Stop That Heart Attack

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Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease

Author : Caldwell B. Esselstyn Jr. M.D.
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1583333002
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease by : Caldwell B. Esselstyn Jr. M.D.

Download or read book Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease written by Caldwell B. Esselstyn Jr. M.D. and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2008-01-31 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times bestselling guide to the lifesaving diet that can both prevent and help reverse the effects of heart disease Based on the groundbreaking results of his twenty-year nutritional study, Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease by Dr. Caldwell Esselstyn illustrates that a plant-based, oil-free diet can not only prevent the progression of heart disease but can also reverse its effects. Dr. Esselstyn is an internationally known surgeon, researcher and former clinician at the Cleveland Clinic and a featured expert in the acclaimed documentary Forks Over Knives. Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease has helped thousands across the country, and is the book behind Bill Clinton’s life-changing vegan diet. The proof lies in the incredible outcomes for patients who have followed Dr. Esselstyn's program, including a number of patients in his original study who had been told by their cardiologists that they had less than a year to live. Within months of starting the program, all Dr. Esselstyn’s patients began to improve dramatically, and twenty years later, they remain free of symptoms. Complete with more than 150 delicious recipes perfect for a plant-based diet, the national bestseller Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease explains the science behind the simple plan that has drastically changed the lives of heart disease patients forever. It will empower readers and give them the tools to take control of their heart health.

Beat the Heart Attack Gene

Author : Bradley Bale
Publisher : Turner Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 1630260568
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Beat the Heart Attack Gene by : Bradley Bale

Download or read book Beat the Heart Attack Gene written by Bradley Bale and published by Turner Publishing Company. This book was released on 2014-02-04 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A revolutionary, personalized guide to preventing heart disease—America’s #1 killer Heart disease is the #1 cause of death in America. It affects 81 million Americans and is the culprit in one of every two deaths in the United States. Most people think that they are not at risk of a heart attack if they control their cholesterol and blood pressure, but they aren’t aware of other major risk factors. The good news is that with the right information and strategies, heart attacks are preventable—even if heart disease runs in the family. In Beat the Heart Attack Gene, world-renowned cardiovascular specialists Bradley Bale, MD and Amy Doneen, ARNP, present a new model for understanding and preventing heart disease. They explain the three different genetic types of cholesterol profiles and tailor treatments for each type, using their cutting-edge Bale/Doneen Method, a comprehensive, evidence-based medical treatment plan that detects cardiovascular disease (CVD) at early stages and stabilizes it with individualized medical and lifestyle therapy. Beat the Heart Attack Gene includes easy quizzes and self-tests that show how to determine cholesterol genotype as well as advice for how to apply that knowledge through and individualized lifestyle advice. For heart attack and stroke survivors, the Bale/Doneen Method also helps prevent recurrences by identifying and treating what's triggering the patient's disease—a crucial step that many cardiologists neglect. With their proven method utilized by healthcare professionals worldwide, Bale and Doneen empower readers by alerting them to potential health threats, and then offer personalized strategies so they can live healthy, active lives without fear of heart attack or stroke. Specifically, Beat the Heart Attack Gene addresses: *The hidden cause of most heart attacks *Early prevention methods *The dangerous cholesterol most doctors don’t check *Major red flags for heart attack and stroke risk, including gum disease *The genes that increase cardiovascular risk as much as smoking *The best and worst supplements and foods for your heart *10 surprising ways to prevent heart attacks

Heart Attack Proof

Author : Michael Ozner
Publisher : BenBella Books, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1936661888
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis Heart Attack Proof by : Michael Ozner

Download or read book Heart Attack Proof written by Michael Ozner and published by BenBella Books, Inc.. This book was released on 2012-04-03 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A combination of the newest blood tests, medications, and nutrition approaches have made coronary heart disease preventable, but for most of us, it's still not a question of if, but when. Renowned and leading preventive cardiologist Michael Ozner says there's no reason to wait until you have a heart attack or stroke. In Heart Attack Proof, Dr. Ozner shares the same six-week cardiac makeover to prevent and reverse heart disease he has been successfully giving his patients for more than 25 years. Even if you've been diagnosed with heart disease or have undergone surgery, you can still improve your condition; his easy week-by-week plan arms you with the latest science and research to make you virtually heart attack proof. Learn: In Week 1: What new blood tests can uncover hidden risks and save your life In Week 2: How to get started on an exercise routine In Week 3: Effective ways to manage stress In Week 4: Scientifically proven approach to a heart-healthy diet and weight control In Week 5: How to treat and reverse the metabolic risk factors In Week 6: Which vitamins and supplements are beneficial for cardiovascular health Complete with checklists to keep you on track and a heart-healthy 7-day meal plan and recipes, Heart Attack Proof gives you the toolkit to start your six-week journey toward a heart-healthy life!

Seven Steps to Stop a Heart Attack

Author : Dr. Bob Arnot
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 0743225597
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (432 download)

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Book Synopsis Seven Steps to Stop a Heart Attack by : Dr. Bob Arnot

Download or read book Seven Steps to Stop a Heart Attack written by Dr. Bob Arnot and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2006-01-02 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shares advice on the risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of heart disease.

Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030937202X
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-09-29 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiac arrest can strike a seemingly healthy individual of any age, race, ethnicity, or gender at any time in any location, often without warning. Cardiac arrest is the third leading cause of death in the United States, following cancer and heart disease. Four out of five cardiac arrests occur in the home, and more than 90 percent of individuals with cardiac arrest die before reaching the hospital. First and foremost, cardiac arrest treatment is a community issue - local resources and personnel must provide appropriate, high-quality care to save the life of a community member. Time between onset of arrest and provision of care is fundamental, and shortening this time is one of the best ways to reduce the risk of death and disability from cardiac arrest. Specific actions can be implemented now to decrease this time, and recent advances in science could lead to new discoveries in the causes of, and treatments for, cardiac arrest. However, specific barriers must first be addressed. Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival examines the complete system of response to cardiac arrest in the United States and identifies opportunities within existing and new treatments, strategies, and research that promise to improve the survival and recovery of patients. The recommendations of Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival provide high-priority actions to advance the field as a whole. This report will help citizens, government agencies, and private industry to improve health outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest across the United States.

Exercise and Your Heart

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Exercise and Your Heart by :

Download or read book Exercise and Your Heart written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Reverse Heart Disease Now

Author : Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
Publisher : Wiley
ISBN 13 : 9780470228784
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (287 download)

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Book Synopsis Reverse Heart Disease Now by : Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.

Download or read book Reverse Heart Disease Now written by Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D. and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2008-01-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While most books focus solely on the role of cholesterol in heart disease, Reverse Heart Disease Now draws on new research that points to the surprising other causes. Two leading cardiologists draw on their collective fifty years of clinical cardiology research to show you how to combine the benefits of modern medicine, over-the-counter vitamins and supplements, and simple lifestyle changes to have a healthy heart.

The Simple Heart Cure

Author : Chauncey Crandall, M.D.
Publisher : Humanix Books
ISBN 13 : 1630060070
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis The Simple Heart Cure by : Chauncey Crandall, M.D.

Download or read book The Simple Heart Cure written by Chauncey Crandall, M.D. and published by Humanix Books. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heart disease kills more people than any other medical condition, and no one is more aware of this than renowned cardiologist Dr. Chauncey Crandall. In addition to having performed over 40,000 heart procedures during his career, Dr. Crandall has experienced this deadly disease on the most personal level — as a patient. At the age of 48, and with no major risk factors, he found himself in the ER with a blockage of his main coronary artery. After emergency intervention, he recovered from heart disease using the same course of treatment he recommends to his thousands of patients, making him living proof of his program’s success. In his new book, The Simple Heart Cure: The 90-Day Program to Stop and Reverse Heart Disease, you’ll find this top doc’s groundbreaking, three-pronged approach to prevent and reverse heart disease — an approach honed by his study of cultures free of heart disease, and his decades of experience helping thousands of patients achieve a healthier heart at any age. So if you’re recovering from a heart attack or concerned with preventive maintenance, you’ll find the help you need in The Simple Heart Cure, including great, heart-healthy menus, and a 90-day, week-by-week plan to help you start taking action immediately. Here are just a few of the potentially life-saving gems you’ll discover in The Simple Heart Cure: The 90-Day Program to Stop and Reverse Heart Disease: How to slash your risk of a deadly heart attack by 61%... Proven ways to banish your “bad” cholesterol… 8 easy steps to head off high blood pressure… How you can safeguard against lethal stroke… Simple strategies to unclog your arteries — without surgery… What your belly says about your heart health… Must-have heart tests for every person over 50… Easy solutions to steer clear of statin drugs… Special advice for women, diabetics, the very stressed, and much more… “By following the advice in Dr. Chauncey Crandall’s new book The Simple Heart Cure, you can surmount the biggest challenge of all and win your battle against heart disease.” — Scott Carpenter, Astronaut, NASA’s Mercury Project When it comes to your heart health, The Simple Heart Cure could be the most important book you’ll ever read! Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Netter's Cardiology E-Book

Author : George Stouffer
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323547273
Total Pages : 631 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Netter's Cardiology E-Book by : George Stouffer

Download or read book Netter's Cardiology E-Book written by George Stouffer and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-07-15 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perfect for residents, generalists, anesthesiologists, emergency department physicians, medical students, nurses, and other healthcare professionals who need a practical, working knowledge of cardiology, Netter's Cardiology, 3rd Edition, provides a concise overview of cardiovascular disease highlighted by unique, memorable Netter illustrations. This superb visual resource showcases the well-known work of Frank H. Netter, MD, and his successor, Carlos Machado, MD, a cardiologist who has created clear, full-color illustrations in the Netter tradition. New features and all-new chapters keep you up to date with the latest information in the field. - Includes 13 all-new chapters: Basic Anatomy and Embryology of the Heart, Stem Cell Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Events, Clinical Presentation of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism, and more. - Features new coverage of 3-D TEE imaging for structural heart procedures. - Contains color-coded diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms and clinical pathways. - Uses an easy-to-follow, templated format, covering etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management/therapy for each topic. - Offers dependable clinical advice from Drs. George A. Stouffer, Marschall S. Runge, Cam Patterson, and Joseph S. Rossi, as well as many world-renowned chapter contributors.

Solved, the Riddle of Heart Attacks

Author : Broda Otto Barnes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Solved, the Riddle of Heart Attacks by : Broda Otto Barnes

Download or read book Solved, the Riddle of Heart Attacks written by Broda Otto Barnes and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure with Dash

Author : U. S. Department Human Services
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781478215295
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (152 download)

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Book Synopsis Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure with Dash by : U. S. Department Human Services

Download or read book Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure with Dash written by U. S. Department Human Services and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2012-07-09 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book by the National Institutes of Health (Publication 06-4082) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute provides information and effective ways to work with your diet because what you choose to eat affects your chances of developing high blood pressure, or hypertension (the medical term). Recent studies show that blood pressure can be lowered by following the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan-and by eating less salt, also called sodium. While each step alone lowers blood pressure, the combination of the eating plan and a reduced sodium intake gives the biggest benefit and may help prevent the development of high blood pressure. This book, based on the DASH research findings, tells how to follow the DASH eating plan and reduce the amount of sodium you consume. It offers tips on how to start and stay on the eating plan, as well as a week of menus and some recipes. The menus and recipes are given for two levels of daily sodium consumption-2,300 and 1,500 milligrams per day. Twenty-three hundred milligrams is the highest level considered acceptable by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. It is also the highest amount recommended for healthy Americans by the 2005 "U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans." The 1,500 milligram level can lower blood pressure further and more recently is the amount recommended by the Institute of Medicine as an adequate intake level and one that most people should try to achieve. The lower your salt intake is, the lower your blood pressure. Studies have found that the DASH menus containing 2,300 milligrams of sodium can lower blood pressure and that an even lower level of sodium, 1,500 milligrams, can further reduce blood pressure. All the menus are lower in sodium than what adults in the United States currently eat-about 4,200 milligrams per day in men and 3,300 milligrams per day in women. Those with high blood pressure and prehypertension may benefit especially from following the DASH eating plan and reducing their sodium intake.

How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease

Author : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 728 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease by : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General

Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

Depression and Heart Disease

Author : Alexander Glassman
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119957621
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Depression and Heart Disease by : Alexander Glassman

Download or read book Depression and Heart Disease written by Alexander Glassman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-20 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, there has been a growing awareness of the multiple interrelationships between depression and various physical diseases. Patients with psychiatric problems, particularly depression, may be more susceptible to cardiovascular disorders. Depression and Heart Disease synthesizes current evidence, including some previously unpublished data, in a concise, easy-to-read format. The authors succinctly describe the epidemiology, pathogenesis (including cytokines and genetics), and risk factors of the comorbidity between depression and heart disease. The book also reviews the best pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches for people with this comorbidity.

The End of Heart Disease

Author : Joel Fuhrman, M.D.
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0062249371
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis The End of Heart Disease by : Joel Fuhrman, M.D.

Download or read book The End of Heart Disease written by Joel Fuhrman, M.D. and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2016-04-05 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times bestselling author of Eat to Live, Super Immunity, The End of Diabetes, and The End of Dieting presents a scientifically proven, practical program to prevent and reverse heart disease, the leading cause of death in America—coinciding with the author’s new medical study revealing headline-making findings. Dr. Joel Fuhrman, one of the country’s leading experts on preventative medicine, offers his science-backed nutritional plan that addresses the leading cause of death in America: heart disease. An expert in the science of food, Dr. Fuhrman speaks directly to readers who want to take control of their health and avoid taking medication or undergoing complicated, expensive surgery, the two standard treatments prescribed today. Following the model of his previous programs that have successfully tackled conditions from diabetes to dieting, Dr. Fuhrman’s plan begins with the food we eat. He focuses on a high nutrient per calorie ratio, with a range of options for different needs and conditions. He shows us what to remove and what to add to our diets for optimum heart health, provides menu plans and recipes for heart-healthy meals and snacks, and includes helpful questions for doctors and patients. By understanding heart disease and its triggers, Dr. Fuhrman gives us the knowledge to counter-attack this widespread epidemic and lead longer, healthier lives.

The Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease Cookbook

Author : Ann Crile Esselstyn
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698186508
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

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Book Synopsis The Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease Cookbook by : Ann Crile Esselstyn

Download or read book The Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease Cookbook written by Ann Crile Esselstyn and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2014-09-02 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-awaited cookbook companion to the revolutionary New York Times bestseller Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease. “I hope you'll treat yourself to one of these recipes and just open that door. I guarantee you won't close it!" —Samuel L. Jackson Hundreds of thousands of readers have been inspired to turn their lives around by Dr. Caldwell B. Esselstyn’s Jr.’s bestseller, Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease. The plant-based nutrition plan Dr. Esselstyn advocates based on his twenty-year nutritional study—the most comprehensive of its kind—is proven to stop and reverse even advanced coronary disease, and is built on the message the Esselstyn family has lived by for years: Your health is truly in your own hands, and what you eat matters. Mother-daughter team Ann and Jane Esselstyn have decades of experience developing delicious, healthful recipes for both their family and Dr. Esselstyn’s many grateful patients. Now, they combine their expertise to offer you the cookbook companion to Dr. Esselstyn’s groundbreaking book, with more than 125 easy and mouthwatering recipes, brimming with nourishment for your heart and your overall health. From their quick and easy meals like Fast Pasta and Greens and delicious “Sloppy Joes” to their indulgent desserts like their signature Kale Cake and Minty Frozen Chocolate Balls, these recipes will empower you to reclaim your health and discover the pleasures of eating plant-based.

The Great American Heart Hoax

Author : Michael Ozner
Publisher : BenBella Books, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 193525104X
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis The Great American Heart Hoax by : Michael Ozner

Download or read book The Great American Heart Hoax written by Michael Ozner and published by BenBella Books, Inc.. This book was released on 2010-12-14 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical studies show that cardiovascular intervention does not prevent heart attacks or prolong life in stable patients with coronary artery disease . . . so why are more than 1.5 million angioplasties and coronary bypass surgeries done annually in the United States alone? In The Great American Heart Hoax, esteemed cardiologist Michael Ozner, author of The Miami Mediterranean Diet, reveals groundbreaking truths about what actually helps prevent and reverse heart disease and what isn't worth the money or risk. Discover disturbing realities from a cardiologist about the billion-dollar cardiovascular intervention industry. While a minority of patients may benefit from surgery, Ozner uncovers that the majority can employ much simpler methods, such as diet, exercise and medical therapy, to achieve better results—without stents or surgery. Most important, The Great American Heart Hoax provides a 10-step program to improve your heart health and reduce your risk of heart disease.

Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements

Author : Leslie A. Pray
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309297493
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (974 download)

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Book Synopsis Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements by : Leslie A. Pray

Download or read book Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements written by Leslie A. Pray and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine in August 2013 to review the available science on safe levels of caffeine consumption in foods, beverages, and dietary supplements and to identify data gaps. Scientists with expertise in food safety, nutrition, pharmacology, psychology, toxicology, and related disciplines; medical professionals with pediatric and adult patient experience in cardiology, neurology, and psychiatry; public health professionals; food industry representatives; regulatory experts; and consumer advocates discussed the safety of caffeine in food and dietary supplements, including, but not limited to, caffeinated beverage products, and identified data gaps. Caffeine, a central nervous stimulant, is arguably the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world. Occurring naturally in more than 60 plants, including coffee beans, tea leaves, cola nuts and cocoa pods, caffeine has been part of innumerable cultures for centuries. But the caffeine-in-food landscape is changing. There are an array of new caffeine-containing energy products, from waffles to sunflower seeds, jelly beans to syrup, even bottled water, entering the marketplace. Years of scientific research have shown that moderate consumption by healthy adults of products containing naturally-occurring caffeine is not associated with adverse health effects. The changing caffeine landscape raises concerns about safety and whether any of these new products might be targeting populations not normally associated with caffeine consumption, namely children and adolescents, and whether caffeine poses a greater health risk to those populations than it does for healthy adults. This report delineates vulnerable populations who may be at risk from caffeine exposure; describes caffeine exposure and risk of cardiovascular and other health effects on vulnerable populations, including additive effects with other ingredients and effects related to pre-existing conditions; explores safe caffeine exposure levels for general and vulnerable populations; and identifies data gaps on caffeine stimulant effects.