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Synthesis And Structures Of Tridentate Ketoiminate Zinc Complexes Bearing Trifluoromethyl Substituents That Act As L Lactide Ring Opening Polymerization Catalysts
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Book Synopsis Synthesis and Structures of Tridentate Ketoiminate Zinc Complexes Bearing Trifluoromethyl Substituents that Act as L-lactide Ring Opening Polymerization Catalysts by : Nomaan M. Rezayee
Download or read book Synthesis and Structures of Tridentate Ketoiminate Zinc Complexes Bearing Trifluoromethyl Substituents that Act as L-lactide Ring Opening Polymerization Catalysts written by Nomaan M. Rezayee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity Study of Zinc Aminobis(phenolate) Complexes Towards Ring-opening Polymerization of Rac-lactide by : Yi Liu
Download or read book Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity Study of Zinc Aminobis(phenolate) Complexes Towards Ring-opening Polymerization of Rac-lactide written by Yi Liu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of bimetallic and trimetallic zinc complexes of amino-bis(phenolato) ligands was synthesized and characterized. Bimetallic complexes (ZnEt)2[L1] (1a) and (ZnEt)2[L2] (1b) (where [L1] = n-propylamine-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4,6-di-t-butylphenolate) and [L2] = n-propylamine-N,N-bis(2-methylene-6-t-butyl-4-methylphenolate) were prepared via reaction of the proligands H2[L1] and H2[L2] with ZnEt2 in pentane. A THF adduct (ZnEt)2[L1]·THF (1a·THF) was obtained by using THF as solvent. Treatment of 1a with one or two equiv. of isopropyl alcohol gave a trimetallic zinc complex Zn3(i-PrO)2[L1]2 (2). The catalytic activities of these complexes towards ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide were studied in the absence and presence of benzyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. These complexes exhibit moderate to good activity for ROP of rac-lactide both in the melt phase and solution. The influence of catalyst and co-initiator loading were studied and thermodynamic activation parameters were determined. Characterization of the polymers by GPC and MALDI-TOF MS showed controlled and living polymerizations for rac-lactide in the presence of alcohol.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc and Calcium Complexes: Efficient Catalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization of E-Caprolactone and Lactides by :
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc and Calcium Complexes: Efficient Catalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization of E-Caprolactone and Lactides written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Phosphinimine Zinc Complexes and Neutral Phosphinimines for Ring Opening Polymerization of Lactides by : Rajesh Thapa
Download or read book Phosphinimine Zinc Complexes and Neutral Phosphinimines for Ring Opening Polymerization of Lactides written by Rajesh Thapa and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achiral arenesulfonates ligands having a (NNN) or (NNO) side arm have been developed (Chapter 2) and their respective zinc ethyl complexes, NNNZnEt 3.2 and NNOZnEt 3.3, have been synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic methods (Chapter 3). NNNZnEt as well as NNOZnEt complexes are stable under nitrogen atmosphere. In the NNOZnEt 3.3 complex the protons associated with the pendant (dimethylamino)ethyl arm are broad indicating that a fluxional process is operative, most likely dissociation of the (dimethylamino)ethyl arm at 25 °C in CD2Cl2. The fluxional behavior present in the 1H NMR spectrum of 3.2 could be arrested by cooling the CD2Cl2 solution to -60 °C. In Chapter 3, the reactivity of 3.2 and 3.3 with alcohols was explored in detail. NNOZnEt was found to be unstable in the presence of alcohols. The NNNZnEt complex does not show any reactivity with weak acids (pKa = 16), such as ethanol, anthrylmethanol or anthrylethanol. Strong acids (pKa = 8-10) like phenols protonate the zinc ethyl bond to produce zinc phenoxide complexes with release of ethane. The rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the acid strength (pKa) of the alcohols. The NNNZnEt complex as well as its corresponding phenoxides show dynamic behavior at 25 °C. The dimethylaminoethyl arms in these complexes are hemilable as indicated by 1H, 13C, 31P and variable temperature NMR, i.e., the dynamic behavior of these complexes was demonstrated. The detail structure of the NNNZnEt was elucidated by examining the single X-crystal structure of analogous air stable NNNZnMe complex. Zinc phenoxides 3.10-3.12 were isolated in good yield by reaction of NNNZnEt complex and one equivalent of the corresponding solid phenols in CH2Cl2 under N2. Zinc phenoxides 3.10- 3.12 were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P and multi-dimensional NMR. Fluxional behavior was observed at 25 °C for the pendant (dimethylamino)ethyl arm in complexes 3.10-3.12 as also seen in zinc alkyl complexes 3.7 and 3.13. The dynamic behavior due to association and disassociation of the (dimethylamino) ethyl arm in complexes 3.10- 3.12 could be halted by cooling the CD2Cl2 solutions to -40 °C. Complexes 3.10-3.12 were stable in dry CD2Cl2 for several days at 25 °C and 12 hours at 45 °C. The catalytic activity of zinc phenols with lactide were tested on NMR scale reactions. The discrete zinc phenoxide as well as in situ generated zinc phenoxides 3.10-3.12 show low catalytic activity with dl-lactide. The low reactivity of zinc phenoxides with dl-lactide is probably due to the low electrophilicity of the zinc center. In the second part of this dissertation (Chapter 4), a series of tolyl/phenylethyl phosphinimines 4.1-4.8 were synthesized by Staudinger reaction between azide and various phosphines. These phosphinimines were characterized using 1H, 13C, 31P NMR. In general, the phosphininimine only ring substituted with an electron donating group, such as methoxy or dimethylanino, enhances the basicity of the phosphinimines. The correlation between the basicity of the phosphinimines and the downfield shift of the alcohol hydroxyl group when activated by phosphinimine was studied. The catalytic activity of these phosphinimines towards ring opening polymerization of lactide is correlated by alcohol hydroxyl proton shift when interacted with an alcohol (1:1) in nonhydrogen bonding solvent CDCl3 at 25 °C under N2 atmosphere. The phosphinimines 4.5 to 4.14 were tested for ROP of lactides and their correlation with the basicity estimated with alcohol activation was shown. These phosphinimines represent highly active catalysts for ROP under N2 at ambient temperature. The phosphinimine 4.7 reacts with lactide monomer even in absence of alcohol initiation with reasonable reaction rate. Phosphinimines initiate the ROP of lactide even in the absence of initiating alcohol. However, the addition of alcohol enhances the rate of the reaction. We anticipate that the ease of handling of these catalysts, combined with their high reactivity on the ROP of lactide will make them useful to the synthetic community.
Book Synopsis Studies of Single-site Zinc, Magnesium and Calcium Catalyst Precursors for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides by : Khamphee Phomphrai
Download or read book Studies of Single-site Zinc, Magnesium and Calcium Catalyst Precursors for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides written by Khamphee Phomphrai and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The preparation and characterization of a series of closely related magnesium and zinc compounds active for ROP of lactides are reported using three [beta]-diiminate ligands L 1, L 2 and L 3 where L 1 = CH(CMeNC 6 H 3 -2,6- i Pr 2) 2, L 2 = CH(CMeNC 6 H 4 -2- t Bu) 2 and L 3 = CH(CMeNC 6 H 4 -2-OMe) 2 . For the L 1 ligand, L 1 Mg(N i Pr 2)·(THF), L 1 Zn(N i Pr 2), L 1 Mg(O t Bu)·(THF), L 1 Zn(O t Bu) and L 1 Zn(OSiPh 3)·(THF) have been synthesized. All compounds initiate and sustain ROP of lactides. For a related series L 1 MX(THF) n, where n = 0 or 1, the reactivity follows the order M = Mg> Zn and X = O t Bu> N i Pr 2> N(SiMe 3) 2> OSiPh 3 . Heterotactic polylactide (PLA) is produced from ROP of rac-lactide by zinc catalysts in CH 2 Cl 2 . Magnesium catalysts produce atactic and heterotactic PLA in CH 2 Cl 2 and THF, respectively. The resting states for Zn and Mg are proposed to be L 1 Zn(nu 2 -OCHMeC(O)OP) and L 1 Mg(mu-OP) 2 MgL 1 . For the L 2 ligand, L 2 MgN i Pr 2 ·(THF) and L 2 ZnN i Pr 2 are prepared. In solution, L 2 ZnN i Pr 2 exists as a mixture of syn- and anti-rotamers while L 2 MgN i Pr 2 ·(THF) exists only as a syn-rotamer. In the zinc compound, the syn-conformer is shown to be more reactive than the anti-conformer and is responsible for the polymerization. Heterotactic PLA is obtained in CH 2 Cl 2 for the zinc compound and in THF for the magnesium compound. For the L 3 ligand, L 3 MgN(SiMe 3) 2, [L 3 MgO t Bu] 2, L 3 ZnN(SiMe 3) 2, L 3 ZnO i Pr and L 3 CaN(SiMe 3) 2 ·(THF) are prepared. The OMe groups of ligand L 3 show little affinity toward zinc and in the ROP of rac-lactide give PLA with only moderately enhanced heterotactic tetrads. The OMe groups are shown to bind to Mg reversibly and display significant enhancement of heterotactic PLA. The first single-site calcium complexes of L 1 and tris(pyrazolyl/indazolyl)borate ligands are reported and shown to initiate and sustain ROP of lactide: L 1 CaNR 1 2 ·(THF), Tp R2 CaNR 1 2 ·(THF) n, Tp Men CaNR 1 2, (9-BBN)Bp (+)-Cam CaNR 1 2 ·2THF where Tp R2 = [nu 3 -HB(3-R 2 pz) 3], R 1 = SiMe 3, R 2 = t Bu or i Pr, n = 0 or 1, Men = menthone-derived indazole and Cam = camphor-derived indazole. All calcium complexes polymerize rac-lactide in THF giving mostly atactic PLA except for Tp tBu CaNR 1 2 where heterotactic PLA is produced. Tp tBu CaNR 1 2 reacts with 2,6-diisopropylphenol giving Tp tBu Ca(O-2,6- i Pr 2 C 6 H 3). The order of heterotactic selectivity is THF> PO approx CHO> CH 2 Cl 2 . The single-site calcium complexes are not active for ROP of epoxides and the compound Tp tBu Ca(O-2,6- i Pr 2 C 6 H 3)·(PO) is reported and structurally characterized by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study.
Book Synopsis Biometal Catalyzed Ring-opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters by : Osit Karroonnirun
Download or read book Biometal Catalyzed Ring-opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters written by Osit Karroonnirun and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodegradable polyesters represent a class of extremely useful polymeric materials for many applications. Among these polyesters, the biodegradable and biocompatible, polylactide is very promising for many applications in both medical and industrial areas. Other biodegradable polymers such as polytrimethylene carbonate, polybutyrolactone, polyvalerolactone, and polycaprolactone can be blended or copolymerized with polylactide to fine tune the properties to fit the needs for their applications. The properties of these polymers and copolymers depend upon the tacticity of the polymers which can be directly controlled by the catalysts used for polymer production. Therefore, it has been of great interest to develop new selective catalytic systems for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide and other cyclic monomers. This dissertation focuses on developing new zinc and aluminum complexes and studying their selectivity and reactivity of these complexes for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide and other cyclic monomers, i.e. trimethylene carbonate, beta-butyrolactone, delta-valerolactone, and epsilon-caprolactone. Herein, aspects of the ring-opening polymerization of lactide and other cyclic monomers utilizing novel zinc and aluminum complexes will be discussed in detail. In the process for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide, chiral zinc half-salen complexes derived from natural amino acids have shown to be very active catalysts for producing polymers with high molecular weight and narrow polydispersities at ambient temperature. The chiral zinc complexes were found to catalyze rac-lactide to heterotactic polylactides with Pr values ranging from 0.68-0.89, depending on the catalyst and reaction temperature employed during the polymerization process. The reactivities of the various catalysts were greatly affected by substituents on the Schiff base ligands, with sterically bulky substituents being rate-enhancing. Furthermore, a series of both chiral and achiral aluminium half-salen complexes have been synthesized and characterized. These aluminum complexes all showed moderate selectivity to the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide to produce isotactic polylactide with Pm value up to 0.82 in toluene at 70 degrees C. Moreover, some of the studied aluminum complexes displayed epimerization of rac-lactide to meso-lactide during the polymerization process. Kinetic studies for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide utilizing these zinc and aluminum complexes are included in this dissertation. Along with these studies, the copolymerization of lactide with epsilon-caprolactone and delta-valerolactone will also be presented.
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Hydrogen Bonding by : George A. Jeffrey
Download or read book An Introduction to Hydrogen Bonding written by George A. Jeffrey and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 1997 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended as an easy to read supplement to the often brief descriptions of hydrogen bonding found in most undergraduate chemistry and molecular biology textbooks. It describes and discusses current ideas concerning hydrogen bonds ranging from the very strong to the very weak, with introductions to the experimental and theoretical methods involved.
Book Synopsis Nanomaterials via Single-Source Precursors by : Allen W. Apblett
Download or read book Nanomaterials via Single-Source Precursors written by Allen W. Apblett and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-02-19 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomaterials via Single-Source Precursors: Synthesis, Processing and Applications presents recent results and overviews of synthesis, processing, characterization and applications of advanced materials for energy, electronics, biomedicine, sensors and aerospace. A variety of processing methods (vapor, liquid and solid-state) are covered, along with materials, including metals, oxides, semiconductor, sulfides, selenides, nitrides, and carbon-based materials. Production of quantum dots, nanoparticles, thin films and composites are described by a collection of international experts. Given the ability to customize the phase, morphology, and properties of target materials, this “rational approach to synthesis and processing is a disruptive technology for electronic, energy, structural and biomedical (nano)materials and devices. The use of single-source chemical precursors for materials processing technology allows for intimate elemental mixing and hence production of complex materials at temperatures well below traditional physical methods and those involving direct combination of elements. The use of lower temperatures enables thin-film deposition on lightweight polymer substrates and reduces damage to complex devices structures such as used in power, electronics and sensors. Discusses new approaches to synthesis or single-source precursors (SSPs) and the concept of rational design of materials Includes materials processing of SSPs in the design of new materials and novel devices Provides comprehensive coverage of the subject (materials science and chemistry) as related to SSPs and the range of potential applications
Book Synopsis Organotransition Metal Chemistry: From Bonding to Catalysis by : John F. Hartwig
Download or read book Organotransition Metal Chemistry: From Bonding to Catalysis written by John F. Hartwig and published by . This book was released on 2010-02-10 with total page 1172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on Collman et al.'s best-selling classic book, Principles and Applications of Organotransition Metal Chemistry, Hartwig's text consists of new or thoroughly updated and restructured chapters and provides an in-depth view into mechanism, reaction scope, and applications. It covers the most important developments in the field over the last twenty years with great clarity with a selective, but thorough and authoritative coverage of the fundamentals of organometallic chemistry, the elementary reactions of these complexes, and many catalytic processes occurring through organometallic intermediates, making this the Organotransition Metal Chemistry text for a new generation of scientists.
Book Synopsis Functionalized Inorganic Fluorides by : Alain Tressaud
Download or read book Functionalized Inorganic Fluorides written by Alain Tressaud and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-09 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Functionalized Inorganic Fluorides: Synthesis, Characterization & Properties of Nanostructured Solids covers several classes of nanostructured and functionalized inorganic fluorides, oxide-fluorides, and fluorinated oxides such as silica and alumina. Ranging from powders or glass-ceramics to thin layers and coatings, they have applications as more efficient and less aggressive catalysts, UV absorbers, planar optical waveguides, integrated lasers and optical amplifiers, luminescent materials, anti-reflective coatings and high Tc superconductors. With a focus on new types of solids, such as nanopowders, hybrids, mesoporous fluorides, and intercalation compounds, the book covers new synthesis routes; physical-chemical characterizations - including morphology, structure, spectroscopic and optical behaviour; detailed ab initio investigations and simulations; and -last but not least- potential applications.
Book Synopsis Modern Organoaluminum Reagents by : Simon Woodward
Download or read book Modern Organoaluminum Reagents written by Simon Woodward and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-02-09 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Janusz Lewiński and Andrew E. H. Wheatley: Simple trivalent organoaluminum species: perspectives on structure, bonding and reactivity.- Stephan Schulz: Organoaluminum complexes with bonds to s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block metal centers.- Samuel Dagorne and Christophe Fliedel: Low valent organoaluminium (+I, +II) species.- Rudolf Wehmschulte: Organoaluminum species in homogeneous polymerization catalysis.- Paul Knochel, Tobias Blümke, Klaus Groll and Yi-Hung Chen: Preparation of Organoalanes for Organic Synthesis.- Yuki Naganawa and Keiji Maruoka: Reactions Triggered by Lewis Acidic Organoaluminum Species.- Usein M. Dzhemilev and Vladimir A. D'yakonov: Hydro-, Carbo- and Cycloalumination of Unsaturated Compounds.- Andreas Kolb and Paultheo von Zezschwitz: Organoaluminum Couplings to Carbonyls, Imines and Halides.- Oscar Pàmies and Montserrat Diéguez: Conjugate Addition of Organoaluminum Species to Michael Acceptors and Related Processes.
Book Synopsis Structure from Diffraction Methods by : Duncan W. Bruce
Download or read book Structure from Diffraction Methods written by Duncan W. Bruce and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-12 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inorganic materials show a diverse range of important properties that are desirable for many contemporary, real-world applications. Good examples include recyclable battery cathode materials for energy storage and transport, porous solids for capture and storage of gases and molecular complexes for use in electronic devices. An understanding of the function of these materials is necessary in order to optimise their behaviour for real applications, hence the importance of 'structure–property relationships'. The chapters presented in this volume deal with recent advances in the characterisation of crystalline materials. They include some familiar diffraction methods, thoroughly updated with modern advances. Also included are techniques that can now probe details of the three-dimensional arrangements of atoms in nanocrystalline solids, allowing aspects of disorder to be studied. Small-angle scattering, a technique that is often overlooked, can probe both ordered and disordered structures of materials at longer length scales than those probed by powder diffraction methods. Addressing both physical principals and recent advances in their applications, Structure from Diffraction Methods covers: Powder Diffraction X-Ray and Neutron Single-Crystal Diffraction PDF Analysis of Nanoparticles Electron Crystallography Small-Angle Scattering Ideal as a complementary reference work to other volumes in the series (Local Structural Characterisation and Multi Length-Scale Characterisation), or as an examination of the specific characterisation techniques in their own right, Structure from Diffraction Methods is a valuable addition to the Inorganic Materials Series.
Book Synopsis The F Elements by : Nikolas Kaltsoyannis
Download or read book The F Elements written by Nikolas Kaltsoyannis and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lanthanides and actinides (the f elements) are rarely studied in detail by chemistry undergraduates. More often they appear as an afterthought in bonding, spectroscopy, magnetism, coordination chemistry, and organometallics courses. This is largely because of a lack of an accessible text treating the chemistry of these elements in one cover. Moreover, the placement of lanthanides and actinides in the closing pages of standard inorganic chemistry text books serves to marginalise these elements further. The f elements has therefore been written to fill a gap in the undergraduate chemistry textbook market. It covers much of the fundamental chemistry of the lanthanide and actinide elements, including coordination chemistry, solid state compounds, organometallic chemistry, electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism. Many comparisons are made between the chemistry of the lanthanides and actinides and that of the transition elements, which is generally much more familiar to undergraduate chemistry students. The book uses the chemistry of the f elements as a vehicle for the communication of several important chemical concepts that are not usually discussed in detail in undergraduate courses, for example the chemical consequences of relativity and the lanthanide and actinide contractions. Many important modern applications of f element chemistry, e.g. the use of actinides in nuclear power generation and of the lanthanides in magnetic resonance imaging and catalytic converters in motor vehicle exhausts, are also discussed in depth.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Advanced Biology by : C. J. Clegg
Download or read book Introduction to Advanced Biology written by C. J. Clegg and published by Hodder Murray. This book was released on 2000 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Advanced Level specifications for courses starting in September 2000 divide the content into AS material, which will normally be covered in the first year, and A2 material, which will normally be covered in the second year. This text covers the AS material for Biology. To help students make the transition from GCSE Double Award Science each topic starts at the level required for a Grade C pass at GCSE, building up gradually to the depth of coverage required for AS. The key skills of communication, information technology and application of number are specifically covered through questions and activities at the end of each chapter although there are further opportunities to develop these skills throughout.
Book Synopsis X-ray Crystallography by : William Clegg
Download or read book X-ray Crystallography written by William Clegg and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray crystallography, a powerful technique for structure determination, plays a major role in modern research. This primer gives a concise and accessible account of the technique, emphasising its wide-ranging practical application to engineering and the physical and biological sciences.
Book Synopsis Metal Complex - DNA Interactions by : Nick Hadjiliadis
Download or read book Metal Complex - DNA Interactions written by Nick Hadjiliadis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-03-30 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal ions and metal complexes have long been recognized ascritically important components of nucleic acid chemistry, both inregulation of gene expression and as promising therapeutic agents.Understanding how metal complexes interact with DNA has become anactive research area at the interface between chemistry, molecularbiology and medicine. Metal Complex - DNA Interactions provides a comprehensiveoverview of this increasingly diverse field, presenting recentdevelopments and the latest research with particular emphasis onmetal-based drugs and metal ion toxicity. The text is divided intofour parts: Basic Structural and Kinetic Aspects: includes chapterson sequence-selective metal binding to DNA and thermodynamicmodels. Medical Applications: focuses on anticancer platinumdrugs, including discussions on DNA repair in antitumor effects ofplatinum drugs and photo-dynamic therapy. DNA-Recognition - Nucleases and Sensor: describesprobes for DNA recognition, artificial restriction agents,metallo-DNAzymes for metal sensing applications and metal iondependent catalysis in nucleic acid enzymes. Toxicological Aspects: deals with structural studies ofmercury–DNA interactions, chromium-induced DNA damage andrepair, and the effect of arsenic and nickel on DNAintegrity. This book will be a valuable resource for academic researchersand professionals from a range of pharmaceutical and chemicalindustries, particularly those involved in the development of newand less toxic anticancer metallo-drugs, and in the field ofenvironmental and toxicological chemistry.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the American Chemical Society by :
Download or read book Proceedings of the American Chemical Society written by and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 1558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
