Surface Contamination

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Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0815516851
Total Pages : 1209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning written by Rajiv Kohli and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-01-10 with total page 1209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface contamination is of cardinal importance in a host of technologies and industries, ranging from microelectronics to optics to automotive to biomedical. Thus, the need to understand the causes of surface contamination and their removal is very patent. Generally speaking, there are two broad categories of surface contaminants: film-type and particulates. In the world of shrinking dimensions, such as the ever-decreasing size of microelectronic devices, there is an intensified need to understand the behavior of nanoscale particles and to devise ways to remove them to an acceptable level. Particles which were functionally innocuous a few years ago are ôkiller defectsö today, with serious implications for yield and reliability of the components. This book addresses the sources, detection, characterization and removal of both kinds of contaminants, as well as ways to prevent surfaces from being contaminated. A number of techniques to monitor the level of cleanliness are also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the behaviour of nanoscale particles. The book is amply referenced and profusely illustrated.• Excellent reference for a host of technologies and industries ranging from microelectronics to optics to automotive to biomedical.• A single source document addressing everything from the sources of contamination to their removal and prevention.• Amply referenced and profusely illustrated.

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Applications of Cleaning Techniques

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128155787
Total Pages : 832 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Applications of Cleaning Techniques by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Applications of Cleaning Techniques written by Rajiv Kohli and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-27 with total page 832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Applications of Cleaning Techniques, Volume Eleven, part of the Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning series, provides a guide to recent advances in the application of cleaning techniques for the removal of surface contamination in various industries, such as aerospace, automotive, biomedical, defense, energy, manufacturing, microelectronics, optics and xerography. The material in this new edition compiles cleaning applications into one easy reference that has been fully updated to incorporate new applications and techniques. Taken as a whole, the series forms a unique reference for professionals and academics working in the area of surface contamination and cleaning. Presents the latest reviewed technical information on precision cleaning applications as written by established experts in the field Provides a single source on the applications of innovative precision cleaning techniques for a wide variety of industries Serves as a guide to the selection of precision cleaning techniques for specific applications

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 12

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128162953
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 12 by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 12 written by Rajiv Kohli and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-06-08 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Methods for Assessment and Verification of Cleanliness of Surfaces and Characterization of Surface Contaminants, Volume Twelve, the latest release in the Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning series, provides best practices on determining surface cleanliness. Chapters include an introduction to the nature and size of particles, a discussion of cleanliness levels, detailed coverage of measurement methods, characterization methods and analytical methods for evaluating surfaces, and an overview of analysis methods for various contaminants. As a whole, the series creates a unique and comprehensive knowledge base for those in research and development in a variety of industries. Manufacturing, quality control and procurement specification professionals in the aerospace, automotive, biomedical, defense, energy, manufacturing, microelectronics, optics and xerography industries will find this book to be very helpful. In addition, researchers in an academic setting will also find these volumes excellent source books. Includes an extensive listing, with a description of available methods for the assessment of surface cleanliness Provides a single source of information on methods for verification of surface cleanliness Serves as a guide to the selection, assessment and verification of methods for specific applications

Surface Contamination

Author : B. R. Fish
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483154874
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Surface Contamination by : B. R. Fish

Download or read book Surface Contamination written by B. R. Fish and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface Contamination presents the proceedings of first International Symposium on Surface Contamination, held at Gatlinburg, Tennessee in June 1964. The meeting discusses the potential hazards brought about by noxious contaminants on surfaces; the effects of contamination to human health and safety; and the integrity of scientific and technical machinery and products in meeting the exacting requirements. The book contains the work of experts from different technical and administrative disciplines. Areas covered include fundamental research on redispersible and evaporable contamination, including radioactive, biological, chemical, and abrasive contaminants. Administrative and technical problems on radioactive surface contamination control criteria; measurement techniques; environmental control of surface contamination; dissemination of airborne microorganisms; radioactive contamination control applications; biological and chemical surface contamination; insurance and economics; and decontamination are tackled as well. The text will be a good source of information for ecologists, environmentalists, chemists, biologists, students, and policymakers.

Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Surface and Underground Water

Author : Abhik Gupta
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429584121
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Surface and Underground Water by : Abhik Gupta

Download or read book Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Surface and Underground Water written by Abhik Gupta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-27 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heavy metal and metalloid contamination of groundwater and surface water ecosystems involves important policy-related and ethical issues besides its more well-known scientific aspects. Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Surface and Underground Water: Environmental, Policy, and Ethical Issues has brought these three dimensions under a single volume. The book presents an updated status of the nature and extent of heavy metal and metalloid contamination of water and discuss its future implications. In Section I, the book provides a state-of-the-art review of research findings on entry, storage, and release, human health risks, and the uptake and accumulation by freshwater biota and the toxic effects experienced by them. The book also provides information on the bioremediation of heavy metals and metalloids, and the possible effects of climate change on their distribution and toxicity. Section II of the book throws light on the policies and legislations adopted in several countries to deal with the vexed issue of metal contamination of waters in both historical and current perspectives. Special emphasis has been given to the contamination of drinking water and its attendant implications for human health. The book also treats the relevance and applications of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which forms the backbone of the water policies of several countries. In Section III, discussions focus on ethical issues rising out of heavy metal and metalloid contamination of water, and on the different ethical approaches and principles in both indigenous and other societies. Features: A systematic overview of the major facets of heavy metal and metalloid contamination of water Compilation and analysis of the latest research in the subject area Ample case studies in all chapters that highlight specific problems Review of policy and legislation for the control of heavy metal pollution of water Water ethics in indigenous societies This book will be a vital resource for students and research scholars in the field of environmental science, ecotoxicology, and pollution studies.

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 4

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1437778844
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 4 by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 4 written by Rajiv Kohli and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2011-09-26 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this series Rajiv Kohli and Kash Mittal have brought together the work of experts from different industry sectors and backgrounds to provide a state-of-the-art survey and best-practice guidance for scientists and engineers engaged in surface cleaning or handling the consequences of surface contamination. The expert contributions in this volume cover important fundamental aspects of surface contamination that are key to understanding the behavior of specific types of contaminants. This understanding is essential to develop preventative and mitigation methods for contamination control. The coverage complements the treatment of surface contamination in vol.1, Fundamental and Applied Aspects. This volume covers: Sources and Generation of Particles; Manipulation Techniques for Particles on Surfaces; Particle Deposition and Rebound; Particle Behavior in Liquid Systems; Biological and Metallic Contamination; and includes a comprehensive list of current standards and resources. - Comprehensive coverage of innovations in surface contamination and cleaning - Written by established experts in the contamination and cleaning field - Each chapter is a comprehensive review of the state of the art - Case studies included

Surface Contamination

Author : K. L. Mittal
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146843506X
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Surface Contamination by : K. L. Mittal

Download or read book Surface Contamination written by K. L. Mittal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume and its companion Volume 2 document the proceedings of the Symposium on Surface Contamination: Its Genesis, Detection and Control held in Washington, D.C., September 10-13, 1978. This Symposium was a part of the 4th International Symposium on Contamination Control held under the auspices of the International Committee of Contamination Control Societies, and the Institute of Environmental Sciences (U.S.A.) was the official host. The ubiquitous nature of surface contamination causes concern to everyone dealing with surfaces, and the world of surfaces is wide and open-ended. The technological areas where surface clean ing is of cardinal importance are too many and very diversified. To people working in areas such as adhesion, composites, adsorp tion, friction, lubrication, soldering,device fabrication, printed circuit boards, etc., surface contamination has always been a bete noire. In short, people dealing with surfaces are afflicted with molysmophobiat, and rightfully so. In the past, the subject of surface contamination had been discussed in various meetings, but this symposium was hailed as the most comprehensive symposium ever held on this important topic, as the technical program comprised 70 papers by more than 100 authors from 10 countries. The symposium was truly international in scope and spirits and was very well attended. The attendees represented a broad spectrum of backgrounds, interests, and pro fessional affiliations, but all had a common interest and concern about surface contamination and cleaning.

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 8

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : Mosby Limited
ISBN 13 : 9780128103388
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 8 by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 8 written by Rajiv Kohli and published by Mosby Limited. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As device sizes in the semiconductor industries shrink, devices become more vulnerable to smaller contaminant particles, and most conventional cleaning techniques employed in the industry are not effective at smaller scales. The book series Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning as a whole provides an excellent source of information on these alternative cleaning techniques as well as methods for characterization and validation of surface contamination. Each volume has a particular topical focus, covering the key techniques and recent developments in the area. Several novel wet and dry surface cleaning methods are addressed in this Volume. Many of these methods have not been reviewed previously, or the previous reviews are dated. These methods are finding increasing commercial application and the information in this book will be of high value to the reader. Edited by the leading experts in small-scale particle surface contamination, cleaning and cleaning control these books will be an invaluable reference for researchers and engineers in R&D, manufacturing, quality control and procurement specification situated in a multitude of industries such as: aerospace, automotive, biomedical, defense, energy, manufacturing, microelectronics, optics and xerography. Provides a state-of-the-art survey and best-practice guidance for scientists and engineers engaged in surface cleaning or handling the consequences of surface contamination Addresses the continuing trends of shrinking device size and contamination vulnerability in a range of industries, spearheaded by the semiconductor industry and others Covers novel wet and dry surface cleaning methods of increasing commercial importance

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 5

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 143777881X
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 5 by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 5 written by Rajiv Kohli and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2012-11-29 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resumen: Surface contamination is of cardinal importance in a host of technologies and industries, ranging from microelectronics to optics to automotive to biomedical. Thus, the need to understand the causes of surface contamination and their removal is very patent. Generally speaking, there are two broad categories of surface contaminants: film-type and particulates. In the world of shrinking dimensions, such as the ever-decreasing size of microelectronic devices, there is an intensified need to understand the behavior of nanoscale particles and to devise ways to remove them to an acceptable level. Particles which were functionally innocuous a few years ago are ̥killer defects̲ today, with serious implications for yield and reliability of the components. This book addresses the sources, detection, characterization and removal of both kinds of contaminants, as well as ways to prevent surfaces from being contaminated. A number of techniques to monitor the level of cleanliness are also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the behaviour of nanoscale particles. The book is amply referenced and profusely illustrated." Excellent reference for a host of technologies and industries ranging from microelectronics to optics to automotive to biomedical." A single source document addressing everything from the sources of contamination to their removal and prevention." Amply referenced and profusely illustrated.

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Types of Contamination and Contamination Resources

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323431739
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Types of Contamination and Contamination Resources by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Types of Contamination and Contamination Resources written by Rajiv Kohli and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume Ten, provides a state-of-the-art guide to the current knowledge on the behavior of film-type and particulate surface contaminants and their cleaning methods. This newest volume in the series discusses mechanisms of particle adhesion, particle behavior in liquid systems, and metallic contamination and its impact. In addition, the book includes a discussion of the types of contaminants, with resources to deal with them and information on environmental issues related to surface contamination and cleaning. Taken as a whole, the series forms a unique reference for professionals and academics working in the area of surface contamination and cleaning that also includes information on cleaning at the micro and nano scales. Written by established experts in the contamination field that provide an authoritative resource Presents a comprehensive review of new trends in contaminants and resources for dealing with those contaminants Contains detailed case studies to illustrate various scenarios

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 6

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1437778801
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 6 by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 6 written by Rajiv Kohli and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2013-05-27 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this series Rajiv Kohli and Kash Mittal have brought together the work of experts from different industry sectors and backgrounds to provide a state-of-the-art survey and best-practice guidance for scientists and engineers engaged in surface cleaning or handling the consequences of surface contamination. The expert contributions in this volume cover important fundamental aspects of surface contamination that are key to understanding the behavior of specific types of contaminants. This understanding is essential to develop preventative and mitigation methods for contamination control. The coverage complements the treatment of surface contamination in vol.1, Fundamental and Applied Aspects. This volume covers: Sources and Generation of Particles; Manipulation Techniques for Particles on Surfaces; Particle Deposition and Rebound; Particle Behavior in Liquid Systems; Biological and Metallic Contamination; and includes a comprehensive list of current standards and resources. - Comprehensive coverage of innovations in surface contamination and cleaning - Written by established experts in the contamination and cleaning field - Each chapter is a comprehensive review of the state of the art - Case studies included

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Methods for Surface Cleaning

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323431720
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Methods for Surface Cleaning by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Methods for Surface Cleaning written by Rajiv Kohli and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2016-11-04 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Methods for Surface Cleaning, Volume 9, part of the Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning series provide a state-of-the-art guide to the current knowledge on the behavior of film-type and particulate surface contaminants and their associated cleaning methods. This newest volume in the series discusses methods of surface cleaning of contaminants and the resources that are needed to deal with them. Taken as a whole, the series forms a unique reference for professionals and academics working in the area of surface contamination and cleaning. A strong theme running through the series is that of surface contamination and cleaning at the micro and nano scales. Provides a comprehensive coverage of innovations in surface cleaning Written by established experts in the surface cleaning field, presenting an authoritative resource Contains a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art, including case studies to enhance the learning process

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 2

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1437778313
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 2 by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 2 written by Rajiv Kohli and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2009-10-02 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rajiv Kohli and Kash Mittal have brought together the work of experts from different industry sectors and backgrounds to provide a state-of-the-art survey and best practice guidance for scientists and engineers engaged in surface cleaning or handling the consequences of surface contamination. Topics covered include: - A systems analysis approach to contamination control - Physical factors that influence the behavior of particle deposition in enclosures - An overview of current yield models and description of advanced models - Types of strippable coatings, their properties and applications of these coatings for removal of surface contaminants - In-depth coverage of ultrasonic cleaning - Contamination and cleaning issues at the nanoscale - Experimental results illustrating the impact of model parameters on the removal of particle contamination The expert contributions in this book provide a valuable source of information on the current status and recent developments in surface contamination and cleaning. The book will be of value to industry, government and academic personnel involved in research and development, manufacturing, process and quality control, and procurement specifications across sectors including microelectronics, aerospace, optics, xerography and joining (adhesive bonding). ABOUT THE EDITORS Rajiv Kohli is a leading expert with The Aerospace Corporation in contaminant particle behavior, surface cleaning, and contamination control. At the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, he provides technical support for contamination control related to ground-based and manned spaceflight hardware for the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station, and the new Constellation Program that is designed to meet the United States Vision for Space Exploration. Kashmiri Lal "Kash" Mittal was associated with IBM from 1972 to 1994. Currently, he is teaching and consulting in the areas of surface contamination and cleaning, and in adhesion science and technology. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology and is the editor of 98 published books, many of them dealing with surface contamination and cleaning. Also available Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 1: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects (edited by Rajiv Kohli & K.L. Mittal). ISBN: 9780815515555. · Provides guidance on best-practice cleaning techniques and the avoidance of surface contamination · Covers contamination and cleaning issues at the nanoscale · Includes an in-depth look at ultrasonic cleaning

Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309136997
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune by : National Research Council

Download or read book Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-09-06 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early 1980s, two water-supply systems on the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina were found to be contaminated with the industrial solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). The water systems were supplied by the Tarawa Terrace and Hadnot Point watertreatment plants, which served enlisted-family housing, barracks for unmarried service personnel, base administrative offices, schools, and recreational areas. The Hadnot Point water system also served the base hospital and an industrial area and supplied water to housing on the Holcomb Boulevard water system (full-time until 1972 and periodically thereafter). This book examines what is known about the contamination of the water supplies at Camp Lejeune and whether the contamination can be linked to any adverse health outcomes in former residents and workers at the base.

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 5

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1437778828
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 5 by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Vol 5 written by Rajiv Kohli and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this series, Rajiv Kohli and Kash Mittal have brought together the work of experts from different industry sectors and backgrounds to provide a state-of-the-art survey and best-practice guidance for scientists and engineers engaged in surface cleaning or dealing with the consequences of surface contamination. This volume complements Volumes 3 and 4 of this series, which focused largely on particulate contaminants. The expert contributions in this volume cover methods for removal of non-particulate contaminants, such as metallic and non-metallic thin films, hydrocarbons, toxic and hazardous chemicals, and microbiological substances, as well as contamination monitoring in pharmaceutical manufacturing, and an innovative method for characterization at the nanoscale. - Comprehensive coverage of innovations in surface contamination and cleaning - Written by established experts in the contamination and cleaning field - Each chapter is a comprehensive review of the state of the art - Case studies included

Surface Contamination and Cleaning

Author : Kash L. Mittal
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9047403282
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis Surface Contamination and Cleaning by : Kash L. Mittal

Download or read book Surface Contamination and Cleaning written by Kash L. Mittal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-03-01 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume documents the proceedings of the International Symposium on Surface Contamination and Cleaning, held in Newark, New Jersey, May 23-25, 2001. Because of the importance of this topic in many technological areas, tremendous efforts have been devoted to devise novel and more efficient ways to monitor, analyse and characterize contamination

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 4

Author : Rajiv Kohli
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1437778836
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 4 by : Rajiv Kohli

Download or read book Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Volume 4 written by Rajiv Kohli and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2011-10-24 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions in this volume cover methods for removal of particle contaminants on surfaces. Several of these methods are well established and have been employed in industrial applications for a long time. However, the ever- higher demand for removal of smaller particles on newer substrate materials is driving continuous development of the established cleaning methods and alternative innovative methods for particle removal. This book provides information on the latest developments in this topic area. The purpose of the Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning series is to provide a state-of-the-art guide to the current knowledge of the behaviour of film-type and particulate surface contaminants, and cleaning methods. Each title has a particular topical focus, covering the key techniques and recent developments in the area. Taken as a whole, the series forms a unique reference for professionals and academics working in the area of surface contamination and cleaning. A strong theme running through the series is that of surface contamination and cleaning at the micro and nano scales. Covers the latest techniques in areas such as removal of nanoparticles, especially important in the semiconductor industry, disk drives and microelectronics. The series as a whole represents the definitive reference on Surface Contamination and Cleaning An essential reference for industries where cleaning is critical: electronics, optics, pharmaceutical manufacturing, etc.