Southern Liberal Journalists And The Issue Of Race 1920 1944

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Southern Liberal Journalists and the Issue of Race, 1920-1944

Author : John T. Kneebone
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 146964410X
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Southern Liberal Journalists and the Issue of Race, 1920-1944 by : John T. Kneebone

Download or read book Southern Liberal Journalists and the Issue of Race, 1920-1944 written by John T. Kneebone and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before the Civil Rights movement, southern liberal journalists played a crucial role in shaping southern thought on race and racism. John Kneebone presents a richly detailed intellectual history of southern racial liberalism between World War I and World War II by examining the works of five leading southern journalists -- Gerald W. Johnson, Baltimore Evening Sun; George Fort Milton, Chattanooga News; Virginius Dabney, Richmond Times-Dispatch; Hodding Carter, Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times; and Ralph McGill, Atlanta Constitution. The South's leading liberal journalists came from varied backgrounds and lived in different regions of the South, but all had one characteristic in common: as public advocates of southern liberalism, each spoke as a southerner with deep roots in the southern past. Yet their editorials were not intended solely for local audiences; they wrote essays for national and regional journals of opinion as well, and each of these men published important books on the South and its history. Through their writings, they gained reputations throughout the country as articulate spokesmen for southern liberalism. Their essays, editorials, books, and letters provide rich and abundant sources for studying the changing patterns of southern liberal thought in the critical years from the 1920s to the 1940s. Moreover, these journalists were members of southern liberal organizations -- Will W. Alexander's Commission on Interracial Cooperation, the Southern Commission on the Study of Lynching, the Southern Policy Committee, the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, and the Southern Regional Council -- and so they helped devise the reform programs that they in turn publicized. While they believed that social and economic change in the modern South required reform of race relations, the journalists felt that these reforms could be accommodated within the framework of racial segregation. The protests of blacks against segregation during World War II challenged that way of thinking and created a crisis for southern liberals. Kneebone analyzes this crisis and the disconnection between the southern liberalism of the 1920s and 1930s and the Civil Rights movement. Originally published in 1985. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930

Author : William A. Link
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807862991
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930 by : William A. Link

Download or read book The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930 written by William A. Link and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2000-11-09 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the cultural conflicts between social reformers and southern communities, William Link presents an important reinterpretation of the origins and impact of progressivism in the South. He shows that a fundamental clash of values divided reformers and rural southerners, ultimately blocking the reforms. His book, based on extensive archival research, adds a new dimension to the study of American reform movements. The new group of social reformers that emerged near the end of the nineteenth century believed that the South, an underdeveloped and politically fragile region, was in the midst of a social crisis. They recognized the environmental causes of social problems and pushed for interventionist solutions. As a consensus grew about southern social problems in the early 1900s, reformers adopted new methods to win the support of reluctant or indifferent southerners. By the beginning of World War I, their public crusades on prohibition, health, schools, woman suffrage, and child labor had led to some new social policies and the beginnings of a bureaucratic structure. By the late 1920s, however, social reform and southern progressivism remained largely frustrated. Link's analysis of the response of rural southern communities to reform efforts establishes a new social context for southern progressivism. He argues that the movement failed because a cultural chasm divided the reformers and the communities they sought to transform. Reformers were paternalistic. They believed that the new policies should properly be administered from above, and they were not hesitant to impose their own solutions. They also viewed different cultures and races as inferior. Rural southerners saw their communities and customs quite differently. For most, local control and personal liberty were watchwords. They had long deflected attempts of southern outsiders to control their affairs, and they opposed the paternalistic reforms of the Progressive Era with equal determination. Throughout the 1920s they made effective implementation of policy changes difficult if not impossible. In a small-scale war, rural folk forced the reformers to confront the integrity of the communities they sought to change.

Desegregating Private Higher Education in the South

Author : Melissa Kean
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 080714911X
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Desegregating Private Higher Education in the South by : Melissa Kean

Download or read book Desegregating Private Higher Education in the South written by Melissa Kean and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2008-10-15 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After World War II, elite private universities in the South faced growing calls for desegregation. Though, unlike their peer public institutions, no federal court ordered these schools to admit black students and no troops arrived to protect access to the schools, to suggest that desegregation at these universities took place voluntarily would be misleading In Desegregating Private Higher Education in the South,Melissa Kean explores how leaders at five of the region's most prestigious private universities -- Duke, Emory, Rice, Tulane, and Vanderbilt -- sought to strengthen their national position and reputation while simultaneously answering the increasing pressure to end segregation. To join the upper echelon of U. S. universities, these schools required increased federal and northern philanthropic funding. Clearly, to receive this funding, schools had to eliminate segregation, and so a rift appeared within the leadership of the schools. University presidents generally favored making careful accommodations in their racial policies for the sake of academic improvement, but universities' boards of trustees -- the presidents' main opponents -- served as the final decision-makers on university policy. Board members--usually comprised of professional, white, male alumni--reacted strongly to threats against southern white authority and resisted determinedly any outside attempts to impose desegregation. The grassroots civil rights movement created a national crisis of conscience that led many individuals and institutions vital to the universities' survival to insist on desegregation. The schools felt enormous pressure to end discrimination as northern foundations withheld funding, accrediting bodies and professional academic associations denied membership, divinity students and professors chose to study and teach elsewhere, and alumni withheld contributions. The Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 gave the desegregation debate a sense of urgency and also inflamed tensions -- which continued to mount into the early 1960s. These tensions and the boards' resistance to change created an atmosphere of crisis that badly eroded their cherished role as southern leaders. When faced with the choice between institutional viability and segregation, Kean explains, they gracelessly relented, refusing to the end to admit they had been pressured by outside forces. Shedding new light on a rare, unexamined facet of the civil rights movement, Desegregating Private Higher Education in the South fills a gap in the history of the academy.

Simple Decency & Common Sense

Author : Linda Reed
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780253209122
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Simple Decency & Common Sense by : Linda Reed

Download or read book Simple Decency & Common Sense written by Linda Reed and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ÒA factual record assembled in depth, this is an important contribution to the archives of integration and nondiscrimination.Ó ÑPublishers WeeklyÒ . . . well-researched and informative . . . Ó ÑJournal of Southern HistoryÒ[Reed's] book brings a fascinating band of progressive Southerners into focus, some of them for the first time, and follows them from the late thirties into the sixties. They bear following, and remembering. So does this book.Ó ÑSouthern Changes

The Life and Death of the Solid South

Author : Dewey W. Grantham
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813184223
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis The Life and Death of the Solid South by : Dewey W. Grantham

Download or read book The Life and Death of the Solid South written by Dewey W. Grantham and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Southern-style politics was one of those peculiar institutions that differentiated the South from other American regions. This system—long referred to as the Solid South—embodied a distinctive regional culture and was perpetuated through an undemocratic distribution of power and a structure based on disfranchisement, malapportioned legislatures, and one-party politics. It was the mechanism that determined who would govern in the states and localities, and in national politics it was the means through which the South's politicians defended their region's special interests and political autonomy. The history of this remarkable institution can be traced in the gradual rise, long persistence, and ultimate decline of the Democratic Party dominance in the land below the Potomac and the Ohio. This is the story that Dewey W. Grantham tells in his fresh and authoritative account of the South's modern political experience. The distillation of many years of research and reflection, is both a synthesis of the extensive literature on politics in the recent South and a challenging reinterpretation of the region's political history.

Chasing Newsroom Diversity

Author : Gwyneth Mellinger
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252094646
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Chasing Newsroom Diversity by : Gwyneth Mellinger

Download or read book Chasing Newsroom Diversity written by Gwyneth Mellinger and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2013-03-16 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social change triggered by the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s sent the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) on a fifty-year mission to dismantle an exclusionary professional standard that envisioned the ideal journalist as white, straight, and male. In this book, Gwyneth Mellinger explores the complex history of the decades-long ASNE diversity initiative, which culminated in the failed Goal 2000 effort to match newsroom demographics with those of the U.S. population. Drawing upon exhaustive reviews of ASNE archival materials, Mellinger examines the democratic paradox through the lens of the ASNE, an elite organization that arguably did more than any other during the twentieth century to institutionalize professional standards in journalism and expand the concepts of government accountability and the free press. The ASNE would emerge in the 1970s as the leader in the newsroom integration movement, but its effort would be frustrated by structures of exclusion the organization had embedded into its own professional standards. Explaining why a project so promising failed so profoundly, Chasing Newsroom Diversity expands our understanding of the intransigence of institutional racism, gender discrimination, and homophobia within democracy.

From Jim Crow to Civil Rights

Author : Michael J. Klarman
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199880921
Total Pages : 670 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis From Jim Crow to Civil Rights by : Michael J. Klarman

Download or read book From Jim Crow to Civil Rights written by Michael J. Klarman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-02-05 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A monumental investigation of the Supreme Court's rulings on race, From Jim Crow To Civil Rights spells out in compelling detail the political and social context within which the Supreme Court Justices operate and the consequences of their decisions for American race relations. In a highly provocative interpretation of the decision's connection to the civil rights movement, Klarman argues that Brown was more important for mobilizing southern white opposition to racial change than for encouraging direct-action protest. Brown unquestioningly had a significant impact--it brought race issues to public attention and it mobilized supporters of the ruling. It also, however, energized the opposition. In this authoritative account of constitutional law concerning race, Michael Klarman details, in the richest and most thorough discussion to date, how and whether Supreme Court decisions do, in fact, matter.

Writing Women's History

Author : Elizabeth Anne Payne
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496802152
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Writing Women's History by : Elizabeth Anne Payne

Download or read book Writing Women's History written by Elizabeth Anne Payne and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2011-09-13 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributions by Laura F. Edwards, Crystal Feimster, Glenda E. Gilmore, Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, Darlene Clark Hine, Mary Kelley, Markeeva Morgan, Anne Firor Scott, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, and Deborah Gray White Anne Firor Scott's The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics, 1830-1930 stirred a keen interest among historians in both the approach and message of her book. Using women's diaries, letters, and other personal documents, Scott brought to life southern women as wives and mothers, as members of their communities and churches, and as sometimes sassy but rarely passive agents. She brilliantly demonstrated that the familiar dichotomies of the personal versus the public, the private versus the civic, which had dominated traditional scholarship about men, could not be made to fit women's lives. In doing so, she helped to open up vast terrains of women's experiences for historical scholarship. This volume, based on papers presented at the University of Mississippi's annual Chancellor Porter L. Fortune Symposium in Southern History, brings together essays by scholars at the forefront of contemporary scholarship on American women's history. Each regards The Southern Lady as having shaped her historical perspective and inspired her choice of topics in important ways. These essays together demonstrate that the power of imagination and scholarly courage manifested in Scott's and other early American women historians' work has blossomed into a gracious plentitude.

Lynching in the New South

Author : W. Fitzhugh Brundage
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252053737
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Lynching in the New South by : W. Fitzhugh Brundage

Download or read book Lynching in the New South written by W. Fitzhugh Brundage and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2022-08-15 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lynching was a national crime. But it obsessed the South. W. Fitzhugh Brundage's multidisciplinary approach to the complex nature of lynching delves into the such extrajudicial murders in two states: Virginia, the southern state with the fewest lynchings; and Georgia, where 460 lynchings made the state a measure of race relations in the Deep South. Brundage's analysis addresses three central questions: How can we explain variations in lynching over regions and time periods? To what extent was lynching a social ritual that affirmed traditional white values and white supremacy? And, what were the causes of the decline of lynching at the end of the 1920s? A groundbreaking study, Lynching in the New South is a classic portrait of the tradition of violence that poisoned American life.

History of Higher Education Annual: 1999: Southern Higher Education in the 20th Century

Author : Roger Geiger
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781412825207
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (252 download)

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Book Synopsis History of Higher Education Annual: 1999: Southern Higher Education in the 20th Century by : Roger Geiger

Download or read book History of Higher Education Annual: 1999: Southern Higher Education in the 20th Century written by Roger Geiger and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Rhetorical Road to Brown v. Board of Education

Author : Wanda Little Fenimore
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496843983
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rhetorical Road to Brown v. Board of Education by : Wanda Little Fenimore

Download or read book The Rhetorical Road to Brown v. Board of Education written by Wanda Little Fenimore and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2023-04-21 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As early as 1947, Black parents in rural South Carolina began seeking equal educational opportunities for their children. After two unsuccessful lawsuits, these families directly challenged legally mandated segregation in public schools with a third lawsuit in 1950, which was eventually decided in Brown v. Board of Education. Amidst the Black parents’ resistance, Elizabeth Avery Waring, a twice-divorced northern socialite, and her third husband, federal judge J. Waties Waring, launched a rhetorical campaign condemning white supremacy and segregation. In a series of speeches, the Warings exposed the incongruity between American democratic ideals and the reality for Black Americans in the Jim Crow South. They urged audiences to pressure elected representatives to force southern states to end legal segregation. Wanda Little Fenimore employs innovative research methods to recover the Warings’ speeches that said the unsayable about white supremacy. When the couple poked at the contradiction between segregation and “all men are created equal,” white supremacists pushed back. As a result, the couple received both damning and congratulatory letters that reveal the terms upon which segregation was defended and the reasons those who opposed white supremacy remained silent. Using rich archival materials, Fenimore crafts an engaging narrative that illustrates the rhetorical context from which Brown v. Board of Education arose and dispels the notion that the decision was inevitable. The first full-length account of the Warings’ rhetoric, this multilayered story of social progress traces the symbolic battle that provided a locus for change in the landmark Supreme Court decision.

The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968

Author : Kari Frederickson
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807875449
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968 by : Kari Frederickson

Download or read book The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968 written by Kari Frederickson and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2003-01-14 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1948, a group of conservative white southerners formed the States' Rights Democratic Party, soon nicknamed the "Dixiecrats," and chose Strom Thurmond as their presidential candidate. Thrown on the defensive by federal civil rights initiatives and unprecedented grassroots political activity by African Americans, the Dixiecrats aimed to reclaim conservatives' former preeminent position within the national Democratic Party and upset President Harry Truman's bid for reelection. The Dixiecrats lost the battle in 1948, but, as Kari Frederickson reveals, the political repercussions of their revolt were significant. Frederickson situates the Dixiecrat movement within the tumultuous social and economic milieu of the 1930s and 1940s South, tracing the struggles between conservative and liberal Democrats over the future direction of the region. Enriching her sweeping political narrative with detailed coverage of local activity in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina--the flashpoints of the Dixiecrat campaign--she shows that, even without upsetting Truman in 1948, the Dixiecrats forever altered politics in the South. By severing the traditional southern allegiance to the national Democratic Party in presidential elections, the Dixiecrats helped forge the way for the rise of the Republican Party in the region.

Gerald W. Johnson

Author : Vincent Fitzpatrick
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780807127506
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Gerald W. Johnson by : Vincent Fitzpatrick

Download or read book Gerald W. Johnson written by Vincent Fitzpatrick and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fitzpatrick analyzes Johnson's commentary on the Scopes trial, denunciation of the Ku Klux Klan, defense of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy, and battles with the Republican Party during President Eisenhower's two terms. He was, to borrow his own phrase, a "disturber of the peace."".

The Uplift Generation

Author : Clayton McClure Brooks
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 081393950X
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis The Uplift Generation by : Clayton McClure Brooks

Download or read book The Uplift Generation written by Clayton McClure Brooks and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2017-03-22 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a fresh look at interracial cooperation in the formative years of Jim Crow, The Uplift Generation examines how segregation was molded, not by Virginia’s white political power structure alone but rather through the work of a generation of Virginian reformers across the color line who from 1900 to 1930 engaged in interracial reforms. This group of paternalists and uplift reformers believed interracial cooperation was necessary to stem violence and promote progress. Although these activists had varying motivations, they worked together because their Progressive aims meshed, finding themselves unlikely allies. Unlike later incarnations of interracialism, this early work did not challenge segregation but rather helped to build and define it, intentionally and otherwise. The initiatives—whose genesis ranged from private one-on-one communications to large-scale interracial organizations—shaped Progressivism, the emergence of a race-conscious public welfare system, and the eventual parameters of Jim Crow in Virginia. Through extensive use of personal papers, newspapers, and other archival materials, The Uplift Generation shares the stories of these fascinating—yet often forgotten—reformers and the complicated and sometimes troubling consequences of their work.

Mothers of Massive Resistance

Author : Elizabeth Gillespie McRae
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190271728
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Mothers of Massive Resistance by : Elizabeth Gillespie McRae

Download or read book Mothers of Massive Resistance written by Elizabeth Gillespie McRae and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do white supremacist politics in America remain so powerful? Elizabeth Gillespie McRae argues that the answer lies with white women. Examining racial segregation from 1920s to the 1970s, Mothers of Massive Resistance explores the grassroots workers who maintained the system of racial segregation and Jim Crow. For decades in rural communities, in university towns, and in New South cities, white women performed myriad duties that upheld white over black: censoring textbooks, denying marriage certificates, deciding on the racial identity of their neighbors, celebrating school choice, canvassing communities for votes, and lobbying elected officials. They instilled beliefs in racial hierarchies in their children, built national networks, and experimented with a color-blind political discourse. Without these mundane, everyday acts, white supremacist politics could not have shaped local, regional, and national politics the way it did or lasted as long as it has. With white women at the center of the story, the rise of postwar conservatism looks very different than the male-dominated narratives of the resistance to Civil Rights. Women like Nell Battle Lewis, Florence Sillers Ogden, Mary Dawson Cain, and Cornelia Dabney Tucker publicized threats to their Jim Crow world through political organizing, private correspondence, and journalism. Their efforts began before World War II and the Brown decision and persisted past the 1964 Civil Rights Act and anti-busing protests. White women's segregationist politics stretched across the nation, overlapping with and shaping the rise of the New Right. Mothers of Massive Resistance reveals the diverse ways white women sustained white supremacist politics and thought well beyond the federal legislation that overturned legal segregation.

A Companion to 20th-Century America

Author : Stephen J. Whitfield
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470998520
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis A Companion to 20th-Century America by : Stephen J. Whitfield

Download or read book A Companion to 20th-Century America written by Stephen J. Whitfield and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Companion to 20th-Century America is an authoritative survey of the most important topics and themes of twentieth-century American history and historiography. Contains 29 original essays by leading scholars, each assessing the past and current state of American scholarship Includes thematic essays covering topics such as religion, ethnicity, conservatism, foreign policy, and the media, as well as essays covering major time periods Identifies and discusses the most influential literature in the field, and suggests new avenues of research, as the century has drawn to a close

A Stone of Hope

Author : David L. Chappell
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807895571
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis A Stone of Hope by : David L. Chappell

Download or read book A Stone of Hope written by David L. Chappell and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2009-12-07 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The civil rights movement was arguably the most successful social movement in American history. In a provocative new assessment of its success, David Chappell argues that the story of civil rights is not a story of the ultimate triumph of liberal ideas after decades of gradual progress. Rather, it is a story of the power of religious tradition. Chappell reconsiders the intellectual roots of civil rights reform, showing how northern liberals' faith in the power of human reason to overcome prejudice was at odds with the movement's goal of immediate change. Even when liberals sincerely wanted change, they recognized that they could not necessarily inspire others to unite and fight for it. But the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament--sometimes translated into secular language--drove African American activists to unprecedented solidarity and self-sacrifice. Martin Luther King Jr., Fannie Lou Hamer, James Lawson, Modjeska Simkins, and other black leaders believed, as the Hebrew prophets believed, that they had to stand apart from society and instigate dramatic changes to force an unwilling world to abandon its sinful ways. Their impassioned campaign to stamp out "the sin of segregation" brought the vitality of a religious revival to their cause. Meanwhile, segregationists found little support within their white southern religious denominations. Although segregationists outvoted and outgunned black integrationists, the segregationists lost, Chappell concludes, largely because they did not have a religious commitment to their cause.