Tendon And Ligament Healing

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Tendon and Ligament Healing

Author : William Weintraub
Publisher : Redwing Book Company
ISBN 13 : 0912111739
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Tendon and Ligament Healing by : William Weintraub

Download or read book Tendon and Ligament Healing written by William Weintraub and published by Redwing Book Company. This book was released on 2003 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 25 years of practicing structural/osteopathic manual therapy the author has done considerable work with seriously damaged tendons and ligaments, and has achieved results that conventional medicine would rate as improbable. Over time, he has developed a therapeutic model for treating these injuries so that individuals with chronic conditions -- who have exhausted the standard physiotherapy options and are facing surgery -- can have a viable option for recovery. His techniques, based on basic principles of structural healthcare, emphasize the importance of precise anatomical focus and the capacity to work with subtle changes of structure. Of essential importance is combining detailed specific treatment of the small fibers and tissues of the local injury area with an overall approach to improving larger body patterns and tensions. Logically, the responsiveness and self-corrective capacity of body tissues when given proper conditions is also an important factor. The primary techniques used are the osteopathic methods of strain-counterstrain, cranial and visceral osteopathy, and fascial release, as well as body-mind centering, zero balancing, and acupressure. His clinical model, which represents a new approach to serious, chronic tendon and ligament injuries, is based on these techniques, their combinations and specific usage, and the skills and aptitudes necessary for applying these techniques, including certain perceptual skills and a thorough knowledge of anatomy and kinesiology. Weintraub's descriptions are vital, interesting, alive, absorbing, even dramatic. He discusses at great length the nature of the tendons and ligaments, describes his manual therapy model -- comparing it with conventional medical procedures -- and covers processes and tissue changes in tendon/ligament healing as related to manual therapy. Case studies, self-help strategies, and thoughtful words on clinical efficacy and future directions in the field make for a thorough and well-rounded presentation. (Product Description).

Repair and Regeneration of Ligaments, Tendons, and Joint Capsule

Author : William R. Walsh
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592599427
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Repair and Regeneration of Ligaments, Tendons, and Joint Capsule by : William R. Walsh

Download or read book Repair and Regeneration of Ligaments, Tendons, and Joint Capsule written by William R. Walsh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-28 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and authoritative review of the most important scientific and clinically relevant topics today in ligaments, tendons, and capsular biology, including their biomechanics and surgical reconstruction. The authors review the basic science of tendons in the hand and shoulder ligaments, the current clinical status of the shoulder and cruciate ligaments, and the latest advances in research on the healing of ligament and tendon to bone, artificial ligaments, and gene therapy. They also cover the major type 1 collagen soft tissues that are of particular interest to upper extremity surgeons and sports medicine specialists.

Tendon Injuries

Author : Nicola Maffulli
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781852335038
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Tendon Injuries by : Nicola Maffulli

Download or read book Tendon Injuries written by Nicola Maffulli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-02-09 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tendon ailments are a significant cause of morbidity among athletes of all levels and are increasing in prevalence. Their management is often empirical, and para-scientific, only looking at the biological aspects of tendon ailments. This book conveys a comprehensive and concise body of knowledge on the management of tendon problems in sportspeople with practical details of clinical protocols. Tendon Injuries: Basic Science and Clinical Medicine is specifically dedicated to the clinical aspects of tendinopathy and provides the required knowledge and scientific basis for the sports medicine practitioner, orthopedic specialist and student facing upper and lower limb tendon ailments in athletes. A comprehensive review of tendon disorders is given and modern criteria of management outlined to form the basis of effective clinical management of this group of patients.

Tendon Regeneration

Author : Manuela E. Gomes
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128016000
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Tendon Regeneration by : Manuela E. Gomes

Download or read book Tendon Regeneration written by Manuela E. Gomes and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-08-08 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tendon Regeneration: Understanding Tissue Physiology and Development to Engineer Functional Substitutes is the first book to highlight the multi-disciplinary nature of this specialized field and the importance of collaboration between medical and engineering laboratories in the development of tissue-oriented products for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) strategies. Beginning with a foundation in developmental biology, the book explores physiology, pathology, and surgical reconstruction, providing guidance on biological approaches that enhances tendon regeneration practices. Contributions from scientists, clinicians, and engineers who are the leading figures in their respective fields present recent findings in tendon stem cells, cell therapies, and scaffold treatments, as well as examples of pre-clinical models for translational therapies and a view of the future of the field. Provides an overview of tendon biology, disease, and tissue engineering approaches Presents modern, alternative approaches to developing functional tissue solutions discussed Includes valuable information for those interested in tissue engineering, tissue regeneration, tissue physiology, and regenerative medicine Explores physiology, pathology, and surgical reconstruction, building a natural progression that enhances tendon regeneration practices Covers recent findings in tendon stem cells, cell therapies, and scaffold treatments, as well as examples of pre-clinical models for translational therapies and a view of the future of the field

The Knee Joint

Author : Michel Bonnin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 2287993533
Total Pages : 1027 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (879 download)

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Book Synopsis The Knee Joint by : Michel Bonnin

Download or read book The Knee Joint written by Michel Bonnin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-04 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pushed by the progress of biology, technology and biomechanics, knee surgery has dramatically evolved in the last decades. This book is a "state of the art" concerning all aspects of knee surgery from ligament reconstruction to Total Knee Arthroplasty. An international panel of renowned authors have worked on this didactic fully illustrated book. It will help young surgeons to understand basic sciences and modern sugical techniques. The experienced surgeon will find help to deal with difficult cases and clarifications in recent technologic advances such as cartilage surgery, navigation and mini invasive surgery.

Tendons

Author : Hasan Sözen
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1839629851
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (396 download)

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Book Synopsis Tendons by : Hasan Sözen

Download or read book Tendons written by Hasan Sözen and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-12-04 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mankind has reached its present physical form through evolution of the movement system. Muscles, bones, and joints are the most important components of the movement system. Muscles are active elements, while bones and joints are passive elements. But to bring about movement, these three elements must work together. Tendons are round, oval, or flat tissues that connect muscles to bones. Muscle, tendon, or ligament injuries prevent motion so this is an important issue in trauma. If muscle, tendon, or ligament injuries occur together with vessel or nerve injury, it may be life threatening. The cause of injury might differ from a simple sports injury to a serious traffic accident. Muscles, bones, and joints have taken their place in the literature, but it would be wrong to say the same for tendons. This book describes tendons from different perspectives, thus providing the missing information in the literature. I hope that this book will be useful for anyone who wants to read about new perspectives on tendons. I also hope that it will inspire researchers working in this field.

Inflammation and tendon healing

Author : Parmis Blomgran
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 917685471X
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Inflammation and tendon healing by : Parmis Blomgran

Download or read book Inflammation and tendon healing written by Parmis Blomgran and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tendons heal through three different overlapping phases; the inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phase. Many studies have investigated what factors influence healing of tendons. However, little was known about inflammation and the immune cells present during Achilles tendon healing by the time this thesis started. We developed a flow cytometry method for our rat model of tendon healing, which enabled us to study different leukocyte subpopulations during Achilles tendon healing. The general aim of this thesis was to understand more about inflammation and the immune cell populations present during tendon healing and how the immune cell composition changes during normal tendon healing. Moreover, we investigated how different factors that are known to influence tendon healing affected the composition of the immune cell population. First, we described the immune cells during the time course of tendon healing focusing on different subpopulations of macrophages and T cells. Then, we studied how these cells were influenced by reduced mechanical loading. Mechanical loading prolonged the presence of M1 macrophages and delayed the switch to regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages compared to reduced mechanical loading. Next, the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the leukocyte composition revealed that, even though NSAIDs influence the mechanical properties of healing tendon, this effect was not mediated via changes in the leukocyte sub-populations during early and mid-time tendon healing. Further, the effect of corticosteroids during the inflammatory and remodeling phases of tendon healing was an improved healing of tendons and a reduction of CD8a T cells when corticosteroid was administered after the inflammatory phase. Lastly, we investigated if impairment of tendon healing by NSAIDs was related to mechanotransduction or microdamage during mechanical loading and showed that NSAIDs impair tendon healing by reducing the response to microdamage. In conclusion, these studies show that inflammation plays an important role during Achilles tendon healing, and factors that influence healing can also alter the presence or polarization of immune cell populations.

Tendon Healing

Author : Malin Hammerman
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9176853616
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Tendon Healing by : Malin Hammerman

Download or read book Tendon Healing written by Malin Hammerman and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-02-20 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanical loading and the inflammatory response during tendon healing might be important for the healing process. Mechanical loading can improve the healing tendon but the mechanism is not fully understood. The aim of this thesis was to further clarify the effect of mechanical loading on tendon healing and how mechanical loading affects the inflammatory response during the healing process. We used a rat Achilles tendon model to study healing. The rats were exposed to different degrees of loading by unloading methods such as paralysis of the calf muscles with Botox, tail suspension, and an orthosis (a boot). Full loading was achieved by free cage activity or treadmill walking. Microdamage in tendons, unloaded with Botox, was also investigated by needling. The healing tendons were evaluated in a materials testing machine (to analyze the mechanical properties), by gene expression analysis (microarray and PCR), or histology. Our results show that moderate loading (unloading with Botox) improves the mechanical properties of healing tendons compared to minimal loading (unloading with Botox in combination with tail suspension or a boot), especially the material properties. In accordance to these findings, expression of extracellular matrix genes were also increased by moderate compared to minimal loading. Full loading improved all mechanical properties and the expression of extracellular matrix genes was further increased compared to moderate loading. However, structural properties, such as the strength and the size of the healing tendon, were more affected by full loading. Full loading also affected the expression of inflammation-related genes during the early healing phase, 3 and 5 days after tendon injury, and increased the number of immune cells in the healing tendon tissue. Also microdamage of the healing tendon (detected by blood leakage) was increased by full loading compared to moderate loading during the early healing phase. Induced microdamage by repeated needling in the healing tendon tissue increased the structural properties of the healing tendon. The gene expression after needling was similar to the gene expression after full loading. The improvement of mechanical properties by loading in healing tendons was decreased by an anti-inflammatory drug called parecoxib, which decreases the production of prostaglandins by inhibiting COX-2 activity. The effect of parecoxib was reduced when loading was reduced but we could not confirm that the effect of parecoxib was related to the degree of loading. However, parecoxib abolished the stimulatory effect of microdamage. In conclusion, these studies show that moderate loading improves the quality of the healing tendon whereas full loading also increases the quantity of the healing tendon tissue. Full loading creates microdamage and increases inflammation during the early healing phase. The strong effect of full loading on the structural properties might be due to microdamage. Indeed, the anti-inflammatory drug parecoxib seems to impair mechanical stimulation of healing tendons by reducing the response to microdamage.

Sports Injuries

Author : Mahmut Nedim Doral
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3642365698
Total Pages : 3295 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

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Book Synopsis Sports Injuries by : Mahmut Nedim Doral

Download or read book Sports Injuries written by Mahmut Nedim Doral and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2015-06-29 with total page 3295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation covers the whole field of sports injuries and is an up-to-date guide for the diagnosis and treatment of the full range of sports injuries. The work pays detailed attention to biomechanics and injury prevention, examines the emerging treatment role of current strategies and evaluates sports injuries of each part of musculoskeletal system. In addition, pediatric sports injuries, extreme sports injuries, the role of physiotherapy, and future developments are extensively discussed. All those who are involved in the care of patients with sports injuries will find this textbook to be an invaluable, comprehensive, and up-to-date reference.

Tendon and Ligament Healing.

Author : William Weintraub
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783131304711
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Tendon and Ligament Healing. by : William Weintraub

Download or read book Tendon and Ligament Healing. written by William Weintraub and published by . This book was released on 2001-06 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sports-Specific Rehabilitation

Author : Robert A. Donatelli, PhD, PT, OCS
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0443066426
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Sports-Specific Rehabilitation by : Robert A. Donatelli, PhD, PT, OCS

Download or read book Sports-Specific Rehabilitation written by Robert A. Donatelli, PhD, PT, OCS and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2006-10-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive resource for focusing on returning injured athletes to their optimal performance! This book discusses exercise principles; muscle fatigue, muscle damage, and overtraining concepts; pathophysiology of overuse injuries; core evaluation in sports-specific testing; physiological basis of exercise specific to sport; and special considerations for the athlete. Secial features such as evidence-based clinical application boxes provide the reader with a solid body of research upon which to base their practice. Aligned to the Guide to Physical Therapy Practice to help learn how to work with athletes' injuries and help them make a physical comeback while following best practices. Incorporation of muscle physiology demonstrates it as the basis for athlete's exercise prescription. Coverage of pathophysiology of overuse injuries illustrates the damage to the musculoskeletal system. Inclusion of treatment and training approaches for athletic rehabilitation shows how to restore the musculoskeletal system back to full flexibility, strength, power, and endurance. Evidence-based clinical application boxes found throughout the book cite key studies and provide real-world application to a clinical setting. Extensive photographs show hands-on demonstrations of important rehabilitation techniques, helping the cinician to accurately apply them during treatment.

Muscle and Tendon Injuries

Author : Gian Luigi Canata
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 366254184X
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Muscle and Tendon Injuries by : Gian Luigi Canata

Download or read book Muscle and Tendon Injuries written by Gian Luigi Canata and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-10 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores in a comprehensive manner the causes and symptoms of muscle and tendon pathologies, the available diagnostic procedures, and current treatment approaches. Specific aspects of the anatomy, biomechanics, and function of muscles and tendons are analyzed, and detailed guidance is provided on the most innovative methods – both conservative and surgical – for ensuring that the athlete can make a safe and quick return to sporting activity. Optimal care of tendon and muscle injuries in sportspeople requires effective cooperation of sports scientists and medical practitioners to identify the best ways of preserving muscle and tendon structures and to develop new strategies for their rehabilitation and regeneration. Muscle and Tendon Injuries is an excellent multidisciplinary reference written by the leading experts in the field and published in collaboration with ISAKOS. It will appeal to all specialists in sports medicine and sports traumatology who are seeking a state of the art update on the management of muscle and tendon disorders.

Translating Regenerative Medicine to the Clinic

Author : Jeffrey Laurence
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128005521
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Translating Regenerative Medicine to the Clinic by : Jeffrey Laurence

Download or read book Translating Regenerative Medicine to the Clinic written by Jeffrey Laurence and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-11-18 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translating Regenerative Medicine to the Clinic reviews the current methodological tools and experimental approaches used by leading translational researchers, discussing the uses of regenerative medicine for different disease treatment areas, including cardiovascular disease, muscle regeneration, and regeneration of the bone and skin. Pedagogically, the book concentrates on the latest knowledge, laboratory techniques, and experimental approaches used by translational research leaders in this field. It promotes cross-disciplinary communication between the sub-specialties of medicine, but remains unified in theme by emphasizing recent innovations, critical barriers to progress, the new tools that are being used to overcome them, and specific areas of research that require additional study to advance the field as a whole. Volumes in the series include Translating Gene Therapy to the Clinic, Translating Regenerative Medicine to the Clinic, Translating MicroRNAs to the Clinic, Translating Biomarkers to the Clinic, and Translating Epigenetics to the Clinic. Encompasses the latest innovations and tools being used to develop regenerative medicine in the lab and clinic Covers the latest knowledge, laboratory techniques, and experimental approaches used by translational research leaders in this field Contains extensive pedagogical updates aiming to improve the education of translational researchers in this field Provides a transdisciplinary approach that supports cross-fertilization between different sub-specialties of medicine

Howell Equine Handbook of Tendon and Ligament Injuries

Author : Linda B. Schultz
Publisher : Howell Book House
ISBN 13 : 9781630261146
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (611 download)

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Book Synopsis Howell Equine Handbook of Tendon and Ligament Injuries by : Linda B. Schultz

Download or read book Howell Equine Handbook of Tendon and Ligament Injuries written by Linda B. Schultz and published by Howell Book House. This book was released on 2004-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Plain-language Medical Guide for Horse Owners and Trainers Painful and potentially debilitating tendon and ligament injuries are among the most common and serious physiological problems facing performance horses. The severity ranges from minor injuries to those that end careers or even the horse's life. However, with proper treatment, these injuries can be overcome, and permanent damage minimized. Writing in concise, accessible language, equine veterinarian Linda Schultz provides the most up-to-date information on identifying, treating, and managing tendon and ligament injuries. You'll review basic anatomy, understand how and why these injuries occur, and discover the effects of horseshoeing on tendons and ligaments. You'll see exactly what you should (and shouldn't) do during the critical healing process-plus, you'll learn to communicate effectively with your veterinarian to ensure your horse is soon back on his feet and doing his job. * Features the latest treatment options and alternative therapies * Includes a sample controlled exercise schedule and guidelines for recuperation times * Explains treatment of acute injuries and directed therapy, as well as the current surgical techniques * Discusses the benefits and drawbacks of support wraps, boots, and bandages

Tendon Injury and Repair

Author : Terry S. Saxby
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781416050711
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Tendon Injury and Repair by : Terry S. Saxby

Download or read book Tendon Injury and Repair written by Terry S. Saxby and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tendon problems are a common cause of foot and ankle pathology. In the past decade there has been significant advances in the management of these problems. This has been achieved not only by an improvement of surgical techniques but also through a better understanding of tendon injury and healing. In this issue we will review the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of common tendon problems beginning with a review of tendon healing. This issue will provide the reader with an excellent review of all that is new on this topic.

Collagen

Author : Peter Fratzl
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387739068
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

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Book Synopsis Collagen by : Peter Fratzl

Download or read book Collagen written by Peter Fratzl and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-05-10 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not only does this book provide a comprehensive review of current research advances in collagen structure and mechanics, it also explores this biological macromolecule’s many applications in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Readers gain an understanding of the structure and mechanical behavior of type I collagen and collagen-based tissues in vertebrates across all length scales, from the molecular (nano) to the organ (macro) level.

Using Development and Natural Healing as a Paradigm to Improve Tendon Repair

Author : Nathaniel A. Dyment
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (776 download)

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Book Synopsis Using Development and Natural Healing as a Paradigm to Improve Tendon Repair by : Nathaniel A. Dyment

Download or read book Using Development and Natural Healing as a Paradigm to Improve Tendon Repair written by Nathaniel A. Dyment and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tendon and ligament injuries present a significant socioeconomic problem. Tissue engineering has become an attractive option for improving repair of these injuries. Our lab has previously shown success utilizing stem-cell based therapies but we have yet to produce repairs that functionally match normal tendon mechanical properties for more strenuous activities of daily living. This dissertation focuses on using the differences between normal embryonic development and natural adult healing as a strategy to improve repair outcome of tendon injuries. We first analyzed the biology and mechanics of natural healing in the mouse patellar tendon and how these processes compared to normal tendon development. Understanding the differences between these processes may provide therapeutic targets to modulate during the healing process. We found that natural healing of a central patellar tendon defect followed a traditional healing response with inflammation at 1 week, repair at 2 weeks, and remodeling at 3 weeks and greater. The healing tissue yielded a non-functional repair with stiffnesses and ultimate loads that plateaued at 60% of normal PT after 5 weeks of healing. We found in the second study that the healing tendons exhibited reduced expression of known tenogenic transcription factors and fibrillogenic genes during healing. Type-I and type-III collagen gene expression was elevated during healing of both the injury and sham tendons; however, the reduced expression of tenogenic and fibrillogenic markers suggests that the matrix was not properly assembled, leading to a non-functional scar. In order to promote tendon differentiation during repair, we then stimulated mesenchymal progenitor cell collagen constructs with myogenic (myoblasts) and tenogenic (tendon fibroblasts) signals in culture. We found that myoblast- and Achilles tendon fibroblast-conditioned media did not promote differentiation of the constructs as gene expression of tenogenic markers was unchanged. While the central patellar tendon defect is a reproducible model, it is not clinically relevant as it does not display degeneration, which is seen in over 90% of clinical injuries. Therefore, the next study compared the effect of prostaglandin-E2 and collagenase delivery on creating degenerative aspects in the rabbit patellar tendon. We found that collagenase yielded reduced mechanical properties and histological aspects of degeneration at 4 weeks but did not sustain these changes at 16 weeks. The final study of this dissertation applied the methodologies used in our previous tendon healing studies to understand fracture healing in the mouse as our lab transitions into developing tissue engineered strategies for improving bone repair. We compared sub-critical vs. critical femoral defects and found that the sub-critical defects healed with successful periosteal bridging while the critical defects yielded impaired healing with capping of the ends of the bone. Future studies need to determine the lineage of the cells that contribute to healing and if these cells can be modulated to improve repair. Mechanistic studies that alter expression of these tenogenic markers are needed to further understand the molecular signaling that drives healing. Further understanding of the healing process will provide tissue engineers with potential treatment modalities to ultimately improve repair outcome and the patient's quality of life.