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Structures And Functions Of Retroviral Rnas
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Book Synopsis Human Retroviruses by : Bryan Cullen
Download or read book Human Retroviruses written by Bryan Cullen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to specifically cover the molecular biology of retroviruses - of immense importance since the high profile of HIV. International contributors provide detailed reviews of the latest knowledge. An excellent text for both medical and non-medical researchers, it also serves as an illuminating introduction for scientists active in other areas.
Book Synopsis Structures and Functions of Retroviral RNAs by : Philippe Fosse
Download or read book Structures and Functions of Retroviral RNAs written by Philippe Fosse and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-09-12 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One family of viruses is responsible for the infection of many species of vertebrates. These are the retroviruses whose genomic RNA is used to support genetic information and ensures many essential functions that are required for the formation of an infectious viral particle. These functions depend on structures formed by the folding of the genomic RNA. Structures and Functions of Retroviral RNAs describes the formation of these structures and their specific interactions with nucleic acids and proteins. In light of recent advances in molecular virology, it provides an understanding of the various facets of the retroviral genome. It emphasizes in particular that the study of the structure–function relationship of retroviral RNAs is a driving force behind increased research into HIV-1, the main causal agent of AIDS. Indeed, one of the challenges of pharmacology lies in the exploitation of several targets which allow us to anticipate and stem the emergence of resistance to anti-HIV drugs. The book also presents structures and interactions that may be potential future targets in this regard.
Download or read book Virus Structure written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-10-02 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus Structure covers the full spectrum of modern structural virology. Its goal is to describe the means for defining moderate to high resolution structures and the basic principles that have emerged from these studies. Among the topics covered are Hybrid Vigor, Structural Folds of Viral Proteins, Virus Particle Dynamics, Viral Gemone Organization, Enveloped Viruses and Large Viruses. Covers viral assembly using heterologous expression systems and cell extracts Discusses molecular mechanisms in bacteriophage T7 procapsid assembly, maturation and DNA containment Includes information on structural studies on antibody/virus complexes
Download or read book Retroviruses written by John M. Coffin and published by CSHL Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over 25 years the study of retroviruses has underpinned much of what is known about information transfer in cells and the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that underlie cell growth and cancer induction. Emergent diseases such as AIDS and adult T-cell lymphoma have widened even further the community of investigators directly concerned with retroviruses, a development that has highlighted the need for an integrated understanding of their biology and their unique association with host genomes. This remarkable volume satisfies that need. Written by a group of the field's most distinguished investigators, rigorously edited to provide a seamless narrative, and elegantly designed for clarity and readability, this book is an instant classic that demands attention from scientists and physicians studying retroviruses and the disorders in which they play a role.
Download or read book Retroviruses written by Ronald Swanstrom and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-12-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the first diseases for which a viral etiology was esta- blished were tumors, lymphomas, and sarcomas in chickens, shown by Ellermann and Bang (1908) and Rous (1910) to be transmissible with cell-free filtrates. The broad significance of these discoveries was not fully recognized at first, mainly because chickens were perceived as too distanly related to humans to provide useful and relevant models for human disease. Change came slowly. In 1936 Bittner found that a viral agent is involved in the causation of mammary cancer in mice, and in 1957 Gross discovered the first murine leukemia virus. In the years following numerous tumor-inducing viruses, infecting all classes of verte- brates, were isolated. The decisive impulse for the development of the RNA tumor virus field sprang from advances in cell culture. In 1958 Temin and Rubin, following initial observations of Manaker and Groupe, worked out the conditions for virus-induced tumori- genic transformation in cell culture and made this transform- ation the basis for a quantitative assay of viral infectivity and oncogenicity. The genetic and cell biological studies that grew out of Rubin's and Temin's groundwork quickly brought into focus two puzzling problems: a requirement for DNA synthesis early in the lifecycle of the RNA tumor viruses, and the existence of genetic information in the virus that is needed for oncogenesis but not for virus reproduction.
Download or read book HIV-1 Integrase written by Nouri Neamati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-10 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.
Book Synopsis HIV-1 Viral RNA Structure Regulates Both Initiation of Reverse Transcription and Protein Synthesis by : Lynnette Nthenya Jackson
Download or read book HIV-1 Viral RNA Structure Regulates Both Initiation of Reverse Transcription and Protein Synthesis written by Lynnette Nthenya Jackson and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV-1, a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, has devastated millions of people worldwide. Understanding how this virus infects cells and replicates is critical for both understanding retroviruses and making next generation antiretrovirals that can improve quality of life for people living with HIV. While decades of research have been dedicated to the understanding of this virus, key mechanistic information remains to be elucidated. RNA structure plays a key role in regulating different stages of the HIV replication cycle. HIV-1 genomic RNA contains a highly structured and conserved 5' untranslated region that is the hub for multiple functions during viral replication. Reverse transcription, the process by which HIV converts its single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA, represents an early stage in the virus' replication cycle where the viral genome is simultaneously copied and prepared for integration into the host cell's genome. Translation of the genomic RNA transcripts allows production of the proteins that comprise new HIV virions. Both processes initiate in the 5' UTR region of the genomic RNA. There are many open questions surrounding mechanism, efficiency, and kinetics of these processes due to the structural and functional density of the 5'UTR. Furthermore, many conserved structures and RNA interactions that have been demonstrated to be important in cell cultures have yet to be placed within the context of viral replication processes. Here I present my thesis work to understand how RNA structure in this region of the viral genome regulates reverse transcription and translation initiation. Reverse transcription begins upon entry of a viral capsid into a host cell cytoplasm. The process can be divided into initiation and elongation phases. The initiation phase is very slow and non-processive while the elongation phase is quite rapid and processive. To understand why the initiation phase is so slow, a minimal construct was crosslinked to reverse transcriptase (RT) and purified for cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM). The complexes captured a reverse transcription initiation complex (RTIC) after three and six rounds of incorporation. The +3 RTIC represents a significant stalling point for the process, with an approximately 10- fold decrease in rate compared to the other steps in the initiation phase. The +6 RTIC represents the transition from the slow, non-processive initiation phase to elongation phase. The resulting data showed conformational heterogeneity after three rounds of incorporation. This heterogeneity showed intermediate states that represent off-pathway intermediates that are the result of a stable hairpin in the templating viral RNA. After six rounds of incorporation, the complex shows novel RNA density corresponding to a previously demonstrated regulatory RNA interaction. Additionally, the primer terminus is poised for catalysis, relative to previous RTIC structures. These structural changes are likely responsible for the steep rise in processivity, and speed observed after 6 rounds of dNTP incorporation. In the latter phase of viral replication, viral proteins and genomic RNA must be assembled into virions and bud from the cell. To achieve this, viral mRNAs are transcribed from HIV genes and host cell ribosomes are used to make viral factors. However, the mechanisms used to initiate translation of HIV proteins required for viral assembly and budding remain poorly defined. Here we focused on the regulatory role of the 5'UTR structure and sequence in HIV mRNA translation initiation. To understand how HIV translation initiation differs from standard translation initiation, the 5'UTR was cloned in front of a nano luciferase (nLuc) luminescence reporter gene. The bulk translation activity of the resulting mRNA was assayed in HeLa cell extracts. RNAs containing the HIV 5'UTR had a significant drop in translation efficiency. While they translate poorly relative to housekeeping genes, there is no significant difference between the translation efficiency, mean synthesis rate, and mean synthesis time for capped and uncapped HIV mRNAs. Using single-molecule fluorescence to track translation components during initiation, the kinetics of translation initiation for the housekeeping gene control and the HIV mRNA constructs were similar, however, the small ribosomal subunit struggles to load onto the structured 5'-UTR. This results in most small ribosomal subunit binding events not leading to successful translation initiation for HIV mRNAs. Together, these findings provide evidence for RNA structure as playing a regulatory role in translation initiation. This inefficiency might be advantageous for the virus to maintain a slow yet steady pace for virion assembly such that it minimally triggers immune system sensors.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of AIDS by : Thomas J. Hope
Download or read book Encyclopedia of AIDS written by Thomas J. Hope and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis RNA Tumor Viruses: Supplements and appendixes by :
Download or read book RNA Tumor Viruses: Supplements and appendixes written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 1254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interferon: The 50th Anniversary by : Paula M. Pitha
Download or read book Interferon: The 50th Anniversary written by Paula M. Pitha and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-29 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A vital text for researchers and clinicians in the fields of virology and oncology alike, this book is a comprehensive guide to one of medicine’s most important tools that covers the most recent research. Important insights have been made in recent months that are challenging the accepted concept of the critical role of dsRNA in IFN induction. Recent work with genetically modified mice seems to confirm the original idea that interferon is the first cellular defense against viral infection.
Book Synopsis Virus Protein and Nucleoprotein Complexes by : J. Robin Harris
Download or read book Virus Protein and Nucleoprotein Complexes written by J. Robin Harris and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Subcellular Biochemistry series has recently embarked upon an almost encyclopaedic coverage of topics relating to the structure and function of macromolecular complexes (Volumes 82, 83 and 87). The present multi-author text covers numerous aspects of current research into molecular virology, with emphasis upon viral protein and nucleoprotein structure and function. Structural data from cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography is displayed throughout the book. The 17 chapters in the book cover diverse interesting topics, all currently under investigation, contributed by authors who are active actively involved in present-day research. Whilst structural aspects predominate, there is much consideration of the structure-function relationship. In addition, the book correlates with and extends from Volume 68 of the series “Structure and Physics of Viruses: An Integrated Textbook”. This book is directed primarily at professionals that work in the broad field of Structural Biology and will be of particular interest to Structural Virologists. The editors, David Bhella and Robin Harris, have much experience in virology and protein structure, respectively. Dr Bhella is Director of the Scottish Macromolecular Imaging Centre. Professor Robin Harris is the long-standing Series Editor of the Subcellular Biochemistry series. He has edited and contributed to several books in the series.
Book Synopsis Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase by : Stuart LeGrice
Download or read book Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase written by Stuart LeGrice and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-23 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Reverse Transcriptase (RT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) arguably ranks amongst one of the most extensively studied retroviral enzymes. Heterologous expression and purification of HIV-1 RT in the early eighties, approval of the first nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NRTI) in 1987, discovery of resistance to RT inhibitors, approval of the first non-nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NNRTI) in 1996 and the various crystal structures of RT with and without bound substrate(s) and/or inhibitors represent only a few of the important milestones that describe the a bench-to-bedside success in the continuing effort to combat HIV-1 infection and its consequences. Nucleoside and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors remain important components in frequently used drug regimens to treat the infection. RT inhibitors also play important roles in recently validated strategies to prevent transmission of the virus. The relevance of HIV-1 RT as a drug target has simultaneously triggered interest in basic research studies aimed at providing a more detailed understanding of interactions between proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecule ligands in general terms. In light of the ever-growing knowledge on structure and function of HIV-1 RT, this enzyme serves as a valuable “model system” in efforts to develop novel experimental tools and to explain biochemical processes. This monograph is designed to provide an overview of important aspects in past and current HIV-1 RT research, with focus on mechanistic aspects and translation of knowledge into drug discovery and development. The first section includes chapters with emphasis placed on the coordination of the RT-associated DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities. The second covers mechanisms of action and future perspectives associated with NRTIs and NNRTIs, while the third section includes chapters focusing on novel strategies to target the RT enzyme. Chapters of the final part are intended to discuss mechanisms involved in HIV variability and the development of drug resistance. We hope that these contributions will stimulate interest, and encourage research aimed at the development of novel RT inhibitors. The lack of bona fide RNase H inhibitors with potent antiviral activity provides an example for challenges and opportunities in the field.
Book Synopsis Recent Progress in Understanding the Mechanism and Consequences of Retrotransposon Movement by : David J. Garfinkel
Download or read book Recent Progress in Understanding the Mechanism and Consequences of Retrotransposon Movement written by David J. Garfinkel and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-07-10 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Recent Progress in Understanding the Mechanism and Consequences of Retrotransposon Movement" that was published in Viruses
Book Synopsis RNA 3D Structure Analysis and Prediction by : Neocles Leontis
Download or read book RNA 3D Structure Analysis and Prediction written by Neocles Leontis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the dramatic increase in RNA 3D structure determination in recent years, we now know that RNA molecules are highly structured. Moreover, knowledge of RNA 3D structures has proven crucial for understanding in atomic detail how they carry out their biological functions. Because of the huge number of potentially important RNA molecules in biology, many more than can be studied experimentally, we need theoretical approaches for predicting 3D structures on the basis of sequences alone. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of current progress in the field by leading practitioners employing a variety of methods to model RNA 3D structures by homology, by fragment assembly, and by de novo energy and knowledge-based approaches.
Book Synopsis Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses by : Wang-Shick Ryu
Download or read book Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses written by Wang-Shick Ryu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-03-30 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses presents robust coverage of the key principles of molecular virology while emphasizing virus family structure and providing key context points for topical advances in the field. The book is organized in a logical manner to aid in student discoverability and comprehension and is based on the author’s more than 20 years of teaching experience. Each chapter will describe the viral life cycle covering the order of classification, virion and genome structure, viral proteins, life cycle, and the effect on host and an emphasis on virus-host interaction is conveyed throughout the text. Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses provides essential information for students and professionals in virology, molecular biology, microbiology, infectious disease, and immunology and contains outstanding features such as study questions and recommended journal articles with perspectives at the end of each chapter to assist students with scientific inquiries and in reading primary literature. Presents viruses within their family structure Contains recommended journal articles with perspectives to put primary literature in context Includes integrated recommended reading references within each chapter Provides access to online ancillary package inclusive of annotated PowerPoint images, instructor’s manual, study guide, and test bank
Book Synopsis Concepts of Biology by : Samantha Fowler
Download or read book Concepts of Biology written by Samantha Fowler and published by . This book was released on 2018-01-07 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concepts of Biology is designed for the single-semester introduction to biology course for non-science majors, which for many students is their only college-level science course. As such, this course represents an important opportunity for students to develop the necessary knowledge, tools, and skills to make informed decisions as they continue with their lives. Rather than being mired down with facts and vocabulary, the typical non-science major student needs information presented in a way that is easy to read and understand. Even more importantly, the content should be meaningful. Students do much better when they understand why biology is relevant to their everyday lives. For these reasons, Concepts of Biology is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand.We also strive to show the interconnectedness of topics within this extremely broad discipline. In order to meet the needs of today's instructors and students, we maintain the overall organization and coverage found in most syllabi for this course. A strength of Concepts of Biology is that instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Concepts of Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand--and apply--key concepts.
Book Synopsis Structures and Functions of the HIV-1 RNA Genome by : Joshua D. Brown
Download or read book Structures and Functions of the HIV-1 RNA Genome written by Joshua D. Brown and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The function and fate of the HIV-1 RNA genome is decided by its monomer-dimer equilibrium, which is regulated by the highly conserved 5′ leader region. Recently, it was found that all lentiviral genomes are transcribed in infected cells from an integrated proviral DNA that contains a stretch of three sequential guanosines, any of which could potentially serve as the transcription start site. The 5-́capped genomes beginning with one guanosine (1G) favored dimerization and were selected efficiently for packaging. The 5-́capped 2G and 3G genomes favored the monomeric conformation and were enriched on polysomes, apparently preferred for translation and possibly for splicing. Using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approach and a variety of unique 2H-labeling schemes, we analyzed the start site region of the native 5′ leader in its dimeric and previously elusive monomeric conformation. The additional guanosine(s) enables the disruption of the lower stem of the adjacent polyA stem loop, freeing up residues to base pair with and sequester the palindromic loop of the dimer-promoting DIS hairpin, thereby stabilizing the monomeric form of the RNA. We have confirmed multiple secondary structures within the native 5-́L monomeric structure and discovered an end-to-end hairpin stacking structure in the dimeric conformation that sequesters the cap and may attenuate translation due to its inability to bind to the translation promoting protein, eIF4E. We have also solved the three-dimensional structure of a 42 kDa HIV-1 capped RNA representing the start site of the dimeric 5-́L.
