Sustainable Water And Wastewater Processing

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Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing

Author : Charis Michael Galanakis
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780128161708
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (617 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing by : Charis Michael Galanakis

Download or read book Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing written by Charis Michael Galanakis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing covers the 12 most current topics in the field of sustainable water processing, with emphasis given to water as a resource (quality, supply, distribution, and aquifer recharge). Topics covered include emerging sustainable technologies for potable and wastewater treatment, water reuse and recycling, advanced membrane processes, desalination technologies, integrated and hybrid technologies, process modeling, advanced oxidative and catalytic processes, environmentally, economically and socially sustainable technology for water treatment, industrial water treatment, reuse and recovery of materials, and emerging nanotechnology and biotechnology for water processing. Responding to the goals of sustainability requires the maximum utilization of all water resources, water processing with restricted energy costs and reduced greenhouse gas production. Following these trends, this book covers all the important aspects of sustainable water processing and support.

Sustainable Biochar for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Author : Dinesh Mohan
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128232676
Total Pages : 854 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Biochar for Water and Wastewater Treatment by : Dinesh Mohan

Download or read book Sustainable Biochar for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Dinesh Mohan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-04-28 with total page 854 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Biochar for Water and Wastewater Treatment addresses the worldwide water contamination and scarcity problem by presenting an innovative and cost-efficient solution. This book directly deals with the Sustainable Development Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Each chapter is authored by a respected expert in the field of water and wastewater treatment, with each chapter including case studies, worked examples, and exercises. As such, the book is the perfect introduction to the field and is multipurpose in that it can be used for teaching, learning, research, and practice. The book is invaluable for undergraduate level and above in water science, environmental sciences, soil science, material sciences and engineering, chemical sciences and engineering, and biological sciences. The book covers the various aspects of biochar requirements for use in adsorption science and technology. It includes vital information on this hot topic and provides a real solution to the global issues of water contamination and scarcity. - Presents case studies in each chapter, making this applicable for those who want to implement examples into their own work - Includes in each chapter example calculations with an exercise at the end of each chapter, making this a great teaching tool - Includes excel spreadsheets online, perfect for use as a laboratory guide

Sustainable Water Treatment

Author : Miklas Scholz
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128162473
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Water Treatment by : Miklas Scholz

Download or read book Sustainable Water Treatment written by Miklas Scholz and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-08-28 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Water Treatment: Engineering Solutions for a Variable Climate covers sustainable water and environmental engineering aspects relevant for the drainage and treatment of storm water and wastewater. The book explains the fundamental science and engineering principles for the student and professional market. Standard and novel design recommendations for sustainable technologies, such as constructed wetlands, sustainable drainage systems and sustainable flood retention basins are provided to account for the interests of professional engineers and environmental scientists. The book presents the latest research findings in wastewater treatment and runoff control that are ideal for academics and senior consultants. The book offers a challenging, diverse, holistic, multidisciplinary, experimental and modelling-orientated case study, covering topics such as natural wetlands, constructed treatment wetlands for pollution control, sustainable drainage systems managing diffuse pollution, specific applications, such as wetlands treating dye wastewater and ecological sanitation systems recycling treated waters for the irrigation of crops. - Explains the fundamental science and engineering principles behind each topic - Provides an easy-to-understand, descriptive overview of complex 'black box' drainage and treatment systems and general design issues involved - Includes a comprehensive analysis of asset performance, modelling of treatment processes, and an assessment of sustainability and economics

Integrated and Hybrid Process Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Author : Abdul Wahab Mohammad
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128230568
Total Pages : 699 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrated and Hybrid Process Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment by : Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Download or read book Integrated and Hybrid Process Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Abdul Wahab Mohammad and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 699 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tackling the issue of water and wastewater treatment nowadays requires novel approaches to ensure that sustainable development can be achieved. Water and wastewater treatment should not be seen only as an end-of-pipe solution but instead the approach should be more holistic and lead to a more sustainable process. This requires the integration of various methods/processes to obtain the most optimized design. Integrated and Hybrid Process Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment discusses the state-of-the-art development in integrated and hybrid treatment processes and their applications to the treatment of a vast variety of water and wastewater sources. The approaches taken in this book are categorized as (i) resources recovery and consumption, (ii) optimal performance, (iii) physical and environmental footprints, (iv) zero liquid discharge concept and are (v) regulation-driven. Through these categories, readers will see how such an approach could benefit the water and wastewater industry. Each chapter discusses challenges and prospects of an integrated treatment process in achieving sustainable development. This book serves as a platform to provide ideas and to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale research and practical industry application. - Includes comprehensive coverage on integrated and hybrid technology for water and wastewater treatment - Takes a new approach in looking at how water and wastewater treatment contributes to sustainable development - Provides future direction of research in sustainable water and wastewater treatment

Sustainable Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Author : Noel Jacob Kaleekkal
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000395006
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment by : Noel Jacob Kaleekkal

Download or read book Sustainable Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Noel Jacob Kaleekkal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-06 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment discusses relevant sustainable technologies for water and wastewater treatment pertaining to a nanoscale approach to water treatment and desalination, membrane-based technologies for water recovery and reuse, the energy and water nexus, degradation of organic pollutants, nascent technologies, bio and bio-inspired materials for water reclamation and integrated systems, and an overview of wastewater treatment plants. The book focuses on advanced topics including in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals, which can aid in the indiscriminate oxidation of any contaminant present in wastewater, making advanced oxidation processes commercially viable. Features: A comprehensive review of current and novel water and wastewater treatment technologies from a sustainability perspective All the sustainable technologies, such as desalination, wastewater treatment, advanced oxidation processes, hydrodynamic cavitation, membrane-based technologies, sonosorption, and electrospun fibers Discussion on reference materials for important research accomplishments in the area of water and environmental engineering Theoretical aspects covering principles and instrumentation A summary on sustainability, including life cycle assessment (LCA), energy balance and large-scale implementation of advanced techniques This book is aimed at professionals, graduate students, and researchers in civil, chemical, environmental engineering, and materials science.

Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater

Author : Menahem Libhaber
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780400160
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater by : Menahem Libhaber

Download or read book Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater written by Menahem Libhaber and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2012-05-31 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In many countries, especially in developing countries, many people are lacking access to water and sanitation services and this inadequate service is the main cause of diseases in these countries. Application of appropriate wastewater treatment technologies, which are effective, low cost (in investment and especially in operation and maintenance), simple to operate, proven technologies, is a key component in any strategy aimed at increasing the coverage of wastewater treatment. Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater presents the concepts of appropriate technology for wastewater treatment and the issues of strategy and policy for increasing wastewater treatment coverage. The book focuses on the resolution of wastewater treatment and disposal problems in developing countries, however the concepts presented are valid and applicable anywhere and plants based on combined unit processes of appropriate technology can also be used in developed countries and provide to them the benefits described. Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater presents the basic engineering design procedures to obtain high quality effluents by treatment plants based on simple, low cost and easy to operate processes. The main message of the book is the idea of the ability to combine unit processes to create a treatment plant based on a series of appropriate technology processes which jointly can generate any required effluent quality. A plant based on a combination of appropriate technology unit processes is still easy to operate and is usually of lower costs than conventional processes in terms of investment and certainly in operation and maintenance. Chapters in the book are organized in a practical and accessible way to: Demonstrate selected unit process of appropriate technology and provide the scientific basis, the equations and the parameters required to design the unit processes, with some innovations developed by the authors. Highlight design procedures for selected combined processes which are in use in developing countries. Propose an innovative Orderly Design Method (ODM), which is easy to follow by practicing engineers, using the equations and formulas developed, once the fundamentals of each unit and combined process have been established. Provide a numeric example for the basic design of each selected appropriate technology process for a city with a population of 20,000 using the ODM and an Excel program which will be provided to the readers for download from an online web page. This book is a valuable and practical resource for all wastewater treatment engineers in field and the operational managers of waste treatment facilities. Authors: Menahem Libhaber, PhD, Consulting Engineer to the World Bank and other institutions, Alvaro Orozco Jaramillo, MSc, Consulting Engineer to the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, Biwater and other institutions in various countries.

Water Reclamation and Sustainability

Author : Satinder Ahuja
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0124165761
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Water Reclamation and Sustainability by : Satinder Ahuja

Download or read book Water Reclamation and Sustainability written by Satinder Ahuja and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-05-15 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many hydrological, geochemical, and biological processes associated with water reclamation and reuse are poorly understood. In particular, the occurrence and effects of trace organic and inorganic contaminants commonly found in reclaimed water necessitates careful analysis and treatment prior to safe reuse. Water Reclamation and Sustainability is a practical guide to the latest water reclamation, recycling, and reuse theory and practice. From water quality criteria and regulations to advanced techniques and implementation issues, this book offers scientists a toolkit for developing safe and successful reuse strategies. With a focus on specific contaminant removal techniques, this book comprehensively covers the full range of potential inorganic/organic contaminating compounds and highlights proven remediation methods. Socioeconomic implications related to current and future water shortages are also addressed, underscoring the many positive benefits of sustainable water resource management. - Offers pragmatic solutions to global water shortages - Provides an overview of the latest analytical techniques for water monitoring - Reviews current remediation efforts - Covers innovative technologies for green, gray, brown and black water reclamation and reuse

Sustainable Water Treatment

Author : Zainura Zainon Noor
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780367885779
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (857 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Water Treatment by : Zainura Zainon Noor

Download or read book Sustainable Water Treatment written by Zainura Zainon Noor and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-12-10 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on green and innovative wastewater treatment technologies that promote sustainability. It discusses a variety of biological, physical, and chemical treatment technologies. It covers biological processes for recovery of value-added products from wastewater and gives an overview of enzymatic hydrolysis and bioremediation of wastewater using immobilized enzyme and fungus. It offers a case study and future trends of wastewater treatment through membrane bioreactor technologies, describes advanced chemical-physical processes for recalcitrant pollutant, and emphasizes the use of low-cost materials and cost-effective treatment methods.

Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Author : Rao Y. Surampalli
Publisher : ASCE Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780784407417
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment by : Rao Y. Surampalli

Download or read book Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Rao Y. Surampalli and published by ASCE Publications. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation "Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment provides state-of-the-art information on the application of innovative technologies for water and wastewater treatment with an emphasis on the scientific principles for pollutant or pathogen removal. Described in detail are the practice and principles of wastewater treatment on topics such as: global warming, sustainable development, nutrient removal, bioplastics production, biosolid digestion and composting, pathogen reduction, metal leaching, secondary clarifiers, surface and subsurface constructed wetland, and wastewater reclamation. Environmental engineers and scientists involved in the practice of environmental engineering will benefit from the basic principles to innovation technologies application."--BOOK JACKET. Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing

Author : Charis M. Galanakis
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 012816171X
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing by : Charis M. Galanakis

Download or read book Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing written by Charis M. Galanakis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-05-08 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing covers the 12 most current topics in the field of sustainable water processing, with emphasis given to water as a resource (quality, supply, distribution, and aquifer recharge). Topics covered include emerging sustainable technologies for potable and wastewater treatment, water reuse and recycling, advanced membrane processes, desalination technologies, integrated and hybrid technologies, process modeling, advanced oxidative and catalytic processes, environmentally, economically and socially sustainable technology for water treatment, industrial water treatment, reuse and recovery of materials, and emerging nanotechnology and biotechnology for water processing. Responding to the goals of sustainability requires the maximum utilization of all water resources, water processing with restricted energy costs and reduced greenhouse gas production. Following these trends, this book covers all the important aspects of sustainable water processing and support. - Covers cutting-edge topics of water process engineering, sustainability and energy efficiency - Fills the transfer knowledge gap between academia and industry by analyzing the associated environmental, economic and sustainability challenges of water processing - Includes theoretical and applied research and technological and industrial solutions for sustainable, economic and large scale water treatment, recycling and reutilization - Analyzes potentiality and economic feasibility of already commercialized processes

Water & Wastewater Infrastructure

Author : Frank R. Spellman
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466517867
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Water & Wastewater Infrastructure by : Frank R. Spellman

Download or read book Water & Wastewater Infrastructure written by Frank R. Spellman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical aspect of sustainability associated with water and wastewater systems is to maintain and manage infrastructure in the most efficient and economical manner while complying with environmental regulations and keeping rates at acceptable levels. Given the high cost of fuel, our growing population, and the associated increase in energy needs,

Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment

Author : Rajindar Singh
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444633162
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment by : Rajindar Singh

Download or read book Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment written by Rajindar Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment provides the latest information on the impending crisis posed by water stress and poor sanitation, a timely issue that is one of the greatest human challenges of the 21st century. The book also discusses the use of membrane technology, a serious contender that can be used to confront the crisis on a global scale, along with its specific uses as a solution to this escalating problem. - Provides a unique source on membrane technology and its application for water treatment - Focuses on technologies designed for the treatment of seawater and brackish water - Highlights the most economically and environmentally friendly membrane technologies - Lists various technologies and emphasizes their link to renewable energy, energy efficiency, nanotechnology, reuse, and recycle

Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse

Author : Vivek V. Ranade
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0444634037
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse by : Vivek V. Ranade

Download or read book Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse written by Vivek V. Ranade and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2014-07-21 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse is an accessible reference to assist you when handling wastewater treatment and recycling. It features an instructive compilation of methodologies, including advanced physico-chemical methods and biological methods of treatment. It focuses on recent industry practices and preferences, along with newer methodologies for energy generation through waste. The book is based on a workshop run by the Indus MAGIC program of CSIR, India. It covers advanced processes in industrial wastewater treatment, applications, and feasibility analysis, and explores the process intensification approach as well as implications for industrial applications. Techno-economic feasibility evaluation is addressed, along with a comparison of different approaches illustrated by specific case studies. Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse introduces you to the subject with specific reference to problems currently being experienced in different industry sectors, including the petroleum industry, the fine chemical industry, and the specialty chemicals manufacturing sector. - Provides practical solutions for the treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater via case studies - Instructive articles from expert authors give a concise overview of different physico-chemical and biological methods of treatment, cost-to-benefit analysis, and process comparison - Supplies you with the relevant information to make quick process decisions

Sustainable Water Management

Author : Daniel H. Chen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315356317
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Water Management by : Daniel H. Chen

Download or read book Sustainable Water Management written by Daniel H. Chen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the world’s population continues to grow, the availability of water remains constant. Facing the looming water crisis, society needs to tackle strategic management issues as an integrated part of the solution toward water sustainability. The first volume in the two-volume set Sustainable Water Management and Technologies offers readers a practical and comprehensive look at such key water management topics as water resource planning and governance, water infrastructure planning and adaption, proper regulations, and water scarcity and inequality. It discusses best management practices for water resource allocation, ground water protection, and water quality assurance, especially for rural, arid, and underdeveloped regions of the world. Timely topics such as drought, ecosystem sustainability, climate change, and water management for shale oil and gas development are presented. Discusses best practices for water resource allocation, ground water protection, and water quality assurance. Offers chapters on urban, rural, arid, and underdeveloped regions of the world. Describes timely topics such as drought, ecosystem sustainability, climate change, and water management for shale oil and gas development. Covers water resource planning and governance, water infrastructure planning and adaptation, proper regulations, and water scarcity and inequality Discusses water resource monitoring, efficiency, and quality management.

Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment

Author : Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128131616
Total Pages : 574 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment by : Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle

Download or read book Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2018-05-29 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemical Water Treatment Methods provides the fundamentals and applications of electrochemical water treatment methods to treat industrial effluents. Sections provide an overview of the technology, its current state of development, and how it is making its way into industry applications. Other sections deal with historical developments and the fundamentals of 18 methods, including coupled methods, such as Electrocoagulation, Peroxi-Coagulation and Electro-Fenton treatments. In addition, users will find discussions that relate to industries such as Pulp and Paper, Pharmaceuticals, Textiles, and Urban/Domestic wastewater, amongst others. Final sections present advantages, disadvantages and ways to combine renewable energy sources and electrochemical methods to design sustainable facilities. Environmental and Chemical Engineers will benefit from the extensive collection of methods and industry focused application cases, but researchers in environmental chemistry will also find interesting examples on how methods can be transitioned from lab environments to practical applications. - Offers an excellent overview of the research advances and current applications of electrochemical technologies for water treatment - Explains, in a comprehensive way, the fundamentals of different electrochemical uses and applications of different technologies - Provides a large number of examples as evidence of practical applications of electrochemistry to environmental protection - Explores the combination possibilities with other treatment technologies or emerging technologies for destroying water pollutants

Sustainable Development of Water and Environment

Author : Rong Sun
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030167291
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Development of Water and Environment by : Rong Sun

Download or read book Sustainable Development of Water and Environment written by Rong Sun and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-30 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the full spectrum of water and environment conservation, offering management lessons, identifying the barriers to transformative change, and then presenting agendas and initiatives for sustainable global water and environment management. Water is a unique resource and is vital to human beings and ecosystems. At the same time, it is a driver of growth and development. However, in a changing world factors such as rapid population growth and urbanization are having an increasing impact on water and the environment, and managing critical water resources sustainably represents an unprecedented and urgent challenge. As such, the book describes innovative approaches that can be used to support the operationalization and delivery of sustainable water and environment management. ICSDWE 2019 is dedicated to sustainable water and environment, with a focus on the water resources management, wastewater treatment and environmental protection. Sharing current knowledge and recent developments, experiences and lessons learned, it stimulates discussion and reflection, to promote a paradigm shift toward sustainable water and environment management.

Sustainable Water Engineering

Author : Ramesha Chandrappa
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118541022
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Water Engineering by : Ramesha Chandrappa

Download or read book Sustainable Water Engineering written by Ramesha Chandrappa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ensuring safe and plentiful supplies of potable water (both now and for future generations) and developing sustainable treatment processes for wastewater are among the world’s greatest engineering challenges. However, sustainability requires investment of money, time and knowledge. Some parts of the world are already working towards this goal but many nations have neither the political will nor the resources to tackle even basic provision and sanitation. Combining theory and practice from the developing and developed worlds with high- and low-tech, high- and low-cost solutions, this book discusses fundamental and advanced aspects of water engineering and includes: water resource issues including climate change, water scarcity, economic and financial aspects requirements for sustainable water systems fundamentals of treatment and process design industrial water use and wastewater treatment sustainable effluent disposal sustainable construction principles With integrated theory, design and operation specifications for each treatment process, this book addresses the extent to which various treatment methods work in theory as well as how cost effective they are in practice. It provides a nontechnical guide on how to recover and reuse water from effluent, which is suitable for those in water resource management, environmental planning, civil and chemical engineering.