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Taking Scope
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Download or read book Taking Scope written by Mark Steedman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A novel view of the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope that argues for a "combinatory" theory of natural language syntax. In Taking Scope, Mark Steedman considers the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope in interaction with negation, polarity, coordination, and pronominal binding, among other constructions. The semantics is "surface compositional," in that there is a direct correspondence between syntactic types and operations of composition and types and compositions at the level of logical form. In that sense, the semantics is in the "natural logic" tradition of Aristotle, Leibniz, Frege, Russell, and others who sought to define a psychologically real logic directly reflecting natural language grammar. The book reunites the generative-transformational tradition initiated by Chomsky--which views the formal syntactic component as entirely autonomous---with the older, strongly lexicalist, construction-based tradition, which has sought to define a more lingistically transparent theory of meaning representation. Steedman offers a logical formalism that relates directly to the surface form of language and to the process of inference and proof that it must support. Such a natural logic, although formal by definition, should be allowed to grow organically from attested language phenomena rather than be axiomatized a priori in terms of any standard logic. Steedman also considers the application of natural semantic interpretations to practical natural language processing tasks, emphasizing throughout the elimination of traditional quantifiers from semantic formalism in favor of devices such as Skolem terms and structure-sharing among representations in processing.
Book Synopsis Ways of Scope Taking by : A. Szabolcsi
Download or read book Ways of Scope Taking written by A. Szabolcsi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume is as much a book co-authored by all the contributors as it is an edited collection of their papers. Most of the contributors have been involved in regular discussions over the past years, often inspiring the questions, or some aspects of the proposals, in each other's papers or actually collaborating on co-authored papers. ! For this reason, the contributions make related assumptions and explore highly related issues. The organization of the volume reflects this unity of aims and interests. It starts out with an overview of some of the shared formal background, and the chapters are arranged in a sequence that is intended to invite the reader to proceed from one directly to the next. Nevertheless, there has been no attempt to eliminate individual differences in either assumptions or choice of topic. All the chapters are entirely self-contained, so the reader will find it equally possible to read any of them in isolation. Two members of the UCLA community do not appear in this volume but have been an important source of inspiration for this project: Ed Keenan and Feng-hsi Liu. Many of Keenan's works have drawn attention to the empirically diverse behavior of natural language determiners and developed theoretical tools for studying them. Liu's 1990 dissertation examined the abilities of a representative sample of noun phrases to participate in scopal dependencies and branching, coming up with provocative generalizations and pointing out their significance for then-standard theories in powerful terms.
Download or read book Syntax of Scope written by Joseph Aoun and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Syntax of Scope takes up the issue of relative operator scope in generative grammar and offers a comparative study of quantifiers and interrogative wh-operators.
Book Synopsis Long Range Shooting Handbook by : Ryan M. Cleckner
Download or read book Long Range Shooting Handbook written by Ryan M. Cleckner and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is the complete beginner's guide to long range shooting written in simple every-day language so that it's easy to follow. Included are personal tips and best advice from my years of special operations sniper schooling and experience, and as a sniper instructor. If you are an experienced shooter, this guide will be a resource covering the principles and theory of long range shooting"--
Book Synopsis Taking the Initiative by : John B. Bader
Download or read book Taking the Initiative written by John B. Bader and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking the Initiative shows that majority party leaders in Congress have set and successfully pushed their own policy agendas for decades--revealing the 'Contract With America' as only the most recent, and certainly not the most successful, example of independent policy making. Cutting deeply into the politics and personalities of three decades of party leadership, John B. Bader probes the strategies and evaluates the effectiveness of House and Senate leaders operating in a divided government, when Congress and the presidency are controlled by different political parties. He provides a historical context for analyzing the"Contract" and shows that aggressive agenda-setting has long been a regular feature of majority party leadership. Bader interviewed more than seventy congressional leaders, staff members, party officials, and political consultants, including speakers Thomas "Tip" O'Neill and Jim Wright, for this book. He supplemented these interviews with research in largely unexplored archival materials such as press conference transcripts, notes from White House leadership meetings, and staff memoranda on strategy.
Book Synopsis Case, Scope, and Binding by : M. Bittner
Download or read book Case, Scope, and Binding written by M. Bittner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Case, Scope, and Binding investigates the relation between syntax and semantics within a framework which combines the syntactic Government-Binding theory with a novel cross-linguistic theory of case and semantics. It is argued that case assignment, agreement, syntactic binding relations, as well as the minimum scopes of operators, are all determined by the relations which hold at the level of s-structure. Cross-linguistic variation with respect to these phenomena is due to corresponding variations at the s-structure level. The minimum scope of an operator cannot exceed its c-command domain at s-structure, but may be reduced by certain semantic mechanisms. The availability of any wider scope option depends on the possibility of movement at LF. The proposed theory is tested in detail against the facts of Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut family), an ergative language with typologically unusual scope and binding relations. For linguists and philosophers interested in syntax, semantics, or the syntax-semantics interface.
Book Synopsis Scope and Specificity by : Feng-Hsi Liu
Download or read book Scope and Specificity written by Feng-Hsi Liu and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1997 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scope and Specificity is an investigation of quantifier scope interaction in natural language, with special reference to English and Chinese. In particular, it is concerned with semantic properties of NPs. Quantifier scope plays an important role in current theories of syntax and semantics. However, most studies of quantifier scope are only concerned with the behavior of a small number of quantifiers, e.g. 'every', 'some', 'all'. As a result, the generalizations made on the basis of these quantifiers often do not hold when a wider range of quantifiers is considered. In this study a wide variety of NP types are examined with respect to how they interact with other NPs. The key concept explored is that of semantic scope dependency/independence. NPs are considered according to two properties: whether they can induce scope-dependency and whether they can be scope-dependent. By observing how in basic sentences NPs behave with respect to the two properties, the author presents a picture of quantifier scope much different from what has been assumed in the literature.
Book Synopsis The Ultimate Optics Guide to Rifle Shooting by : CPL. Reginald J.G. Wales
Download or read book The Ultimate Optics Guide to Rifle Shooting written by CPL. Reginald J.G. Wales and published by FriesenPress. This book was released on 2015-12-02 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ultimate Optics Guide to Rifle Shooting walks you through each step of the process on how to use your optical rifle scope to its maximum potential. A complete and comprehensive guide to using your rifle scope in the field or on the range. The optical rifle scope has been in use for more than one hundred years, but it's not until now that a book has come along to teach the shooter how to truly use it. Law Enforcement and Military Snipers, competition shooters and hunters, this book will raise your shooting skills to a whole new level of effectiveness. With illustrations and full description of each facet of the operation of the rifle scope this book is a must for anyone who uses an optic on a firearm. The author speaks to you in a language that every shooter can understand and gives you real world examples of its uses.
Book Synopsis Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation by : Andrew Simpson
Download or read book Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation written by Andrew Simpson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-03-03 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part PART I in the DP/NP -- chapter 1 NP as argument -- chapter 2 Copying variables -- chapter 3 Classi?ers and the count/mass distinction -- chapter 4 The demonstratives in modern Japanese -- part PART II of functional structure -- chapter 5 On the Re-Analysis of nominalizers in Chinese, Japanese and Korean -- chapter 6 Three types of existential quantification in Chinese -- chapter 7 On the history of place words and localizers in Chinese: A cognitive approach -- chapter PART III principles of organization -- chapter 8 Judgments, point of view and the interpretation of causee noun phrases -- chapter 9 A computational approach to case and word order in Korean -- chapter 10 Adjuncts and word order typology in east asian languages -- chapter 11 The distribution of negative NPS and some typological correlates.
Book Synopsis Key Management Models by : Gerben Van den Berg
Download or read book Key Management Models written by Gerben Van den Berg and published by FT Press. This book was released on 2015-01-14 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This best selling management book is a true classic. If you want to be a model manager, keep this new, even better 3rd edition close at hand. Key Management Models has the winning combination of brevity and clarity, giving you short, practical overviews of the top classic and cutting edge management models in an easy-to-use, ready reference format. Whether you want to remind yourself about models you’ve already come across, or want to find new ones, you’ll find yourself referring back to it again and again. It's the essential guide to all the management models you’ll ever need to know about. Includes the classic and essential management models from the previous editions. Thoroughly updated to include cutting edge new models. Two-colour illustrations and case studies throughout. The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you'll gain instant access to this eBook. Time limit The eBooks products do not have an expiry date. You will continue to access your digital ebook products whilst you have your Bookshelf installed.
Download or read book Wh-Scope Marking written by Uli Lutz and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2000-09-15 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first comprehensive overview of the syntax and semantics of wh-scope marking. Wh-scope marking constructions have recently received a lot of attention; their very existence and their intricate properties have important consequences for syntax, semantics, and the syntax–semantics interface (e.g., with respect to the wh-criterion, the wh-movement parameter, feature checking, the theory of locality, the interpretation of wh-phrases and why-chains, and the nature of LF). The fifteen contributions share the basic assumptions of the Chomskyan approach to syntax and the model-theoretic approach to semantics; they address a variety of languages (among them German, Hindi, Hungarian, English, Frisian, Kikuyu, and Malay). A recurrent theme in all articles is whether wh-scope marking should be analyzed in terms of a direct, indirect, or mixed dependency. The wealth of cross-linguistic empirical evidence and the theory-independent relevance of the conclusions should make this book the ultimate source of information on wh-scope marking for years to come.
Book Synopsis Philosophical Analysis by : D.S. Austin
Download or read book Philosophical Analysis written by D.S. Austin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytic philosophy is alive and in good health, as this collection of twenty, previously unpublished essays most ably demonstrates. The reader will find here assembled some of the finest writings of modern analytic philosophers at the top of their form. Matthews discusses Plato's attempt to deal with the problem of false belief about identities. Parson evaluates Russell's early theory of denoting phrases. Chisholm exhibits the utility of thirteen epistemic categories. Plantinga criticizes Chisholm's account of justification. Conee argues that solving the Gettier Problem is important, and Ginet proposes a solution to it. Lehrer criticizes an argument based on the simplicity of our belief in material objects and other minds. R. Feldman defends an account of having evidence. F. Feldman defends a propositional account of pleasure. Van Fraassen criticizes Garber's solution to the problem of old evidence. Castañeda investigates the nature of negation. McKay argues that de se analyses of belief do not account for belief de re. Richard argues that no Fregean semantics for belief attribution will succeed. Ryckman suggests that the Millian theory of names has little to do with the theory of belief is no threat to God's omniscience. Dunn investigates constraints imposed on non-classical modal logics by extensionality. Fitch argues that singular propositions perform important functions in modal logic. Jubien evaluates arguments for and against possible worlds. Ratzsch argues that there must be a deeper source of nomicality than ordinary subjunctives, and Stalnaker argues that there is room for determinancy of identity and indeterminacy in reference.
Book Synopsis Conceptual Controversy by : Gilbert Lee Zeno
Download or read book Conceptual Controversy written by Gilbert Lee Zeno and published by Dorrance Publishing. This book was released on 2019-03-14 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conceptual Controversy By: Gilbert Lee Zeno In this literary work you will stop asking God “why.” We commit murder, rape, torture, embezzlement, drug abuse, fraud and every act of devilment that is known against God! How can this be when we say we love God? We need to quit lying, for it is for certain: Thy kingdom is not coming until Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven! The only way that will happen is if you quit asking “why” when you have committed the very evil you are asking deliverance from. Overstand what you say you understand. This is the only way to love God and bring His kingdom to earth.
Book Synopsis Great Expectations, Slow Transformation by : Manuela Moschella
Download or read book Great Expectations, Slow Transformation written by Manuela Moschella and published by ECPR Press. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: n the aftermath of the financial crisis, why has the reform process been incremental yet the conditions for more rapid and abrupt transformations appeared to be available? Is there anything specific about financial policy that prevents more radical reforms? Drawing from Comparative Politics and Historical Institutionalism in particular, as well as International Political Economy, this book answers these questions by examining the particular institutional frictions that characterise global financial governance and influence the activity of change agents and veto players involved in the process of global regulatory change. The chapters in this volume collectively demonstrate that the process of change in financial rule-making as well as in the institutions governing finance does not fit with the punctuated model of policy change. The book also shows, however, that incremental changes can lead to fundamental shifts in the basic principles that inform global financial governance.
Book Synopsis Reports of Cases at Law and in Equity Determined by the Supreme Court of the State of Iowa by : Iowa. Supreme Court
Download or read book Reports of Cases at Law and in Equity Determined by the Supreme Court of the State of Iowa written by Iowa. Supreme Court and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 1510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Northwestern Reporter written by and published by . This book was released on 1919 with total page 1084 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis You Don't Know JS: Scope & Closures by : Kyle Simpson
Download or read book You Don't Know JS: Scope & Closures written by Kyle Simpson and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2014-03-10 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No matter how much experience you have with JavaScript, odds are you don’t fully understand the language. This concise yet in-depth guide takes you inside scope and closures, two core concepts you need to know to become a more efficient and effective JavaScript programmer. You’ll learn how and why they work, and how an understanding of closures can be a powerful part of your development skillset. Like other books in the "You Don’t Know JS" series, Scope and Closures dives into trickier parts of the language that many JavaScript programmers simply avoid. Armed with this knowledge, you can achieve true JavaScript mastery. Learn about scope, a set of rules to help JavaScript engines locate variables in your code Go deeper into nested scope, a series of containers for variables and functions Explore function- and block-based scope, “hoisting”, and the patterns and benefits of scope-based hiding Discover how to use closures for synchronous and asynchronous tasks, including the creation of JavaScript libraries
