Student Performance And Leadership Practices Of Selected Elementary School Principals

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Student Performance and Leadership Practices of Selected Elementary School Principals

Author : Stacey Rae Arnold
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Student Performance and Leadership Practices of Selected Elementary School Principals by : Stacey Rae Arnold

Download or read book Student Performance and Leadership Practices of Selected Elementary School Principals written by Stacey Rae Arnold and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: School leadership provides a critical bridge between student success initiatives and their impact on students in Texas schools. This study, which was one of four cohort studies conducted concurrently in Region V Education Service Center (ESC), Texas, examined the relationship between student performance, as measured by theTexas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), and leadership practices of elementary school principals in Region V ESC schools. The investigation procedures for this study involved an analysis of the responses from principals and site-based decision making (SBDM) committee members from their respective campuses to the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) developed by Kouzes and Posner (2003) which evaluates the use of five identified leadership practices: Model the Way, Inspire a Shared Vision, Challenge the Process, Enable Others to Act, and Encourage the Heart. Student performance information for the participating elementary campuses was obtained from the Texas Education Agency Academic Excellence Indicator System database. This study found no linear relationship between perceived leadership practices of elementary principals and the academic success of students as measured by the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS). However, a relationship between these variables is strongly supported by the literature. The data were an indication thatRegion V elementary principals embrace the leadership practices identified byKouzes and Posner at least moderately (between the 30th and 69th percentile) or at a higher level (70th percentile or above). As a group, the principals in this study rated themselves higher overall in regard to perceived leadership practices than did their observers, but only significantly higher on three of the five individual practices. Principals and their observers agreed that the practice Enable Others to Act was the most frequently noted followed by the practices Model the Way and Encourage the Heart. The practices with the least reported frequency were Challenge the Process and Inspire a Shared Vision. Further analysis of the data showed that the demographic variables of gender, ethnicity, age, and years of experience in the field of education did not have an effect on survey responses of the study participants.

Principals' Distributed Leadership Behaviors and Their Impact on Student Achievement in Selected Elementary Schools in Texas

Author : Yi-Hsuan Chen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (69 download)

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Book Synopsis Principals' Distributed Leadership Behaviors and Their Impact on Student Achievement in Selected Elementary Schools in Texas by : Yi-Hsuan Chen

Download or read book Principals' Distributed Leadership Behaviors and Their Impact on Student Achievement in Selected Elementary Schools in Texas written by Yi-Hsuan Chen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educators are frequently faced with the challenges of politics, hostility, selfishness, and violence; it is unwise to think that the principal is the only one providing leadership for school improvement. Thus a distributed perspective of leadership urges us to take leadership practice as the focus of interest and address both teachers and administrators as leaders. The purpose of this descriptive statistical study was to explore principals' leadership practices as perceived by teacher leaders and its possible affect to student achievement. Data were collected by using the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) (self and observer) instrument (Kouzes & Posner, 2003) from all willing teacher leaders to determine the leadership practices of the principals in Region VI, Texas. Also, statewide assessment data available from three school years (2004-2006) were obtained from the Academic Excellence Indicator System (AEIS) report. In order to answer research questions one to four, descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were calculated for the LPI results. The distributed framework offers considerable influence for studying leadership as a schoolwide rather than individual practice. Based on the literature, six conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made regarding practice, future study and policy. First, the findings indicated that principals' collaborative working style with teacher leaders seems to have positive impact on student achievement. Second, failing to enlist teacher leaders in a common vision might have a negative affect on student academic performance. Third, the perceptions of teacher leaders in School 7, School 5 and School 16 reflected a need for the principal to take challenges and seek challenging opportunities to change and grow. Fourth, recognizing teacher leaders' contributions and celebrating team accomplishments is likely to have a positive and indirect impact on school academic performance. Fifth, schools that had higher principal self and observer LPI scores tended to have better TAKS scores. Last, the findings from the study complement studies of the effects of site-based management teams. The positive impact of "Enabling Others to Act" and "Inspiring a Shared Vision" on student achievement implies that distributed leadership is most likely to contribute to school improvement and to build school capacity for improvement.

What Works

Author : Jason R. Moffitt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis What Works by : Jason R. Moffitt

Download or read book What Works written by Jason R. Moffitt and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: Effective leadership behaviors are imperative in contributing to student achievement and the overall culture of a school. School leaders must mold the culture of the school in order to create an environment which is conducive to learning. Studies on school leadership and student achievement have highlighted the evidence of school leadership behaviors which contribute to student achievement. The purpose of this investigation studied the extent of school leadership behaviors and or characteristics that contribute to student achievement. This study was designed to identify the relationship between the behaviors of the school leader and student achievement. The study determined if teachers and principals perceptions of leadership behaviors contribute to student achievement. More specifically, this investigation was designed to study the behaviors and practices of elementary principals as it relates to student achievement in elementary school students in a large urban school district. Sixty-three elementary teachers and six principals were selected for this study. The six principals were apart of the focus group interview. Data was collected through teacher and principal surveys, audio-taped interviews and transcriptions. SPSS 13.0 was selected as a means to interpret and analyze data. 2 The results of the study support the literature and indicate that principal leadership is critical to student achievement in elementary school students. More specifically, it raised the question about what specific leadership behaviors are used to increase student achievement. This study further clarified that the principal is the primary person for instituting leadership among all within the school which ultimately contribute to student success. The elementary principal has a demanding and challenging job in and of itself, but by recognizing the leadership behaviors, the principal can influence the climate, productivity, effectiveness of their school and ultimately student achievement.

Best Practices of Award-Winning Elementary School Principals

Author : Sandra Harris
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1452222428
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)

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Book Synopsis Best Practices of Award-Winning Elementary School Principals by : Sandra Harris

Download or read book Best Practices of Award-Winning Elementary School Principals written by Sandra Harris and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2005-03-23 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using survey results and contributions from 35 award-winning elementary school principals nationwide, this essential resource examines over 100 field-based practices recognized as the best for the elementary school principalship.

Principals and Student Achievement

Author : Kathleen Cotton
Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 1416601120
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis Principals and Student Achievement by : Kathleen Cotton

Download or read book Principals and Student Achievement written by Kathleen Cotton and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2003-10-15 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What are the direct and indirect influences of principals on student achievement? How do successful principals motivate others? What kinds of relationships do they have with parents, students, and staff? Principals and Student Achievement identifies 26 essential traits and behaviors of effective principals to show how they achieve success as instructional leaders. Based on a review of 81 key research articles from the last 20 years, this concise book examines how certain practices can affect student achievement, including: * Communication and interaction * Classroom observation and feedback to teachers * Recognition of student and staff achievement * Dedication to a safe and orderly school environment * Support of professional development of staff * Role modeling The book also reviews differences in instructional leadership between elementary and secondary principals, male and female principals, principals in high- and low-socioeconomic-status schools, and more. We all know that principals are important to student success, but few people have pinpointed exactly how they make a positive difference. At a time when principals are being asked to do more for school reform and accountability, Principals and Student Achievement provides a valuable resource for identifying what it takes to be an effective principal and, in turn, an effective school. Note: This product listing is for the Adobe Acrobat (PDF) version of the book.

Leading School Turnaround

Author : Kenneth Leithwood
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470767170
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Leading School Turnaround by : Kenneth Leithwood

Download or read book Leading School Turnaround written by Kenneth Leithwood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-07-13 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LEADING SCHOOL TURNAROUND Leading School Turnaround offers new perspectives and concrete, evidence-based guidelines for the educational leaders and administrators faced with the challenge of turning our low-performing schools around. Using the tools outlined in this groundbreaking book, school leaders can guide their schools to higher levels of achievement and sustained academic success. Based on research conducted in the United States, Canada, and England, Leading School Turnaround addresses in three parts the dynamic context of the turnaround environment, what turnaround leaders do, and the incredible challenges of moving from turnaround to "stay around." Filled with illustrative examples, the book outlines the best practices and behaviors successful turnaround leaders exercise. The authors include detailed information for applying the four main categories of turnaround leadership: direction setting, developing people, redesigning the school, and managing the instructional program. This important resource can help any school leader get their school back on the track to academic success.

High School Principals' Perceived Leadership Practices and Their Relationship to Student Performance on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS)

Download High School Principals' Perceived Leadership Practices and Their Relationship to Student Performance on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) PDF Online Free

Author : Christopher Benton Soileau
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis High School Principals' Perceived Leadership Practices and Their Relationship to Student Performance on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) by : Christopher Benton Soileau

Download or read book High School Principals' Perceived Leadership Practices and Their Relationship to Student Performance on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) written by Christopher Benton Soileau and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to determine how leadership practices impact student performance as perceived by principals and selected site-based decision making (SBDM) committee members of high schools in Region V Education Service Center (ESC), Texas. The study is one of four studies which examined perceived leadership practices of principals in the public school system in Southeast Texas. The other studies in this cohort focused on elementary principals, middle school principals and superintendents. This study compared the perceptions of high school principals and selected SBDM committee members regarding leadership practices and determined if selected demographic variables had an impact on the perceived leadership practices of the two identified groups. The investigation procedures for this study involved an analysis of the responses from principals and site-based decision making committee members to the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) developed by James Kouzes and Barry Posner (2003) which evaluates the use of five identified leadership practices. Student performance information for the 29 participating high school campuses was obtained from the Texas Education Agency Academic Excellence Indicator System. Findings indicate no linear relationship exists between perceived leadership practices of high school principals and the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) performance. Further analysis revealed no statistical significance in the correlation of student academic success as measured by TAKS and the five leadership practices identified by Kouzes and Posner(2002); Inspire a Shared Vision, Model the Way, Challenge the Process, Enable Others to Act, and Encourage the Heart. The data indicated that Region V high school principals embrace the leadership practices identified by Kouzes and Posner at least moderately (between the 30th and 69th percentile) and in some cases at a higher level (70th percentile or above). Also, the data revealed that, as a group, the high school principals rated themselves higher overall regarding perceived leadership in comparison to their observers. Further analysis of the data showed that the demographic variables of gender and ethnicity did not have an effect on survey responses of the study participants. After examining the differences between the LPI responses of principals and their observers regarding age and years of experience, it was evident that such demographic variables did not impact survey responses.

School Leadership That Works

Author : Robert J. Marzano
Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 141660314X
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis School Leadership That Works by : Robert J. Marzano

Download or read book School Leadership That Works written by Robert J. Marzano and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2005 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide to the 21 leadership responsibilities that influence student achievement will help school leaders focus on changes that really make a difference.

The Wiley Handbook of Teaching and Learning

Author : Gene E. Hall
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118955870
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis The Wiley Handbook of Teaching and Learning by : Gene E. Hall

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook of Teaching and Learning written by Gene E. Hall and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-09-12 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive reference for scholars, educators, stakeholders, and the general public on matters influencing and directly affecting education in today’s schools across the globe This enlightening handbook offers current, international perspectives on the conditions in communities, contemporary practices in schooling, relevant research on teaching and learning, and implications for the future of education. It contains diverse conceptual frameworks for analyzing existing issues in education, including but not limited to characteristics of today’s students, assessment of student learning, evaluation of teachers, trends in teacher education programs, technological advances in content delivery, the important role for school leaders, and innovative instructional practices to increase student learning. The Wiley Handbook of Teaching and Learning promotes new, global approaches to studying the process of education, demonstrates the diversity among the constituents of schooling, recognizes the need for and presents a variety of approaches to teaching and learning, and details exemplary practices in education. Divided into four sections focused on general topics—context and schooling; learners and learning; teachers and teaching; and educators as learners and leaders—and with all-new essays that look at what has been, what is, and what could be, this book is destined to inspire thoughtful contemplation from readers about what it means to teach and learn. Examines teaching, learners, and learning from a contemporary, international perspective, presenting alternative views and approaches Provides a single reference source for teachers, education leaders, and agency administrators Summarizes recent research and theory Offers evidence-based recommendations for practice Includes essays from established and emerging U.S. and international scholars Each chapter includes a section encouraging readers to think ahead and imagine what education might be in the future Scholars from around the world provide a range of evidence-based ideas for improving and modifying current educational practices, making The Wiley Handbook of Teaching and Learning an important book for the global education community and those planning on entering into it.

Personalized Principal Leadership Practices

Author : Dionne V. McLaughlin
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1789736358
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Personalized Principal Leadership Practices by : Dionne V. McLaughlin

Download or read book Personalized Principal Leadership Practices written by Dionne V. McLaughlin and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, McLaughlin examines the eight strategies expert principals utilize to lead equitable, high achieving schools. Each chapter will include strategies, case studies, reflective questions and a chapter summary.

The Literacy Leadership Guide for Elementary Principals

Author : Tynisha D. Meidl
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 147584090X
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis The Literacy Leadership Guide for Elementary Principals by : Tynisha D. Meidl

Download or read book The Literacy Leadership Guide for Elementary Principals written by Tynisha D. Meidl and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the past decade in the United States, elementary principals have faced increased scrutiny. Student performance regardless of student experiences, district funding practices, or societal factors have been the responsibility of the principal. In a similar fashion, teachers have been ridiculed and scorned. As a result, principals are left trying to create positive school culture, evaluate teacher performance, and guide and support professional development initiatives. In the meantime, teachers in many ways do not see themselves as professionals, do not feel that they have autonomy in their classrooms, and as a result may not have the same joy that they once had. The goal of this guide is to assist principals and school leaders to cultivate a school culture where the principal is positioned as the literacy leader. This guide will support principals to address, define, and create a literacy culture. Most importantly, provide insight to support principals in their quest to becoming primary individual responsible for bringing joy to teaching and learning as part of building school culture.

Leadership on Purpose

Author : Rosemary Papa
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1452237468
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)

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Book Synopsis Leadership on Purpose by : Rosemary Papa

Download or read book Leadership on Purpose written by Rosemary Papa and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2002-07-03 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "With a wonderful mix of theory and practice, this volume is for professionals and for lay people, indeed for anyone interested in the crucial questions related to educational leadership in this country. The authors are to be congratulated, and the readers will be grateful for their efforts." Barry Munitz President and CEO JP Getty Trust Learn proven techniques to increase achievement in ethnically diverse classrooms! This compelling guide masterfully demonstrates how high achievement can exist in the midst of high minority enrollment and high poverty. By drawing upon the best practices of 13 exemplary schools, the book highlights the specific means by which ethnically diverse—namely African American and Latino—students can attain educational success. These "Promising Practices" are presented in a user-friendly, well-organized format, with real examples interwoven throughout. An invaluable resource, it shares school-tested methods that can be replicated readily, including: 7 strategies for principals to be effective leaders, creating a culture of equal learning opportunities for all students 8 tactics for successful curriculum and classroom instruction, from assessment to staff development 9 proven ways to make meaningful connections with parents, which promote higher student and teacher performance

The Instructional Leadership Practices of Elementary Principals of Average Needs/resource Capacity School Districts in New York State

Download The Instructional Leadership Practices of Elementary Principals of Average Needs/resource Capacity School Districts in New York State PDF Online Free

Author : Rebecca DeVries
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis The Instructional Leadership Practices of Elementary Principals of Average Needs/resource Capacity School Districts in New York State by : Rebecca DeVries

Download or read book The Instructional Leadership Practices of Elementary Principals of Average Needs/resource Capacity School Districts in New York State written by Rebecca DeVries and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due in part to higher demands for educational accountability at both the Federal and state levels, the role of the school principal has come to the forefront. Previous literature has considered the indirect ways in which school principals affect student achievement. Of particular interest has been the implementation of instructional leadership by school principals. This study advances the literature around the perception of school leader evaluation through the lens of instructional leadership. Through a quantitative survey, sent to both elementary principals and third through fifth grade teachers of average needs resource capacity school districts, the perceptions regarding instructional leadership and specific practices were illuminated as outlined by the Marzano, Carbaugh, and Toth (2015) School Leadership Evaluation Model. Although the Marzano et al. (2015) School Leadership Evaluation Model contains five primary domains, the one focused on within this work is the Domain 2, "Continuous Improvement of Instruction." Using data from the quantitative surveys, three separate research questions were analyzed. The first two research questions included the self-reported degree of adherence to the practices by elementary principals, as well as elementary teachers' perceptions of their principals' actions in relation to Domain 2 of Marzano et al.'s (2015) model. The third research question sought to consider whether a relationship existed between elementary principal adherence to the practices found within Domain 2 (Marzano et al., 2015) and student achievement outcomes as measured by the grades 3-5 New York State English Language Arts assessment. The findings illustrate that elementary principals and grade 3 through 5 teachers of average needs and resource capacity school districts perceive that, to varying levels of adherence, they are observing the 25 instructional practices found within Domain 2 of the Marzano et al. (2015) School Leadership Evaluation Model. However, contrary to expectations, there was no relationship between elementary principal adherence to the practices found within domain two (Marzano et al., 2015) and student achievement outcomes as measured by the grades 3-5 New York State English Language Arts assessment, excluding one instructional practice. A re-thinking of use of the model in connection with state and Federal policies related to accountability and principal evaluations at the local level are discussed. Recommendations for practice and use in school districts for elementary principals is also provided.

Leadership in America's Best Urban Schools

Author : Joseph F. Johnson, Jr.
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317412397
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Leadership in America's Best Urban Schools by : Joseph F. Johnson, Jr.

Download or read book Leadership in America's Best Urban Schools written by Joseph F. Johnson, Jr. and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-02-03 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leadership in America’s Best Urban Schools describes and demystifies the qualities that successful leaders rely on to make a difference at all levels of urban school leadership. Grounded in research, this volume reveals the multiple challenges that real urban elementary, middle, and high schools face as well as the catalysts for improvement. This insightful resource explores the critical leadership characteristics found in high-performing urban schools and gives leaders the tools to move their schools to higher levels of achievement for all students—but especially for those who are low-income, English-language learners, and from various racial and ethnic backgrounds. In shining a light on the essential qualities for exceptional leadership at all levels of urban schools, this book is a valuable guide for all educators and administrators to nurture, influence, support, and sustain excellence and equity at their schools.

The Principal's Leadership Style and the Schools Culture in Selected St. Paul Public Elementary Schools

Author : Kanshio Christopher Iye
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis The Principal's Leadership Style and the Schools Culture in Selected St. Paul Public Elementary Schools by : Kanshio Christopher Iye

Download or read book The Principal's Leadership Style and the Schools Culture in Selected St. Paul Public Elementary Schools written by Kanshio Christopher Iye and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Successful School Leadership

Author : Christopher Day
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781909437760
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Successful School Leadership by : Christopher Day

Download or read book Successful School Leadership written by Christopher Day and published by . This book was released on 2017-12 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Principal Transformational Leadership and Student Academic Outcomes

Author : Fernando Reyes (Ed. D.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Principal Transformational Leadership and Student Academic Outcomes by : Fernando Reyes (Ed. D.)

Download or read book Principal Transformational Leadership and Student Academic Outcomes written by Fernando Reyes (Ed. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to precisely analyze the relationship between principal leadership and student achievement. Specifically, this study investigated whether or not different leadership styles led to different student academic outcomes. This study employed quantitative analysis to analyze the relationship between transformational leadership and student academic performance in reading and math state assessments in a large metropolitan area of South Texas. Furthermore, the researcher compared leadership styles with regard to the school size and grade levels that the principals serve. This researcher used quantitative methods design to collect quantitative survey data from teachers and principals to measure perceived leadership style. The study employed a comparison group analysis used to compare the leadership styles groups as a function of academically high-performing and low-performing schools. In the first phase of the study, the MLQ 5X survey data were collected from teachers and principals in two school districts located in the Rio Grande Valley region of Texas. All schools within the two districts were selected to participate if the school had the same principal for the last three school years. Hence, the study determined if the practices of transformational, transactional, or passive leadership were a corollary of student achievement on the 2022 accountability report. Data used to make these determinations were publicly available through the Texas Education Agency website through the school report card link. Findings showed that the transformational leadership of a leader, as measured from the perspective of teachers to be positively correlated and statistically significant to student reading outcomes on state exams. With this understanding, the research showed that all four pillars of transformational leadership positively correlated to student reading outcomes. Only idealized influence was considered statistically significant to student academic outcomes in reading. Findings also indicated that teachers perceived transformational leadership style was not influenced by the school grade level that a principal served. However, high school principals in this study were perceived to be the most transformational in all four pillars of transformational leadership. Contrasting with transformational leadership was the passive-avoidant leadership style perceived by teachers. The data showed that participants perceived elementary principals as the most passive-avoidant leaders. Findings indicated that as teacher-rated passive-avoidant leadership declines, a statistically significant increase in student academic outcomes for mathematics and reading occurs. Finally, implications for principal preparation programs, practicing principals, principal professional development, and principal supervisors are offered and research suggestions to expound on this study and transformational leadership theory appear in Chapter 5