The Adoption Of Fintech

Download The Adoption Of Fintech full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Adoption Of Fintech ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) on Islamic Finance and Financial Stability

Author : Naifar, Nader
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799800415
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) on Islamic Finance and Financial Stability by : Naifar, Nader

Download or read book Impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) on Islamic Finance and Financial Stability written by Naifar, Nader and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-09-27 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With advancing technologies like distributed ledgers, smart contracts, and digital payment platforms, financial services must be innovative in order to remain relevant in the modern era. The adoption of financial technology affects the whole Islamic financial industry as well as the economic stability of a globalized world. There is a need for research that seeks to understand financial technology and the regulatory technology necessary to ensure financial security and stability. Impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) on Islamic Finance and Financial Stability is an essential publication that examines both the theory and application of newly-available financial services and discusses the impact of FinTech on the Islamic financial service industry. Featuring research on topics such as cryptocurrency, peer-to-peer transferring, and digital wallets, this book is ideally designed for researchers, bank managers, economists, analysts, market professionals, managers, executives, computer scientists, business practitioners, academicians, and students seeking coverage on how the latest in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain technology will redesign Islamic finance.

Innovative Strategies for Implementing FinTech in Banking

Author : Albastaki, Yousif Abdullatif
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799832597
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Innovative Strategies for Implementing FinTech in Banking by : Albastaki, Yousif Abdullatif

Download or read book Innovative Strategies for Implementing FinTech in Banking written by Albastaki, Yousif Abdullatif and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-08-28 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FinTech is encouraging various new practices, such as diminishing the use of cash in different countries, increasing rate of mobile payments, and introducing new algorithms for high-frequency trading across national boundaries. It is paving the way for new technologies emerging in the information technology scene that allow financial service firms to automate existing business processes and offer new products, including crowdfunding or peer-to-peer insurance. These new products cater to hybrid client interaction and customer self-services, changing the ecosystem by increasing outsourcing for focused specialization by resizing and leading to new ecosystems and new regulations for encouraging FinTech. However, such new ecosystems are also accompanied by new challenges. Innovative Strategies for Implementing FinTech in Banking provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of technology inclusion in the financial sector and applications within global financing. It provides a clear direction for the effective implementation of FinTech initiatives/programs for improving banking financial processes, financial organizational learning, and performance excellence. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as artificial intelligence, social financing, and customer satisfaction, this book encourages the management of the financial industry to take a proactive attitude toward FinTech, resulting in a better decision-making capability that will support financial organizations in their journey towards becoming FinTech-based organizations. As such, this book is ideally designed for financial analysts, finance managers, finance administrators, banking professionals, IT consultants, researchers, academics, students, and practitio

Research Anthology on Personal Finance and Improving Financial Literacy

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799881016
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Research Anthology on Personal Finance and Improving Financial Literacy by : Management Association, Information Resources

Download or read book Research Anthology on Personal Finance and Improving Financial Literacy written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-12-05 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing personal financial skills and improving financial literacy are fundamental aspects for managing money and propelling a bright financial future. Considering life events and risks that unexpectantly present themselves, especially in the light of recent global events, there is often an uncertainty associated with financial standings in unsettled times. It is important to have personal finance management to prepare for times of crisis, and personal finance is something to be thought about in everyday life. The incorporation of financial literacy for individuals is essential for a decision-making process that could affect their financial future. Having a keen understanding of beneficial and detrimental financial decisions, a plan for personal finances, and personalized goals are baselines for money management that will create stability and prosperity. In a world that is rapidly digitalized, there are new tools and technologies that have entered the sphere of finance as well that should be integrated into the conversation. The latest methods and models for improving financial literacy along with critical information on budgeting, saving, and managing spending are essential topics in today’s world. The Research Anthology on Personal Finance and Improving Financial Literacy provides readers with the latest research and developments in how to improve, understand, and utilize personal finance methodologies or services and obtain critical financial literacy. The chapters within this essential reference work will cover personal finance technologies, banking, investing, budgeting, saving, and the best practices and techniques for optimal money management. This book is ideally designed for business managers, financial consultants, entrepreneurs, auditors, economists, accountants, academicians, researchers, and students seeking current research on modern advancements and recent findings in personal finance.

The Adoption of Fintech

Author : Syed Hasan Jafar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040041477
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Adoption of Fintech by : Syed Hasan Jafar

Download or read book The Adoption of Fintech written by Syed Hasan Jafar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-06-19 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term Fintech is a combination of the words “financial” and “technology,” which is now a real business need. However, there are limited books covering holistic aspects from adoption to the future of Fintech. This book directs readers on how to adopt Fintech, develop regulation and risk frameworks, implement it in financial services, address ethical dilemmas, and sustain improvements. The anticipated challenges are developing trust, security, privacy, and a regulated environment without compromising profitability and financial stability. The anticipated solution is strengthening the governance, use of unbreachable technologies, risk management, consumer data protection, and sustainable practices. This book is recommended for stakeholders, especially Fintech scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. It provides holistic insight and opportunities to support Fintech developments for the betterment of the economy and society. Fintech is defined as injecting technology into the area of finance for better security, speed, and customer experience. This book provides readers with direct case studies for better understanding. In addition, it explains the regulation and usage of Fintech in daily transactions. Readers are shown how Fintech has an imperative role in financial analysis, Insurtech, and the share market.

FinTech in Germany

Author : Gregor Dorfleitner
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331954666X
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis FinTech in Germany by : Gregor Dorfleitner

Download or read book FinTech in Germany written by Gregor Dorfleitner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-17 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on market developments of crowdfunding, crowdinvesting, crowdlending, social trading, robo-advice, personal financial management, online payment and mobile payment in Germany. FinTech companies are an important driver of innovation in the financial industry. By making financial transactions more user-friendly and transparent, these firms potentially contribute to financial stability and economic growth. The authors define and categorize the different market segments that have emerged. They further provide an assessment of current market volumes and make forecasts for the next 5, 10 and 20 years. Particular attention is given to the empirical findings resulting from scholarly research. Furthermore, the authors evaluate how the German FinTech market ranks relative to international standards. This book will appeal to finance and entrepreneurship researchers as well as practitioners from banking and tech industries. “This book offers a fresh and fascinating look at the FinTech market. The authors provide a rigorous economic analysis of the FinTech market in Germany and offer many insights that are of interest to practitioners, academics, and policymakers alike.” –Professor Douglas Cumming, Schulich School of Business “Germany is one of the fastest growing FinTech markets in Europe. This book not only provides a comprehensive and systematic overview on the developments and actors, but undertakes a visionary outlook on the forthcoming decades based on scientific methods.” –Dr. Thomas Puschmann, Head of Swiss FinTech Innovation Lab

Financial Technology and Disruptive Innovation in ASEAN

Author : Anshari, Muhammad
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522591850
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Financial Technology and Disruptive Innovation in ASEAN by : Anshari, Muhammad

Download or read book Financial Technology and Disruptive Innovation in ASEAN written by Anshari, Muhammad and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-07-05 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of financial technology (FinTech)-related products is causing major disruptions in financial services that enable financial solutions and innovative business models resulting in the fusion of finance and smart mobile technology. As ASEAN is undergoing a paradigm shift from government-to-government (G2G) to community-to-community (C2C) relationships with the emphasis on integration and collaboration, the adoption of FinTech and its possible future directions needs to be studied further. Financial Technology and Disruptive Innovation in ASEAN provides an assortment of innovative research that explores the recent FinTech initiative in ASEAN with respect to its process, strategies, challenges, and outcomes and highlights new business models, products, and services that affect financial markets and institutions and the provision of financial services. While highlighting topics including blockchain technology, cloud computing, and mobile banking, this book is ideally designed for business executives, managers, entrepreneurs, financial and banking practitioners, policymakers, academicians, students, professionals, and researchers.

Research Anthology on Concepts, Applications, and Challenges of FinTech

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799886034
Total Pages : 671 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Research Anthology on Concepts, Applications, and Challenges of FinTech by : Management Association, Information Resources

Download or read book Research Anthology on Concepts, Applications, and Challenges of FinTech written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-02-05 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FinTech, an abbreviated term for financial technology, is a digital revolution changing the way banking and financial services are being used both by individuals and businesses. As these changes continue to take place, the financial industry is focused on technological innovation and feeding into this digital revolution to better serve consumers who are looking for easier ways to invest, transfer money, use banking services, and more. FinTech is increasing accessibility to financial services, automating these services, expanding financial options, and enabling online payments and banking. While the benefits are being continually seen and this technology is becoming more widely accepted, there are still challenges facing the technology that include security concerns. To understand FinTech and its role in society, both the benefits and challenges must be reviewed and discussed for a holistic view on the digital innovations changing the face of the financial industry. The Research Anthology on Concepts, Applications, and Challenges of FinTech covers the latest technologies in FinTech with a comprehensive view of the impact on the industry, where these technologies are implemented, how they are improving financial services, and the security applications and challenges being faced. The chapters cover the options FinTech has unlocked, such as mobile banking and virtual transactions, while also focusing on the workings of the technology itself and security applications, such as blockchain and cryptocurrency. This book is a valuable reference tool for accountants, bankers, financial planners, financial analysts, business managers, economists, computer scientists, academicians, researchers, financial professionals, and students.

FinTech Development for Financial Inclusiveness

Author : Anshari, Muhammad
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 179988449X
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis FinTech Development for Financial Inclusiveness by : Anshari, Muhammad

Download or read book FinTech Development for Financial Inclusiveness written by Anshari, Muhammad and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financial technology (FinTech) and its related products are considered a major disruptive innovation in financial services, substantially elevating financial solutions and new business models. Resulting from the fusion of finance and smart mobile technology, this innovative technology requires additional investigation into its adoption, challenges, opportunities, and future directions so that we may understand and develop the technology to its full potential. FinTech Development for Financial Inclusiveness moves beyond the theoretical areas of FinTech to comprehensively explore the recent FinTech initiative scenarios with respect to processes, strategies, challenges, lessons learned, and outcomes within economic development as well as trade and investment. Covering a range of topics such as decentralized finance and global electronic commerce, it is ideal for industry professionals, business owners, consultants, practitioners, instructors, researchers, academicians, and students.

The Rise and Development of Fintech

Author : Robin Teigland
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9780367735180
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Rise and Development of Fintech by : Robin Teigland

Download or read book The Rise and Development of Fintech written by Robin Teigland and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-18 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive guide serves to illuminate the rise and development of FinTech in Sweden, with the Internet as the key underlying driver. The multiple case studies examine topics such as: the adoption of online banking in Sweden; the identification and classification of different FinTech categories; process innovation developments within the traditional banking industry; and the Venture Capital (VC) landscape in Sweden, as shown through interviews with VC representatives, mainly from Sweden but also from the US and Germany, as well as offering insight into the companies that are currently operating in the FinTech arena in Sweden. The authors address questions such as: How will the regulatory landscape shape the future of FinTech companies? What are the factors that will likely drive the adoption of FinTech services in the future? What is the future role of banks in the context of FinTech and digitalization? What are the policies and government initiatives that aim to support the FinTech ecosystem in Sweden? Complex concepts and ideas are rendered in an easily digestible yet thought-provoking way. The book was initiated by the IIS (the Internet Foundation in Sweden), an independent organization promoting the positive development of the Internet in the country. It is also responsible for the Internet's Swedish top-level domain .se, including the registration of domain names, and the administration and technical maintenance of the national domain name registry. The book illustrates how Sweden acts (or does not act) as a competitive player in the global FinTech arena, and is a vital addition to students and practitioners in the field.

The Global Findex Database 2017

Author : Asli Demirguc-Kunt
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464812683
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Global Findex Database 2017 by : Asli Demirguc-Kunt

Download or read book The Global Findex Database 2017 written by Asli Demirguc-Kunt and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-04-19 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2011 the World Bank—with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation—launched the Global Findex database, the world's most comprehensive data set on how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. Drawing on survey data collected in collaboration with Gallup, Inc., the Global Findex database covers more than 140 economies around the world. The initial survey round was followed by a second one in 2014 and by a third in 2017. Compiled using nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults age 15 and above in over 140 economies, The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution includes updated indicators on access to and use of formal and informal financial services. It has additional data on the use of financial technology (or fintech), including the use of mobile phones and the Internet to conduct financial transactions. The data reveal opportunities to expand access to financial services among people who do not have an account—the unbanked—as well as to promote greater use of digital financial services among those who do have an account. The Global Findex database has become a mainstay of global efforts to promote financial inclusion. In addition to being widely cited by scholars and development practitioners, Global Findex data are used to track progress toward the World Bank goal of Universal Financial Access by 2020 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The database, the full text of the report, and the underlying country-level data for all figures—along with the questionnaire, the survey methodology, and other relevant materials—are available at www.worldbank.org/globalfindex.

FinTech in Sub-Saharan African Countries

Author : Mr.Amadou N Sy
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484385667
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis FinTech in Sub-Saharan African Countries by : Mr.Amadou N Sy

Download or read book FinTech in Sub-Saharan African Countries written by Mr.Amadou N Sy and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-02-14 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FinTech is a major force shaping the structure of the financial industry in sub-Saharan Africa. New technologies are being developed and implemented in sub-Saharan Africa with the potential to change the competitive landscape in the financial industry. While it raises concerns on the emergence of vulnerabilities, FinTech challenges traditional structures and creates efficiency gains by opening up the financial services value chain. Today, FinTech is emerging as a technological enabler in the region, improving financial inclusion and serving as a catalyst for the emergence of innovations in other sectors, such as agriculture and infrastructure.

FinTech Adoption Across Generations

Author : Bruce I. Carlin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis FinTech Adoption Across Generations by : Bruce I. Carlin

Download or read book FinTech Adoption Across Generations written by Bruce I. Carlin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes how better access to financial information via new technology changes use of consumer credit and affects financial fitness. We exploit the introduction of a smartphone application for personal financial management as a source of exogenous variation. FinTech adoption reduces financial fee payments and penalties, but differs cross-sectionally in the population. After adopting the new technology, Millennials and members of Generation X incur fewer financial fees and penalties, whereas Baby Boomers do not benefit from the technological advance. Millennials and Gen Xers save fees by using their credit cards rather than overdrafts to manage short-term liabilities. Moreover, Millennials shift some of their spending to discretionary entertainment, whereas members of Generation X remain more austere. Finally, while men tend to adopt new technology and access information at a higher rate, the economic impact of access is larger for women.

The Promise of Fintech

Author : Ms.Ratna Sahay
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513512242
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Promise of Fintech by : Ms.Ratna Sahay

Download or read book The Promise of Fintech written by Ms.Ratna Sahay and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technology is changing the landscape of the financial sector, increasing access to financial services in profound ways. These changes have been in motion for several years, affecting nearly all countries in the world. During the COVID-19 pandemic, technology has created new opportunities for digital financial services to accelerate and enhance financial inclusion, amid social distancing and containment measures. At the same time, the risks emerging prior to COVID-19, as digital financial services developed, are becoming even more relevant.

Financial Technology Adoption in Greater Jakarta: Patterns, Constraints and Enablers

Author : Astrid Meilasari-Sugiana
Publisher : ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute
ISBN 13 : 9815011553
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Financial Technology Adoption in Greater Jakarta: Patterns, Constraints and Enablers by : Astrid Meilasari-Sugiana

Download or read book Financial Technology Adoption in Greater Jakarta: Patterns, Constraints and Enablers written by Astrid Meilasari-Sugiana and published by ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. This book was released on 2022-06-03 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article reports the findings of an online survey conducted in November–December 2021 on Indonesians’ experience and perception of fintech tools, focusing on fintech adoption in the Greater Jakarta region, which besides Jakarta, includes Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi. One key finding is that, in the Greater Jakarta region, socio-economic status as measured by income is not a key determinant of fintech adoption. This is likely due to the more developed and mature ICT infrastructure in the Greater Jakarta region, which makes fintech tools readily accessible. However, the kinds of fintech tools that are more likely to be used—M-banking, E-wallet, Online Lending, Investment, Donations, and so on—are influenced by factors such as income, education, gender, age and occupation, suggesting that different fintech tools appeal to different groups in society according to their needs and resources. Psychological factors that are important in the adoption of fintech include having many choices in the needed financial services and feeling in control. While fintech users are concerned about data leaks and fraud, this does not deter them from using fintech. It may be anticipated that with the deepening of ICT infrastructure and public education on the safe use of fintech, fintech usage in Indonesia will continue to spread throughout the country.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Business, Education and Healthcare

Author : Allam Hamdan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030720802
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Business, Education and Healthcare by : Allam Hamdan

Download or read book Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Business, Education and Healthcare written by Allam Hamdan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-12 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Business, Education and Healthcare, It includes research articles and expository papers on the applications of Artificial Intelligence on Decision Making, Entrepreneurship, Social Media, Healthcare, Education, Public Sector, FinTech, and RegTech. It also discusses the role of Artificial Intelligence in the current COVID-19 pandemic, in the health sector, education, and others. It also discusses the impact of Artificial Intelligence on decision-making in vital sectors of the economy.

The Future of Finance

Author : Henri Arslanian
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030145336
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Future of Finance by : Henri Arslanian

Download or read book The Future of Finance written by Henri Arslanian and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-15 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, written jointly by an engineer and artificial intelligence expert along with a lawyer and banker, is a glimpse on what the future of the financial services will look like and the impact it will have on society. The first half of the book provides a detailed yet easy to understand educational and technical overview of FinTech, artificial intelligence and cryptocurrencies including the existing industry pain points and the new technological enablers. The second half provides a practical, concise and engaging overview of their latest trends and their impact on the future of the financial services industry including numerous use cases and practical examples. The book is a must read for any professional currently working in finance, any student studying the topic or anyone curious on how the future of finance will look like.

The Rise and Development of FinTech

Author : Robin Teigland
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351183605
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Rise and Development of FinTech by : Robin Teigland

Download or read book The Rise and Development of FinTech written by Robin Teigland and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-15 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive guide serves to illuminate the rise and development of FinTech in Sweden, with the Internet as the key underlying driver. The multiple case studies examine topics such as: the adoption of online banking in Sweden; the identification and classification of different FinTech categories; process innovation developments within the traditional banking industry; and the Venture Capital (VC) landscape in Sweden, as shown through interviews with VC representatives, mainly from Sweden but also from the US and Germany, as well as offering insight into the companies that are currently operating in the FinTech arena in Sweden. The authors address questions such as: How will the regulatory landscape shape the future of FinTech companies? What are the factors that will likely drive the adoption of FinTech services in the future? What is the future role of banks in the context of FinTech and digitalization? What are the policies and government initiatives that aim to support the FinTech ecosystem in Sweden? Complex concepts and ideas are rendered in an easily digestible yet thought-provoking way. The book was initiated by the IIS (the Internet Foundation in Sweden), an independent organization promoting the positive development of the Internet in the country. It is also responsible for the Internet’s Swedish top-level domain .se, including the registration of domain names, and the administration and technical maintenance of the national domain name registry. The book illustrates how Sweden acts (or does not act) as a competitive player in the global FinTech arena, and is a vital addition to students and practitioners in the field.