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Taxicab Geometry
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Book Synopsis Taxicab Geometry by : Eugene F. Krause
Download or read book Taxicab Geometry written by Eugene F. Krause and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2012-04-30 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fascinating, accessible introduction to unusual mathematical system in which distance is not measured by straight lines. Illustrated topics include applications to urban geography and comparisons to Euclidean geometry. Selected answers to problems.
Book Synopsis Taxicab Geometry by : Eugene F. Krause
Download or read book Taxicab Geometry written by Eugene F. Krause and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 1986-01-01 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Develops a simple non-Euclidean geometry and explores some of its practical applications through graphs, research problems, and exercises. Includes selected answers.
Book Synopsis Taxicab Geometry by : Eugene F. Krause
Download or read book Taxicab Geometry written by Eugene F. Krause and published by Addison Wesley Publishing Company. This book was released on 1975 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Develops a simple non-Euclidean geometry and explores some of its practical applications through graphs, research problems, and exercises. Includes selected answers.
Book Synopsis Geometry: The Line and the Circle by : Maureen T. Carroll
Download or read book Geometry: The Line and the Circle written by Maureen T. Carroll and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2018-12-20 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geometry: The Line and the Circle is an undergraduate text with a strong narrative that is written at the appropriate level of rigor for an upper-level survey or axiomatic course in geometry. Starting with Euclid's Elements, the book connects topics in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry in an intentional and meaningful way, with historical context. The line and the circle are the principal characters driving the narrative. In every geometry considered—which include spherical, hyperbolic, and taxicab, as well as finite affine and projective geometries—these two objects are analyzed and highlighted. Along the way, the reader contemplates fundamental questions such as: What is a straight line? What does parallel mean? What is distance? What is area? There is a strong focus on axiomatic structures throughout the text. While Euclid is a constant inspiration and the Elements is repeatedly revisited with substantial coverage of Books I, II, III, IV, and VI, non-Euclidean geometries are introduced very early to give the reader perspective on questions of axiomatics. Rounding out the thorough coverage of axiomatics are concluding chapters on transformations and constructibility. The book is compulsively readable with great attention paid to the historical narrative and hundreds of attractive problems.
Book Synopsis The Foundations of Geometry and the Non-Euclidean Plane by : G.E. Martin
Download or read book The Foundations of Geometry and the Non-Euclidean Plane written by G.E. Martin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a text for junior, senior, or first-year graduate courses traditionally titled Foundations of Geometry and/or Non Euclidean Geometry. The first 29 chapters are for a semester or year course on the foundations of geometry. The remaining chap ters may then be used for either a regular course or independent study courses. Another possibility, which is also especially suited for in-service teachers of high school geometry, is to survey the the fundamentals of absolute geometry (Chapters 1 -20) very quickly and begin earnest study with the theory of parallels and isometries (Chapters 21 -30). The text is self-contained, except that the elementary calculus is assumed for some parts of the material on advanced hyperbolic geometry (Chapters 31 -34). There are over 650 exercises, 30 of which are 10-part true-or-false questions. A rigorous ruler-and-protractor axiomatic development of the Euclidean and hyperbolic planes, including the classification of the isometries of these planes, is balanced by the discussion about this development. Models, such as Taxicab Geometry, are used exten sively to illustrate theory. Historical aspects and alternatives to the selected axioms are prominent. The classical axiom systems of Euclid and Hilbert are discussed, as are axiom systems for three and four-dimensional absolute geometry and Pieri's system based on rigid motions. The text is divided into three parts. The Introduction (Chapters 1 -4) is to be read as quickly as possible and then used for ref erence if necessary.
Author :Ivan Moscovich Publisher :Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 13 :9781402716683 Total Pages :136 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (166 download)
Download or read book written by Ivan Moscovich and published by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.. This book was released on 2004 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a collection of puzzles that focus on mathematical concepts.
Book Synopsis Lines and Circles in Taxicab Geometry by : Guanghui Chen
Download or read book Lines and Circles in Taxicab Geometry written by Guanghui Chen and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Last Recreations by : Martin Gardner
Download or read book The Last Recreations written by Martin Gardner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-28 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of all of Martin Gardners writings, none gained him a wider audience or was more central to his reputation than his Mathematical Recreations column in Scientific American - which virtually defined the genre of popular mathematics writing for a generation. Flatland, Hydras and Eggs: Mathematical Mystifications is the final collection of these columns, covering the period roughly from 1979 to Gardners retirement in 1986. As always in his published collections, Gardner includes letters commenting on the ideas presented in his articles. These columns show him at the top of his form and should not be missed by anyone with an interest in mathematics.
Author :Richard S. Millman Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :9780387974125 Total Pages :394 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (741 download)
Download or read book Geometry written by Richard S. Millman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1993-05-07 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geometry: A Metric Approach with Models, imparts a real feeling for Euclidean and non-Euclidean (in particular, hyperbolic) geometry. Intended as a rigorous first course, the book introduces and develops the various axioms slowly, and then, in a departure from other texts, continually illustrates the major definitions and axioms with two or three models, enabling the reader to picture the idea more clearly. The second edition has been expanded to include a selection of expository exercises. Additionally, the authors have designed software with computational problems to accompany the text. This software may be obtained from George Parker.
Book Synopsis Convex Optimization & Euclidean Distance Geometry by : Jon Dattorro
Download or read book Convex Optimization & Euclidean Distance Geometry written by Jon Dattorro and published by Meboo Publishing USA. This book was released on 2005 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of Euclidean distance matrices (EDMs) fundamentally asks what can be known geometrically given onlydistance information between points in Euclidean space. Each point may represent simply locationor, abstractly, any entity expressible as a vector in finite-dimensional Euclidean space.The answer to the question posed is that very much can be known about the points;the mathematics of this combined study of geometry and optimization is rich and deep.Throughout we cite beacons of historical accomplishment.The application of EDMs has already proven invaluable in discerning biological molecular conformation.The emerging practice of localization in wireless sensor networks, the global positioning system (GPS), and distance-based pattern recognitionwill certainly simplify and benefit from this theory.We study the pervasive convex Euclidean bodies and their various representations.In particular, we make convex polyhedra, cones, and dual cones more visceral through illustration, andwe study the geometric relation of polyhedral cones to nonorthogonal bases biorthogonal expansion.We explain conversion between halfspace- and vertex-descriptions of convex cones,we provide formulae for determining dual cones,and we show how classic alternative systems of linear inequalities or linear matrix inequalities and optimality conditions can be explained by generalized inequalities in terms of convex cones and their duals.The conic analogue to linear independence, called conic independence, is introducedas a new tool in the study of classical cone theory; the logical next step in the progression:linear, affine, conic.Any convex optimization problem has geometric interpretation.This is a powerful attraction: the ability to visualize geometry of an optimization problem.We provide tools to make visualization easier.The concept of faces, extreme points, and extreme directions of convex Euclidean bodiesis explained here, crucial to understanding convex optimization.The convex cone of positive semidefinite matrices, in particular, is studied in depth.We mathematically interpret, for example,its inverse image under affine transformation, and we explainhow higher-rank subsets of its boundary united with its interior are convex.The Chapter on "Geometry of convex functions",observes analogies between convex sets and functions:The set of all vector-valued convex functions is a closed convex cone.Included among the examples in this chapter, we show how the real affinefunction relates to convex functions as the hyperplane relates to convex sets.Here, also, pertinent results formultidimensional convex functions are presented that are largely ignored in the literature;tricks and tips for determining their convexityand discerning their geometry, particularly with regard to matrix calculus which remains largely unsystematizedwhen compared with the traditional practice of ordinary calculus.Consequently, we collect some results of matrix differentiation in the appendices.The Euclidean distance matrix (EDM) is studied,its properties and relationship to both positive semidefinite and Gram matrices.We relate the EDM to the four classical axioms of the Euclidean metric;thereby, observing the existence of an infinity of axioms of the Euclidean metric beyondthe triangle inequality. We proceed byderiving the fifth Euclidean axiom and then explain why furthering this endeavoris inefficient because the ensuing criteria (while describing polyhedra)grow linearly in complexity and number.Some geometrical problems solvable via EDMs,EDM problems posed as convex optimization, and methods of solution arepresented;\eg, we generate a recognizable isotonic map of the United States usingonly comparative distance information (no distance information, only distance inequalities).We offer a new proof of the classic Schoenberg criterion, that determines whether a candidate matrix is an EDM. Our proofrelies on fundamental geometry; assuming, any EDM must correspond to a list of points contained in some polyhedron(possibly at its vertices) and vice versa.It is not widely known that the Schoenberg criterion implies nonnegativity of the EDM entries; proved here.We characterize the eigenvalues of an EDM matrix and then devisea polyhedral cone required for determining membership of a candidate matrix(in Cayley-Menger form) to the convex cone of Euclidean distance matrices (EDM cone); \ie,a candidate is an EDM if and only if its eigenspectrum belongs to a spectral cone for EDM^N.We will see spectral cones are not unique.In the chapter "EDM cone", we explain the geometric relationship betweenthe EDM cone, two positive semidefinite cones, and the elliptope.We illustrate geometric requirements, in particular, for projection of a candidate matrixon a positive semidefinite cone that establish its membership to the EDM cone. The faces of the EDM cone are described,but still open is the question whether all its faces are exposed as they are for the positive semidefinite cone.The classic Schoenberg criterion, relating EDM and positive semidefinite cones, isrevealed to be a discretized membership relation (a generalized inequality, a new Farkas''''''''-like lemma)between the EDM cone and its ordinary dual. A matrix criterion for membership to the dual EDM cone is derived thatis simpler than the Schoenberg criterion.We derive a new concise expression for the EDM cone and its dual involvingtwo subspaces and a positive semidefinite cone."Semidefinite programming" is reviewedwith particular attention to optimality conditionsof prototypical primal and dual conic programs,their interplay, and the perturbation method of rank reduction of optimal solutions(extant but not well-known).We show how to solve a ubiquitous platonic combinatorial optimization problem from linear algebra(the optimal Boolean solution x to Ax=b)via semidefinite program relaxation.A three-dimensional polyhedral analogue for the positive semidefinite cone of 3X3 symmetricmatrices is introduced; a tool for visualizing in 6 dimensions.In "EDM proximity"we explore methods of solution to a few fundamental and prevalentEuclidean distance matrix proximity problems; the problem of finding that Euclidean distance matrix closestto a given matrix in the Euclidean sense.We pay particular attention to the problem when compounded with rank minimization.We offer a new geometrical proof of a famous result discovered by Eckart \& Young in 1936 regarding Euclideanprojection of a point on a subset of the positive semidefinite cone comprising all positive semidefinite matriceshaving rank not exceeding a prescribed limit rho.We explain how this problem is transformed to a convex optimization for any rank rho.
Book Synopsis Challenging Problems in Algebra by : Alfred S. Posamentier
Download or read book Challenging Problems in Algebra written by Alfred S. Posamentier and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2012-05-04 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over 300 unusual problems, ranging from easy to difficult, involving equations and inequalities, Diophantine equations, number theory, quadratic equations, logarithms, more. Detailed solutions, as well as brief answers, for all problems are provided.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Geometric Probability by : Daniel A. Klain
Download or read book Introduction to Geometric Probability written by Daniel A. Klain and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997-12-11 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to present the three basic ideas of geometrical probability, also known as integral geometry, in their natural framework. In this way, the relationship between the subject and enumerative combinatorics is more transparent, and the analogies can be more productively understood. The first of the three ideas is invariant measures on polyconvex sets. The authors then prove the fundamental lemma of integral geometry, namely the kinematic formula. Finally the analogues between invariant measures and finite partially ordered sets are investigated, yielding insights into Hecke algebras, Schubert varieties and the quantum world, as viewed by mathematicians. Geometers and combinatorialists will find this a most stimulating and fruitful story.
Book Synopsis Acquisition of Complex Arithmetic Skills and Higher-Order Mathematics Concepts by : David C. Geary
Download or read book Acquisition of Complex Arithmetic Skills and Higher-Order Mathematics Concepts written by David C. Geary and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acquisition of Complex Arithmetic Skills and Higher-Order Mathematics Concepts focuses on typical and atypical learning of complex arithmetic skills and higher-order math concepts. As part of the series Mathematical Cognition and Learning, this volume covers recent advances in the understanding of children’s developing competencies with whole-number arithmetic, fractions, and rational numbers. Each chapter covers these topics from multiple perspectives, including genetic disorders, cognition, instruction, and neural networks. Covers innovative measures and recent methodological advances in mathematical thinking and learning Contains contributions that improve instruction and education in these domains Informs policy aimed at increasing the level of mathematical proficiency in the general public
Book Synopsis The Knot Book by : Colin Conrad Adams
Download or read book The Knot Book written by Colin Conrad Adams and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2004 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knots are familiar objects. Yet the mathematical theory of knots quickly leads to deep results in topology and geometry. This work offers an introduction to this theory, starting with our understanding of knots. It presents the applications of knot theory to modern chemistry, biology and physics.
Book Synopsis On Taxicab Geometry and Geography by : Joseph Shun Chung Lau
Download or read book On Taxicab Geometry and Geography written by Joseph Shun Chung Lau and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Linguistic Geometry by : Boris Stilman
Download or read book Linguistic Geometry written by Boris Stilman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linguistic Geometry: From Search to Construction is the first book of its kind. Linguistic Geometry (LG) is an approach to the construction of mathematical models for large-scale multi-agent systems. A number of such systems, including air/space combat, robotic manufacturing, software re-engineering and Internet cyberwar, can be modeled as abstract board games. These are games with moves that can be represented by the movement of abstract pieces over locations on an abstract board. The purpose of LG is to provide strategies to guide the games' participants to their goals. Traditionally, discovering such strategies required searches in giant game trees. These searches are often beyond the capacity of modern and even conceivable future computers. LG dramatically reduces the size of the search trees, making the problems computationally tractable. LG provides a formalization and abstraction of search heuristics used by advanced experts including chess grandmasters. Essentially, these heuristics replace search with the construction of strategies. To formalize the heuristics, LG employs the theory of formal languages (i.e. formal linguistics), as well as certain geometric structures over an abstract board. The new formal strategies solve problems from different domains far beyond the areas envisioned by the experts. For a number of these domains, Linguistic Geometry yields optimal solutions.
Book Synopsis Practical Handbook of Spreadsheet Curves and Geometric Constructions by : Deane Arganbright
Download or read book Practical Handbook of Spreadsheet Curves and Geometric Constructions written by Deane Arganbright and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1993-08-03 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical Handbook of Spreadsheet Curves and Geometric Constructions presents a compelling description of how to use commercially available spreadsheets to design and create high-quality graphs of a variety of curves, including classical curves in mathematics. The book contains more than 65 models for the geometric construction of families of curves such as strophoids, pedals, involutes, and others. Models in the book are designed to be interactive so that users can experiment with them to produce eye-catching curves, designs, and patterns. Examples come from calculus, parametric equations, constructions of classical families, and graphs of conformal mappings of a complex variable. The author, a leading authority on spreadsheets, presents innovative techniques for using spreadsheet graphing to generate large families of lines and circles that describe various curves as envelopes of the families. The final chapter of the book discusses the use of commercial spreadsheets to create animation effects. The book is heavily illustrated, with more than 200 graphs and 60 tables. An accompanying 3.5" disk provides 25 selected examples written in Quattro Pro 2.0, Lotus 1-2-3 2.3, and Microsoft Excel 4.0. Designed for both experienced and novice spreadsheet users, Practical Handbook of Spreadsheet Curves and Geometric Constructions will be an invaluable resource for mathematicians, engineers, scientists, and computer scientists. The book will also benefit professional artists and designers interested in learning new techniques for producing mathematical curves using spreadsheet software.