Spectral Theory in Riemannian Geometry

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Publisher : Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co. KG
ISBN 13 : 9783037191514
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Spectral Theory in Riemannian Geometry by : Olivier Lablée

Download or read book Spectral Theory in Riemannian Geometry written by Olivier Lablée and published by Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. This book was released on 2015 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spectral theory is a diverse area of mathematics that derives its motivations, goals, and impetus from several sources. In particular, the spectral theory of the Laplacian on a compact Riemannian manifold is a central object in differential geometry. From a physical point a view, the Laplacian on a compact Riemannian manifold is a fundamental linear operator which describes numerous propagation phenomena: heat propagation, wave propagation, quantum dynamics, etc. Moreover, the spectrum of the Laplacian contains vast information about the geometry of the manifold. This book gives a self-contained introduction to spectral geometry on compact Riemannian manifolds. Starting with an overview of spectral theory on Hilbert spaces, the book proceeds to a description of the basic notions in Riemannian geometry. Then its makes its way to topics of main interests in spectral geometry. The topics presented include direct and inverse problems. Direct problems are concerned with computing or finding properties on the eigenvalues while the main issue in inverse problems is knowing the spectrum of the Laplacian, can we determine the geometry of the manifold? Addressed to students or young researchers, the present book is a first introduction to spectral theory applied to geometry. For readers interested in pursuing the subject further, this book will provide a basis for understanding principles, concepts, and developments of spectral geometry.

Spectral Theory and Analytic Geometry over Non-Archimedean Fields

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Publisher : American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN 13 : 0821890204
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis Spectral Theory and Analytic Geometry over Non-Archimedean Fields by : Vladimir G. Berkovich

Download or read book Spectral Theory and Analytic Geometry over Non-Archimedean Fields written by Vladimir G. Berkovich and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2012-08-02 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to introduce a new notion of analytic space over a non-Archimedean field. Despite the total disconnectedness of the ground field, these analytic spaces have the usual topological properties of a complex analytic space, such as local compactness and local arcwise connectedness. This makes it possible to apply the usual notions of homotopy and singular homology. The book includes a homotopic characterization of the analytic spaces associated with certain classes of algebraic varieties and an interpretation of Bruhat-Tits buildings in terms of these analytic spaces. The author also studies the connection with the earlier notion of a rigid analytic space. Geometrical considerations are used to obtain some applications, and the analytic spaces are used to construct the foundations of a non-Archimedean spectral theory of bounded linear operators. This book requires a background at the level of basic graduate courses in algebra and topology, as well as some familiarity with algebraic geometry. It would be of interest to research mathematicians and graduate students working in algebraic geometry, number theory, and -adic analysis.

Spectral Theory and Geometry

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521777496
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis Spectral Theory and Geometry by : E. Brian Davies

Download or read book Spectral Theory and Geometry written by E. Brian Davies and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-09-30 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authoritative lectures from world experts on spectral theory and geometry.

Introduction to Spectral Theory in Hilbert Space

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483164179
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Spectral Theory in Hilbert Space by : Gilbert Helmberg

Download or read book Introduction to Spectral Theory in Hilbert Space written by Gilbert Helmberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-11-28 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: North-Holland Series in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Volume 6: Introduction to Spectral Theory in Hilbert Space focuses on the mechanics, principles, and approaches involved in spectral theory in Hilbert space. The publication first elaborates on the concept and specific geometry of Hilbert space and bounded linear operators. Discussions focus on projection and adjoint operators, bilinear forms, bounded linear mappings, isomorphisms, orthogonal subspaces, base, subspaces, finite dimensional Euclidean space, and normed linear spaces. The text then takes a look at the general theory of linear operators and spectral analysis of compact linear operators, including spectral decomposition of a compact selfadjoint operator, weakly convergent sequences, spectrum of a compact linear operator, and eigenvalues of a linear operator. The manuscript ponders on the spectral analysis of bounded linear operators and unbounded selfadjoint operators. Topics include spectral decomposition of an unbounded selfadjoint operator and bounded normal operator, functions of a unitary operator, step functions of a bounded selfadjoint operator, polynomials in a bounded operator, and order relation for bounded selfadjoint operators. The publication is a valuable source of data for mathematicians and researchers interested in spectral theory in Hilbert space.

Spectral Theory of Infinite-Area Hyperbolic Surfaces

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Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3319338773
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Spectral Theory of Infinite-Area Hyperbolic Surfaces by : David Borthwick

Download or read book Spectral Theory of Infinite-Area Hyperbolic Surfaces written by David Borthwick and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2016-07-12 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text introduces geometric spectral theory in the context of infinite-area Riemann surfaces, providing a comprehensive account of the most recent developments in the field. For the second edition the context has been extended to general surfaces with hyperbolic ends, which provides a natural setting for development of the spectral theory while still keeping technical difficulties to a minimum. All of the material from the first edition is included and updated, and new sections have been added. Topics covered include an introduction to the geometry of hyperbolic surfaces, analysis of the resolvent of the Laplacian, scattering theory, resonances and scattering poles, the Selberg zeta function, the Poisson formula, distribution of resonances, the inverse scattering problem, Patterson-Sullivan theory, and the dynamical approach to the zeta function. The new sections cover the latest developments in the field, including the spectral gap, resonance asymptotics near the critical line, and sharp geometric constants for resonance bounds. A new chapter introduces recently developed techniques for resonance calculation that illuminate the existing results and conjectures on resonance distribution. The spectral theory of hyperbolic surfaces is a point of intersection for a great variety of areas, including quantum physics, discrete groups, differential geometry, number theory, complex analysis, and ergodic theory. This book will serve as a valuable resource for graduate students and researchers from these and other related fields. Review of the first edition: "The exposition is very clear and thorough, and essentially self-contained; the proofs are detailed...The book gathers together some material which is not always easily available in the literature...To conclude, the book is certainly at a level accessible to graduate students and researchers from a rather large range of fields. Clearly, the reader...would certainly benefit greatly from it." (Colin Guillarmou, Mathematical Reviews, Issue 2008 h)

Introduction to Spectral Theory

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146120741X
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (612 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Spectral Theory by : P.D. Hislop

Download or read book Introduction to Spectral Theory written by P.D. Hislop and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intention of this book is to introduce students to active areas of research in mathematical physics in a rather direct way minimizing the use of abstract mathematics. The main features are geometric methods in spectral analysis, exponential decay of eigenfunctions, semi-classical analysis of bound state problems, and semi-classical analysis of resonance. A new geometric point of view along with new techniques are brought out in this book which have both been discovered within the past decade. This book is designed to be used as a textbook, unlike the competitors which are either too fundamental in their approach or are too abstract in nature to be considered as texts. The authors' text fills a gap in the marketplace.

Shape Optimization and Spectral Theory

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Publisher : De Gruyter Open
ISBN 13 : 9783110550856
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis Shape Optimization and Spectral Theory by : Antoine Henrot

Download or read book Shape Optimization and Spectral Theory written by Antoine Henrot and published by De Gruyter Open. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Shape optimization and spectral theory" is a survey book aiming to give an overview of recent results in spectral geometry and its links with shape optimization. It covers most of the issues which are important for people working in PDE and differential geometry interested in sharp inequalities and qualitative behaviour for eigenvalues of the Laplacian with different kind of boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Robin and Steklov). This includes: existence of optimal shapes, their regularity, the case of special domains like triangles, isospectrality, quantitative form of the isoperimetric inequalities, optimal partitions, universal inequalities and numerical results. Much progress has been made in these extremum problems during the last ten years and this edited volume presents a valuable update to a wide community interested in these topics. List of contributors Antunes Pedro R.S., Ashbaugh Mark, Bonnaillie-Noel Virginie, Brasco Lorenzo, Bucur Dorin, Buttazzo Giuseppe, De Philippis Guido, Freitas Pedro, Girouard Alexandre, Helffer Bernard, Kennedy James, Lamboley Jimmy, Laugesen Richard S., Oudet Edouard, Pierre Michel, Polterovich Iosif, Siudeja Bartlomiej A., Velichkov Bozhidar

Operators, Geometry and Quanta

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400702051
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Operators, Geometry and Quanta by : Dmitri Fursaev

Download or read book Operators, Geometry and Quanta written by Dmitri Fursaev and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-25 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a detailed and self-contained introduction into the theory of spectral functions, with an emphasis on their applications to quantum field theory. All methods are illustrated with applications to specific physical problems from the forefront of current research, such as finite-temperature field theory, D-branes, quantum solitons and noncommutativity. In the first part of the book, necessary background information on differential geometry and quantization, including less standard material, is collected. The second part of the book contains a detailed description of main spectral functions and methods of their calculation. In the third part, the theory is applied to several examples (D-branes, quantum solitons, anomalies, noncommutativity). This book addresses advanced graduate students and researchers in mathematical physics with basic knowledge of quantum field theory and differential geometry. The aim is to prepare readers to use spectral functions in their own research, in particular in relation to heat kernels and zeta functions.

Spectral Theory and Quantum Mechanics

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331970706X
Total Pages : 950 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Spectral Theory and Quantum Mechanics by : Valter Moretti

Download or read book Spectral Theory and Quantum Mechanics written by Valter Moretti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-30 with total page 950 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the mathematical foundations of quantum theories. It offers an introductory text on linear functional analysis with a focus on Hilbert spaces, highlighting the spectral theory features that are relevant in physics. After exploring physical phenomenology, it then turns its attention to the formal and logical aspects of the theory. Further, this Second Edition collects in one volume a number of useful rigorous results on the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics focusing in particular on von Neumann algebras, Superselection rules, the various notions of Quantum Symmetry and Symmetry Groups, and including a number of fundamental results on the algebraic formulation of quantum theories. Intended for Master's and PhD students, both in physics and mathematics, the material is designed to be self-contained: it includes a summary of point-set topology and abstract measure theory, together with an appendix on differential geometry. The book also benefits established researchers by organizing and presenting the profusion of advanced material disseminated in the literature. Most chapters are accompanied by exercises, many of which are solved explicitly."

Geometry, Spectral Theory, Groups, and Dynamics

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Publisher : American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN 13 : 9780821885642
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (856 download)

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Book Synopsis Geometry, Spectral Theory, Groups, and Dynamics by : Robert Brooks

Download or read book Geometry, Spectral Theory, Groups, and Dynamics written by Robert Brooks and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains articles based on talks given at the Robert Brooks Memorial Conference on Geometry and Spectral Theory and the Workshop on Groups, Geometry and Dynamics held at Technion - the Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa). Robert Brooks' (1952-2002) broad range of mathematical interests is represented in the volume, which is devoted to various aspects of global analysis, spectral theory, the theory of Riemann surfaces, Riemannian and discrete geometry, and number theory. A survey of Brooks' work has been written by his close colleague, Peter Buser. Also included in the volume are articles on analytic topics, such as Szegos theorem, and on geometric topics, such as isoperimetric inequalities and symmetries of manifolds. The book is suitable for graduate students and researchers interested in various aspects of geometry and global analysis.

Spectral Geometry of Shapes

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128138424
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Spectral Geometry of Shapes by : Jing Hua

Download or read book Spectral Geometry of Shapes written by Jing Hua and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-01-15 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spectral Geometry of Shapes presents unique shape analysis approaches based on shape spectrum in differential geometry. It provides insights on how to develop geometry-based methods for 3D shape analysis. The book is an ideal learning resource for graduate students and researchers in computer science, computer engineering and applied mathematics who have an interest in 3D shape analysis, shape motion analysis, image analysis, medical image analysis, computer vision and computer graphics. Due to the rapid advancement of 3D acquisition technologies there has been a big increase in 3D shape data that requires a variety of shape analysis methods, hence the need for this comprehensive resource. Presents the latest advances in spectral geometric processing for 3D shape analysis applications, such as shape classification, shape matching, medical imaging, etc. Provides intuitive links between fundamental geometric theories and real-world applications, thus bridging the gap between theory and practice Describes new theoretical breakthroughs in applying spectral methods for non-isometric motion analysis Gives insights for developing spectral geometry-based approaches for 3D shape analysis and deep learning of shape geometry

The Chern Symposium 1979

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461381096
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chern Symposium 1979 by : W.-Y. Hsiang

Download or read book The Chern Symposium 1979 written by W.-Y. Hsiang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume attests to the vitality of differential geometry as it probes deeper into its internal structure and explores ever widening connections with other subjects in mathematics and physics. To most of us Professor S. S. Chern is modern differential geometry, and we, his students, are grateful to him for leading us to this fertile landscape. The aims of the symposium were to review recent developments in geometry and to expose and explore new areas of research. It was our way of honoring Professor Chern upon the occasion of his official retirement as Professor of Mathematics at the University of California. This book is a record of the scientific events of the symposium and reflects Professor Chern's wide interest and influence. The conference also reflected Professor Chern's personality. It was a serious occasion, active yet relaxed, mixed with gentleness and good humor. We wish him good health, a long life, happiness, and a continuation of his extraordinarily deep and original contributions to mathematics. I. M. Singer Contents Real and Complex Geometry in Four Dimensions M. F. ATIYAH. . . . . . . . . . . . . Equivariant Morse Theory and the Yang-Mills Equation on Riemann Surfaces RAOUL BaTT .. 11 Isometric Families of Kahler Structures EUGENIO CALABI. . 23 Two Applications of Algebraic Geometry to Entire Holomorphic Mappings MARK GREEN AND PHILLIP GRIFFITHS. • . . . • . . 41 The Canonical Map for Certain Hilbert Modular Surfaces F. HIRZEBRUCH . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 75 Tight Embeddings and Maps. Submanifolds of Geometrical Class Three in EN NICOLAAS H. KUIPER .

Spectral Theory of Self-Adjoint Operators in Hilbert Space

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400945868
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Spectral Theory of Self-Adjoint Operators in Hilbert Space by : Michael Sh. Birman

Download or read book Spectral Theory of Self-Adjoint Operators in Hilbert Space written by Michael Sh. Birman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It isn't that they can't see the solution. It is Approach your problems from the right end that they can't see the problem. and begin with the answers. Then one day, perhaps you will find the final question. G. K. Chesterton. The Scandal of Father 'The Hermit Clad in Crane Feathers' in R. Brown 'The point of a Pin'. van Gulik's The Chinese Maze Murders. Growing specialization and diversification have brought a host of monographs and textbooks on increasingly specialized topics. However, the "tree" of knowledge of mathematics and related fields does not grow only by putting forth new branches. It also happens, quite often in fact, that branches which were thought to be com pletely disparate are suddenly seen to be related. Further, the kind and level of sophistication of mathematics applied in various sciences has changed drastically in recent years: measure theory is used (non trivially) in regional and theoretical economics; algebraic geometry interacts with physics; the Minkowsky lemma, coding theory and the structure of water meet one another in packing and covering theory; quantum fields, crystal defects and mathematical programming profit from homotopy theory; Lie algebras are relevant to filtering; and prediction and electrical engineering can use Stein spaces. And in addition to this there are such new emerging subdisciplines as "experimental mathematics", "CFD", "completely integrable systems", "chaos, synergetics and large-scale order" , which are almost impossible to fit into the existing classification schemes. They draw upon widely different sections of mathematics.

Progress in Inverse Spectral Geometry

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Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034889380
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Progress in Inverse Spectral Geometry by : Stig I. Andersson

Download or read book Progress in Inverse Spectral Geometry written by Stig I. Andersson and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most polynomial growth on every half-space Re (z) ::::: c. Moreover, Op(t) depends holomorphically on t for Re t> O. General references for much of the material on the derivation of spectral functions, asymptotic expansions and analytic properties of spectral functions are [A-P-S] and [Sh], especially Chapter 2. To study the spectral functions and their relation to the geometry and topology of X, one could, for example, take the natural associated parabolic problem as a starting point. That is, consider the 'heat equation': (%t + p) u(x, t) = 0 { u(x, O) = Uo(x), tP which is solved by means of the (heat) semi group V(t) = e- ; namely, u(·, t) = V(t)uoU· Assuming that V(t) is of trace class (which is guaranteed, for instance, if P has a positive principal symbol), it has a Schwartz kernel K E COO(X x X x Rt, E* ®E), locally given by 00 K(x, y; t) = L>-IAk(~k ® 'Pk)(X, y), k=O for a complete set of orthonormal eigensections 'Pk E COO(E). Taking the trace, we then obtain: 00 tA Op(t) = trace(V(t)) = 2::>- k. k=O Now, using, e. g., the Dunford calculus formula (where C is a suitable curve around a(P)) as a starting point and the standard for malism of pseudodifferential operators, one easily derives asymptotic expansions for the spectral functions, in this case for Op.

Geometric and Computational Spectral Theory

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Publisher : American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN 13 : 147042665X
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Geometric and Computational Spectral Theory by : Alexandre Girouard

Download or read book Geometric and Computational Spectral Theory written by Alexandre Girouard and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A co-publication of the AMS and Centre de Recherches Mathématiques The book is a collection of lecture notes and survey papers based on the mini-courses given by leading experts at the 2015 Séminaire de Mathématiques Supérieures on Geometric and Computational Spectral Theory, held from June 15–26, 2015, at the Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. The volume covers a broad variety of topics in spectral theory, highlighting its connections to differential geometry, mathematical physics and numerical analysis, bringing together the theoretical and computational approaches to spectral theory, and emphasizing the interplay between the two.

Elliptic Curves, Modular Forms, and Their L-functions

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Publisher : American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN 13 : 0821852426
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis Elliptic Curves, Modular Forms, and Their L-functions by : Álvaro Lozano-Robledo

Download or read book Elliptic Curves, Modular Forms, and Their L-functions written by Álvaro Lozano-Robledo and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2011 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many problems in number theory have simple statements, but their solutions require a deep understanding of algebra, algebraic geometry, complex analysis, group representations, or a combination of all four. The original simply stated problem can be obscured in the depth of the theory developed to understand it. This book is an introduction to some of these problems, and an overview of the theories used nowadays to attack them, presented so that the number theory is always at the forefront of the discussion. Lozano-Robledo gives an introductory survey of elliptic curves, modular forms, and $L$-functions. His main goal is to provide the reader with the big picture of the surprising connections among these three families of mathematical objects and their meaning for number theory. As a case in point, Lozano-Robledo explains the modularity theorem and its famous consequence, Fermat's Last Theorem. He also discusses the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture and other modern conjectures. The book begins with some motivating problems and includes numerous concrete examples throughout the text, often involving actual numbers, such as 3, 4, 5, $\frac{3344161}{747348}$, and $\frac{2244035177043369699245575130906674863160948472041} {8912332268928859588025535178967163570016480830}$. The theories of elliptic curves, modular forms, and $L$-functions are too vast to be covered in a single volume, and their proofs are outside the scope of the undergraduate curriculum. However, the primary objects of study, the statements of the main theorems, and their corollaries are within the grasp of advanced undergraduates. This book concentrates on motivating the definitions, explaining the statements of the theorems and conjectures, making connections, and providing lots of examples, rather than dwelling on the hard proofs. The book succeeds if, after reading the text, students feel compelled to study elliptic curves and modular forms in all their glory.

Old and New Aspects in Spectral Geometry

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940172475X
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Old and New Aspects in Spectral Geometry by : M.-E. Craioveanu

Download or read book Old and New Aspects in Spectral Geometry written by M.-E. Craioveanu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is known that to any Riemannian manifold (M, g ) , with or without boundary, one can associate certain fundamental objects. Among them are the Laplace-Beltrami opera tor and the Hodge-de Rham operators, which are natural [that is, they commute with the isometries of (M,g)], elliptic, self-adjoint second order differential operators acting on the space of real valued smooth functions on M and the spaces of smooth differential forms on M, respectively. If M is closed, the spectrum of each such operator is an infinite divergent sequence of real numbers, each eigenvalue being repeated according to its finite multiplicity. Spectral Geometry is concerned with the spectra of these operators, also the extent to which these spectra determine the geometry of (M, g) and the topology of M. This problem has been translated by several authors (most notably M. Kac). into the col loquial question "Can one hear the shape of a manifold?" because of its analogy with the wave equation. This terminology was inspired from earlier results of H. Weyl. It is known that the above spectra cannot completely determine either the geometry of (M , g) or the topology of M. For instance, there are examples of pairs of closed Riemannian manifolds with the same spectra corresponding to the Laplace-Beltrami operators, but which differ substantially in their geometry and which are even not homotopically equiva lent.