difficult-to-find material data is included for reference. The sciences of metallic (primarily) and organic materials presented throughout the book demonstrate how they can be applied as an integral part of spacecraft product assurance schemes, which involve quality, material and processes evaluations, and the selection of mechanical and component parts. In this successor edition, which has been revised and updated, engineering problems associated with critical spacecraft hardware and the space environment are highlighted by over 500 illustrations including micrographs and fractographs. Space hardware captured by astronauts and returned to Earth from long durations in space are examined. Information detailed in the Handbook is applicable to general terrestrial applications including consumer electronics as well as high reliability systems associated with aeronautics, medical equipment and ground transportation. This Handbook is also directed to those involved in maximizing the relia bility of new materials and processes for space technology and space engineering. It will be invaluable to engineers concerned with the construction of advanced structures or mechanical and electronic sub-systems.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Glass Science and Technology by : James E Shelby
Download or read book Introduction to Glass Science and Technology written by James E Shelby and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a concise and inexpensive introduction for an undergraduate course in glass science and technology. The level of the book has deliberately been maintained at the introductory level to avoid confusion of the student by inclusion of more advanced material, and is unique in that its text is limited to the amount suitable for a one term course for students in materials science, ceramics or inorganic chemistry. The contents cover the fundamental topics of importance in glass science and technology, including glass formation, crystallization, phase separation and structure of glasses. Additional chapters discuss the most important properties of glasses, including discussion of physical, optical, electrical, chemical and mechanical properties. A final chapter provides an introduction to a number of methods used to form technical glasses, including glass sheet, bottles, insulation fibre, optical fibres and other common commercial products. In addition, the book contains discussion of the effects of phase separation and crystallization on the properties of glasses, which is neglected in other texts. Although intended primarily as a textbook, Introduction to Glass Science and Technology will also be invaluable to the engineer or scientist who desires more knowledge regarding the formation, properties and production of glass.
Book Synopsis Engineering Solutions for Sustainability by : Jeffrey W. Fergus
Download or read book Engineering Solutions for Sustainability written by Jeffrey W. Fergus and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-08-06 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains a collection of papers presented at Engineering Solutions for Sustainability: Materials and Resources II, a special symposium organized as part of the TMS 2015 Annual Meeting & Exhibition and held in Orlando, Florida, March 15-19, 2015. With impending and burgeoning societal issues affecting both developed and emerging nations, the global engineering community has a responsibility and an opportunity to truly make a difference and contribute. The papers in this collection address what materials and resources are integral to meeting basic societal sustainability needs in critical areas of energy, transportation, housing, and recycling. Contributions focus on the engineering answers for cost-effective, sustainable pathways; the strategies for effective use of engineering solutions; and the role of the global engineering community. Authors share perspectives on the major engineering challenges that face our world today; identify, discuss, and prioritize engineering solution needs; and establish how these fit into developing global-demand pressures for materials and human resources.
Book Synopsis Atomic and Nuclear Analytical Methods by : Hem Raj Verma
Download or read book Atomic and Nuclear Analytical Methods written by Hem Raj Verma and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-04-26 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book compares and offers a comprehensive overview of nine analytical techniques important in material science and many other branches of science. All these methods are already well adapted to applications in diverse fields such as medical, environmental studies, archaeology, and materials science. This clearly presented reference describes and compares the principles of the methods and the various source and detector types.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Solid Surfaces by : Philip F. Kane
Download or read book Characterization of Solid Surfaces written by Philip F. Kane and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 675 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until comparatively recently, trace analysis techniques were in general directed toward the determination of impurities in bulk materials. Methods were developed for very high relative sensitivity, and the values determined were average values. Sampling procedures were devised which eliminated the so-called sampling error. However, in the last decade or so, a number of developments have shown that, for many purposes, the distribution of defects within a material can confer important new properties on the material. Perhaps the most striking example of this is given by semiconductors; a whole new industry has emerged in barely twenty years based entirely on the controlled distribu tion of defects within what a few years before would have been regarded as a pure, homogeneous crystal. Other examples exist in biochemistry, metallurgy, polyiners and, of course, catalysis. In addition to this of the importance of distribution, there has also been a recognition growing awareness that physical defects are as important as chemical defects. (We are, of course, using the word defect to imply some dis continuity in the material, and not in any derogatory sense. ) This broadening of the field of interest led the Materials Advisory Board( I} to recommend a new definition for the discipline, "Materials Character ization," to encompass this wider concept of the determination of the structure and composition of materials. In characterizing a material, perhaps the most important special area of interest is the surface.
