Staff Note for the G20 - The Role of the SDR - Initial Considerations

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498345441
Total Pages : 25 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Staff Note for the G20 - The Role of the SDR - Initial Considerations by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Staff Note for the G20 - The Role of the SDR - Initial Considerations written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-07-15 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the recent diagnostic of the international monetary system (IMS), the IMF will explore whether a broader role for the SDR could contribute to its smooth functioning. The economic rationale for or against broader use of the SDR will be examined, focusing in particular on identifying any gaps and market failures the SDR could help address in light of the increasingly multi-polar nature of the global economy and growing financial interconnectedness. This note sets out some initial considerations on this matter. The note sketches some key issues bearing on the role of the SDR in each of three concepts: (i) the official SDR, or “O-SDR”, the composite reserve asset issued and administered by the IMF; (ii) SDR-denominated financial market instruments, or “M-SDRs,” which could be both issued and held by any parties; and (iii) the SDR as a unit of account. M-SDRs reduce foreign exchange and interest rate risk relative to single-currency instruments, but there are some drawbacks and challenges. The basket nature of M-SDRs would allow the volatility of returns to be lower than for a similar singlecurrency instrument. However, the SDR only represents one of many possible sets of portfolio weights, and issuers or investors could use existing instruments to replicate their preferred weights at a relatively low cost. There are also challenges to market development, including settling and clearing of M-SDR transactions, dealing with potential basket redefinition, and fostering secondary market trading in order to generate liquidity and market depth. There are potential benefits to using the SDR as a unit of account, which have to be weighed against other considerations. Publishing economic statistics and financial statements in SDR terms could help users identify valuation changes. Statistical authorities would need to invest in communicating the rationale for any change in practices. While the official SDR under its current framework is not playing a significant role in the IMS, a re-examination of its role is expected to inform whether any specific reform options should be pursued. The evolution of the IMS has given rise to an active debate on how much concern is posed by high rates of reserve accumulation, global imbalances, and rising claims on reserve issuers, and on whether the O-SDR could contribute to addressing these issues.

Staff Note for the G20

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Staff Note for the G20 by :

Download or read book Staff Note for the G20 written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Staff Background Paper for the G20 Surveillance Note - Priorities for Structural Reforms in G20 Countries

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498345409
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Staff Background Paper for the G20 Surveillance Note - Priorities for Structural Reforms in G20 Countries by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Staff Background Paper for the G20 Surveillance Note - Priorities for Structural Reforms in G20 Countries written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-07-22 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: provide a powerful lift to growth—both in the short and the long term—if they are well aligned with individual country conditions . These include an economy’s level of development, its position in the economic cycle, and its available macroeconomic policy space to support reforms. The larger a country’s output gap, the more it should prioritize structural reforms that will support growth in the short term and the long term—such as product market deregulation and infrastructure investment. Macroeconomic support can help make reforms more effective, by bringing forward long-term gains or alleviating their short-term costs . Where monetary policy is becoming over-burdened, domestic policy coordination can help make macroeconomic support more effective. Fiscal space, where it exists, should be used to offset short-term costs of reforms. And where fiscal constraints are binding, budget-neutral reform packages with positive demand effects should take priority. Some structural reforms can themselves help generate fiscal space. For example, IMF research finds that by boosting output, product market deregulation can help lower the debt-to-GDP ratio over time. Formulating a medium-term plan that clarifies the long-term objectives of fiscal policy can also help increase near-term fiscal space. With nearly all G-20 economies operating at below-potential output, the IMF is recommending measures that both boost near-term growth and raise long-term potential growth. For example: ? In advanced economies, these measures include shifting public spending toward infrastructure investment (Australia, Canada, Germany, United States (US)); promoting product market reforms (Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Korea, Italy) and labor market reforms (Canada, Germany, Japan, Korea, United Kingdom (UK), US); and fiscal structural reforms (France, UK, US). Where there is fiscal space, lowering employment protection is also recommended (Korea). ? Recommendations for emerging markets (EMs) focus on raising public investment efficiency ( India, Saudi Arabia, South Africa), labor market reforms (Indonesia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey), and product market reforms (China, Saudi Arabia, South Africa), which would boost investment and productivity within tighter budgetary constraints particularly if barriers to trade and FDI were eased (Brazil, India, Indonesia). Governance (China, South Africa) and other institutional reforms are also crucial. Where policy space is limited, adjusting the composition of fiscal policy can create space to support reforms ( Argentina, India, Mexico, Russia). ? Some commodity-exporting EMs (Brazil, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa) are facing acute challenges, with output significantly below potential and an urgent need to rebuild fiscal buffers. To bolster growth, Fund staff recommends product market and legal reforms to improve the business climate and investment; trade and FDI liberalization to facilitate diversification; and financial deepening to boost credit flows. IMF advice also aims to promote inclusiveness and macroeconomic resilience. The Fund recommends a targeted expansion of social spending toward vulnerable groups (Mexico), social spending for the elderly poor ( Korea), and upgrading social programs for the nonworking poor (US). Recommendations to bolster macrofinancial resilience include expanding the housing supply (UK), resolving the corporate debt overhang (China, Korea), coordinating a national approach to regulating and supervising life insurers (US), and reforming monetary frameworks (Argentina, China).

Staff Note for the G-20—A Guiding Framework for Structural Reforms

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498345794
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Staff Note for the G-20—A Guiding Framework for Structural Reforms by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Staff Note for the G-20—A Guiding Framework for Structural Reforms written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-01-04 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This note responds to a request from the G20 for IMF assistance in helping develop priorities and guiding principles for structural reforms. Structural reforms have long been a central element of the G20’s strategy of achieving job-rich growth, and G20 countries have made over 1,000 structural policy commitments in their national growth strategies. However, implementation of these commitments has been relatively weak so far. Faster progress on structural reforms is therefore needed to support growth in the near term and bolster potential growth in the medium term—and more generally to make economies more innovative, flexible, and resilient.

Critique of the New Consensus Macroeconomics and Implications for India

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 8132239202
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (322 download)

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Book Synopsis Critique of the New Consensus Macroeconomics and Implications for India by : Dilip M. Nachane

Download or read book Critique of the New Consensus Macroeconomics and Implications for India written by Dilip M. Nachane and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thought-provoking book presents alternative viewpoints to mainstream macroeconomic theory, questions conventional policy wisdom and suggests a systematic re-orientation of current macroeconomic and financial regulatory policies in India. The New Consensus Macroeconomics (NCM), which established itself in the 1980s as mainstream macroeconomics, essentially represents an “uneasy truce” between two dominant schools of economic thought viz. New Classical and Neo-Keynesian economics. The NCM sets the tone for much of the macroeconomic (especially monetary) policy followed by the advanced economies in the period of the Great Moderation (1990–2005). The recent global crisis has posed a major challenge to the NCM as empirical models based on the NCM failed to anticipate the occurrence of the crisis and later its extent and severity. The above considerations constitute the underpinnings of this book, which addresses the theoretical controversies within a general context and their policy implications for India. The authors’ analysis leads to a somewhat critical assessment of the financial sector policies followed in India since the initiation of reforms in 1991. This makes the book a valuable resource not only for researchers working in this area, but also for policy makers.

Global Financial Stability Report, October 2019

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513515950
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Financial Stability Report, October 2019 by : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Download or read book Global Financial Stability Report, October 2019 written by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-10-16 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The October 2019 Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR) identifies the current key vulnerabilities in the global financial system as the rise in corporate debt burdens, increasing holdings of riskier and more illiquid assets by institutional investors, and growing reliance on external borrowing by emerging and frontier market economies. The report proposes that policymakers mitigate these risks through stricter supervisory and macroprudential oversight of firms, strengthened oversight and disclosure for institutional investors, and the implementation of prudent sovereign debt management practices and frameworks for emerging and frontier market economies.

Making Blended Finance Work for the Sustainable Development Goals

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Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264288767
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (642 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Blended Finance Work for the Sustainable Development Goals by : OECD

Download or read book Making Blended Finance Work for the Sustainable Development Goals written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2018-01-29 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global community has spoken loud and clear: more resources must be mobilised to end extreme poverty and mitigate the effects of climate change. Blended finance is emerging as an important solution to help raise resources in support of the Sustainable Development Goals in developing countries.

The Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 149834657X
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis The Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy by : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Download or read book The Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy written by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report to the Boards of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) is the third in a series regarding the evolution of the Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy (MTDS) framework and the associated capacity building efforts. In 2007 the two Boards endorsed the development of the MTDS and ancillary tools, and mandated a program of technical assistance to help countries build capacity in this area. This endorsement and mandate reflect a recognition that sound debt management is critical both to macroeconomic stability and to the development and functioning of the financial sector. The IMF and the WB have collaborated to deliver a large volume of MTDS-based technical assistance to numerous, diverse countries, with a focus on middle- and lower-income countries. Donors have recognized the importance of this work and have been generous in their support. The assistance has taken many forms, including country visits by staff and experts, the delivery of regional training events, and the organization of forums. As documented here, modes of delivery have evolved, with greater emphasis on tailoring to country circumstances, ownership, and coordination within and across agencies in the recipient countries. The report and accompanying annexes describe how capacity building on MTDS has been adapted to keep abreast of country needs. An increasing number of countries have market access (such as through the issuance of Eurobonds or local currency bonds), and face the potential realization of contingent claims, which requires that the MTDS framework consider additional risk factors; more diverse scenarios and market risk metrics; and a wider range of strategies. In many countries, effective capacity building in MTDS was complemented by efforts to strengthen institutions and governance arrangements; debt recording; and government cash management. Linkages with the formulation of annual borrowing plans (ABP) and debt sustainability analysis (DSA) have been strengthened, but more work is needed. Providing a sustained stream of support, rather than one-off missions, often produced better results. Country ownership, often reflected in commitments under IMF- or WB-supported programs, has proven critical to the sustained enhancement of debt management capacity. The value and effectiveness of these capacity building efforts are documented in the report using qualitative and quantitative metrics. The responses from national authorities to a questionnaire on their experience with MTDS technical assistance and the evolution of various quantitative indicators suggest that there were benefits and these were generally sustained. In particular, the majority of countries that had received technical assistance indicated that it helped them to introduce a structured and coherent approach to designing a debt management strategy (DMS) and raise awareness of risks among senior officials and broader stakeholders. Countries also appreciated advice on institutional and governance reforms and integrating debt management into macroeconomic policy formulation and implementation. The observations are supported by case studies detailing how technical assistance was successfully tailored to country needs. It is shown that many recipient countries are now better able to integrate debt management into overall economic policy formulation and adapt their debt management strategies to changing countries’ circumstances. For some, risk exposure indicators have improved even as debt levels have increased. Looking forward, the report suggests that the MTDS framework and modes of delivery should continue to be updated and refined, while maintaining core functions. Some countries will need more sophisticated techniques both to analyze cost-risk trade-offs and to implement their chosen strategy. Others are still in the process of building a solid foundation for debt management. In addition to hands-on trainings, greater use of on-line learning may further enhance effectiveness and efficiency. Building institutional capacity in debt management is a long-term endeavor, often times requiring a more “programmatic” approach, and sustained client ownership. Such an approach would involve diagnosis followed by an actionable reform plan supported by tailored technical assistance. The Boards are asked for their views on priorities in a strategy for future development of capacity building in this area, and how best to ensure that improvements in debt management are sustained.

The IMF and the Politics of Austerity in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192542486
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis The IMF and the Politics of Austerity in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis by : Ben Clift

Download or read book The IMF and the Politics of Austerity in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis written by Ben Clift and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-02-14 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the IMF's role within the politics of austerity by providing a path-breaking comprehensive analysis of how the IMF approach to fiscal policy has evolved since 2008, and how the IMF worked to alter advanced economy policy responses to the global financial crisis (GFC) and the Eurozone crisis. It updates and refines our understanding of how the IMF seeks to wield ideational power by analysing the Fund's post-crash their ability to influence what constitutes legitimate knowledge, and their ability fix meanings attached to economic policies within the social process of constructing economic orthodoxy.This book is interested in the politics of economic ideas, focused on the assumptive foundations of different approaches to economic policy, and how the interpretive framework through which authoritative voices evaluate economic policy is an important site of power in world politics. After establishing the internal conditions of possibility for new fiscal policy thinking to emerge and prevail, detailed case studies of IMF interactions with the UK and French governments during the Great Recession drill down into how Fund seeks to shape the policy possibilities of advanced economy policy-makers and account for the scope and limits of Fund influence. The Fund's reputation as a technocratic, scientific source of economic policy wisdom is important to for its intellectual authority. Yet, as this book demonstrates, the Fund makes normatively driven interventions in ideologically charged economic policy debates. The analysis reveals the malleability of conventional wisdoms about economic policy, and the processes of their social construction.

Interim Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Gender at The IMF

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Interim Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Gender at The IMF by : International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department

Download or read book Interim Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Gender at The IMF written by International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-01-12 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interim note provides general guidance on the operationalization of the IMF’s Strategy Toward Mainstreaming Gender. It offers a comprehensive overview of how IMF staff can integrate macrocritical gender issues into the IMF’s core areas of surveillance, lending, and capacity development. Key topics include i) identifying and assessing macrocritical gender gaps; ii) the “light touch” and “deep dive” approaches; iii) early insights on integrating gender into IMF-supported programs; iv) capacity development on gender or with a gender lens; v) synergies with other workstreams and vi) the importance of collaboration. It also includes summaries and links to relevant tools, databases, IMF staff reports, and relevant literature.

Global Waves of Debt

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464815453
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Waves of Debt by : M. Ayhan Kose

Download or read book Global Waves of Debt written by M. Ayhan Kose and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many emerging market and developing economies. During the current wave, which started in 2010, the increase in debt in these economies has already been larger, faster, and broader-based than in the previous three waves. Current low interest rates mitigate some of the risks associated with high debt. However, emerging market and developing economies are also confronted by weak growth prospects, mounting vulnerabilities, and elevated global risks. A menu of policy options is available to reduce the likelihood that the current debt wave will end in crisis and, if crises do take place, will alleviate their impact.

The Political Economy of Central Banking in Emerging Economies

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000164772
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Economy of Central Banking in Emerging Economies by : Mustafa Yağcı

Download or read book The Political Economy of Central Banking in Emerging Economies written by Mustafa Yağcı and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-09-03 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the start of the Global Financial Crisis in 2008, research on central banking has gained momentum due to unusual levels of central bank activism and unconventional monetary policy measures in many countries. While these policies drew significant attention to advanced economy central banks, there has been much less academic focus on central banking in emerging economies. This book extends the research on the political economy of central banking by focusing on the emerging economies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the European periphery. Central banks are at the heart of economic policymaking, and their decisions have a significant impact on the social and economic well-being of citizens. Adopting an interdisciplinary political economy perspective, the contributions in this book explore the reciprocal relations between politics, economics, and central banks, and how the global and domestic political economy contexts influence central bank practices. The chapters employ diverse theoretical perspectives such as institutional and organizational theory, developmental state resource dependency, and gender studies, drawing on disciplines ranging from politics, international relations, public policy, management, finance, and sociology. This book will appeal to academics and students of central banking, political economy, and emerging economies, as well as professionals and policymakers engaged with central banks, monetary policy, and economic development.

International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2016

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498349277
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2016 by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2016 written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-09-26 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The year was marked by difficult challenges and milestone achievements. To reinvigorate modest growth at a time of uncertainty about a complicated global economy, the IMF membership endorsed a three-pronged approach of monetary, fiscal, and structural policies to get the world economy back on a stronger and safer growth track. Highlights of the IMF’s work during the year included entry into effect of its quota and governance reforms approved in 2010, which increase the Fund’s core resources and make it more representative of the membership; commitments for increased financial support, policy advice, expertise, and training to help low-income developing countries achieve the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals; analysis of the international monetary system; inclusion of the Chinese currency in the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right; and policy advice on the economic repercussions of mass migration of refugees from Syria and other conflict-afflicted states. The IMF Annual Report, which covers the period May 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016, discusses all of these issues, plus a wide range of policy matters that the Executive Board addressed during the year.

Joint IMF-WBG Staff Note: DSSI Fiscal Monitoring Update

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513595385
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Joint IMF-WBG Staff Note: DSSI Fiscal Monitoring Update by : International Monetary

Download or read book Joint IMF-WBG Staff Note: DSSI Fiscal Monitoring Update written by International Monetary and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-09-16 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic put significant pressures on fiscal accounts during 2020 through a contraction of revenues and increased spending needs to tackle the pandemic and its economic fallout. In response to these pressures, the countries benefitting from the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) have faced difficult choices to reprioritize spending, especially capital spending, even as they allowed higher overall fiscal deficits. This note summarizes the findings from the update of the fiscal monitoring system for the COVID-19 Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI). The DSSI was endorsed by the G20 Finance Ministers on April 15, 2020 and extended twice in October 2020 (until end-June 2021) and April 2021 (until end-2021). During May–December 2020 (the first phase), 43 countries participated, and 42 countries have formally requested their participation in the initiative during January–June 2021 (the second phase, as of July 30, 2021).

South Asia's Path to Resilient Growth

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis South Asia's Path to Resilient Growth by : Mr. Ranil M Salgado

Download or read book South Asia's Path to Resilient Growth written by Mr. Ranil M Salgado and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-12-23 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South Asia’s Path to Sustainable and Inclusive Growth highlights the remarkable development progress in South Asia and how the region can advance in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Steps include a renewed push toward greater trade and financial openness, while responding proactively to the distributional impact and dislocation associated with this structural transformation. Promoting a green and digital recovery remains important. The book explores ways to accelerate the income convergence process in the region, leveraging on the still-large potential demographic dividend in most of the countries. These include greater economic diversification and export sophistication, trade and foreign direct investment liberalization and participation in global value chains amid shifting regional and global conditions, financial development, and investment in human capital.

World Economic Outlook, April 2024

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis World Economic Outlook, April 2024 by : International Monetary

Download or read book World Economic Outlook, April 2024 written by International Monetary and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-04-16 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest World Economic Outlook reports economic activity was surprisingly resilient through the global disinflation of 2022–23, despite significant central bank interest rate hikes to restore price stability. Risks to the global outlook are now broadly balanced compared with last year. Monetary policy should ensure that inflation touches down smoothly, while a renewed focus on fiscal consolidation is needed to rebuild room for budgetary maneuver and to ensure debt sustainability. Structural reforms are crucial to revive medium-term growth prospects amid constrained policy space.

Fiscal Monitor, April 2019

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498302203
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Fiscal Monitor, April 2019 by : International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.

Download or read book Fiscal Monitor, April 2019 written by International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-04-10 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses fiscal policies to prepare for the next downturn and foster long-term inclusive growth by adapting to changing demographics, advancing technology, and deepening global integration. It also covers recent fiscal developments and the fiscal outlook in advanced economies, emerging markets, and low-income developing countries; recent trends in government debt and analysis of changes in fiscal balances, revenue, and spending; and potential fiscal risks. The report takes on in-depth look at how corruption impacts government policies and operations, the fiscal costs, and how fiscal institutions can help fight corruption.