South Korean Engagement Policies And North Korea

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South Korean Engagement Policies and North Korea

Author : Key-young Son
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134189591
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis South Korean Engagement Policies and North Korea by : Key-young Son

Download or read book South Korean Engagement Policies and North Korea written by Key-young Son and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fresh historical and theoretical exploration of the much-debated, but still elusive, question of the Korean divide. In contrast to much of the literature on the divide, which deals with state-building on the two sides of the Demilitarized Zone, this book sheds light on the slow, but steady process of homogenization between the two estranged peoples, as accelerated after the end of the Cold War and especially after the inauguration of President Kim Dae-jung in 1998. Providing immense empirical detail as well as theoretical debate on the ideas in policy shaping in South Korea, the book presents a rich ‘history of enemies’ and covers issues including: an overview of the structural shift and the rise and fall of identity groups in South Korea history of 'enemy-making' and 'peace-building' North Korea's external relations with the US, Japan and Europe Hyundai's groundbreaking, cross-border tourism and other economic cooperation projects the lingering nuclear weapons crises. By focusing on the question of identities, the book presents a new approach on one of the most important legacies of the Cold War and threat to peace in the contemporary world: the divided Korean peninsula. As such it fills a major gap in the literature, utilizing new theoretical and empirical frameworks to deal with the Korean division and its future implications in East Asia.

South Korean Engagement Policies and North Korea

Author : Key-young Son
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134189605
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis South Korean Engagement Policies and North Korea by : Key-young Son

Download or read book South Korean Engagement Policies and North Korea written by Key-young Son and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fresh historical and theoretical exploration of the much-debated, but still elusive, question of the Korean divide. In contrast to much of the literature on the divide, which deals with state-building on the two sides of the Demilitarized Zone, this book sheds light on the slow, but steady process of homogenization between the two estranged peoples, as accelerated after the end of the Cold War and especially after the inauguration of President Kim Dae-jung in 1998. Providing immense empirical detail as well as theoretical debate on the ideas in policy shaping in South Korea, the book presents a rich ‘history of enemies’ and covers issues including: an overview of the structural shift and the rise and fall of identity groups in South Korea history of 'enemy-making' and 'peace-building' North Korea's external relations with the US, Japan and Europe Hyundai's groundbreaking, cross-border tourism and other economic cooperation projects the lingering nuclear weapons crises. By focusing on the question of identities, the book presents a new approach on one of the most important legacies of the Cold War and threat to peace in the contemporary world: the divided Korean peninsula. As such it fills a major gap in the literature, utilizing new theoretical and empirical frameworks to deal with the Korean division and its future implications in East Asia.

Nuclear North Korea

Author : Victor D. Cha
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231548249
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear North Korea by : Victor D. Cha

Download or read book Nuclear North Korea written by Victor D. Cha and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Victor D. Cha and David C. Kang’s Nuclear North Korea was first published in 2003 amid the outbreak of a lasting crisis over the North Korean nuclear program. It promptly became a landmark of an ongoing debate in academic and policy circles about whether to engage or contain North Korea. Fifteen years later, as North Korea tests intercontinental ballistic missiles and the U.S. president angrily refers to Kim Jong-un as “Rocket Man,” Nuclear North Korea remains an essential guide to the difficult choices we face. Coming from different perspectives—Kang believes the threat posed by Pyongyang has been inflated and endorses a more open approach, while Cha is more skeptical and advocates harsher measures, though both believe that some form of engagement is necessary—the authors together present authoritative analysis of one of the world’s thorniest challenges. They refute a number of misconceptions and challenge the faulty thinking that surrounds the discussion of North Korea, particularly the idea that North Korea is an irrational actor. Cha and Kang look at the implications of a nuclear North Korea, assess recent and current approaches to sanctions and engagement, and provide a functional framework for constructive policy. With a new chapter on the way forward for the international community in light of continued nuclear tensions, this book is of lasting relevance to understanding the state of affairs on the Korean peninsula.

From Deterrence to Engagement

Author : Terence Roehrig
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 9780739121566
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis From Deterrence to Engagement by : Terence Roehrig

Download or read book From Deterrence to Engagement written by Terence Roehrig and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2006 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Deterrence to Engagement provides a comprehensive examination of the U.S.-South Korea defense relationship from 1945 to the present. Using deterrence theory as its framework, this work explores the evolving nature of U.S. interests in a region that became a focal point only after the North Korean invasion in 1950. Author Terence Roehrig addresses the changing nature of the threats to U.S. interests in Korea, especially North Korea's buildup and its efforts to acquire nuclear weapons, and examines specific measures utilized by the United States to implement its deterrence policy. While U.S. policy regarding Korea has changed over the years, this timely and important work argues that although the U.S. commitment to protect its ally has been credible and effective the same cannot be said for its attempts to prevent North Korean nuclear proliferation. From Deterrence to Engagement is certain to find an audience amongst scholars of defense policy, national security, and Korean security relations.

The Sunshine Policy

Author : Chung-in Moon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788997578429
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (784 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sunshine Policy by : Chung-in Moon

Download or read book The Sunshine Policy written by Chung-in Moon and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Persusasion is better than force. This central belief behind late South Korean President Kim Dae-jung s unprecedented policy of engagement with North Korea became a key that promised to unlock half a century of conflict and provocation between North and South Korea. Kim s Sunshine Policy argued that encouraging North Korea to come out of isolation and end confrontation was better than trying to force it to change and it came to define a generation in South Korean politics, allowing millions to dare to believe that half a century of war could be brought to an end. Now this new book by Chung-in Moon, a Yonsei University professor and former South Korean government adviser, presents a definitive analysis of how Kim developed and implemented his revolutionary policy, the challenges it faced and the mistake that Lee Myung-bak s government has made in abandoning it. Moon was a first-hand witness to the events of the Kim years, assisting in drafting the Sunshine Policy, attending the historic inter- Korean Summits in 2000 and 2007 that were fruits of its labors, and chronicling the public, political and global support for the policy. -- from http://www.amazon.com (May 5, 2014).

The North Korean Conundrum

Author : Robert R. King
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1931368686
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis The North Korean Conundrum by : Robert R. King

Download or read book The North Korean Conundrum written by Robert R. King and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-04-01 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: North Korea is consistently identified as one of the world’s worst human rights abusers. However, the issue of human rights in North Korea is a complex one, intertwined with issues like life in the North Korean police state, inter-Korean relations, denuclearization, access to information in the North, and international cooperation, to name a few. There are likewise multiple actors involved, including the two Korean governments, the United States, the United Nations, South Korea NGOs, and global human rights organizations. While North Korea’s nuclear weapons and the security threat it poses have occupied the center stage and eclipsed other issues in recent years, human rights remain important to U.S. policy. The contributors to The North Korean Conundrum explore how dealing with the issue of human rights is shaped and affected by the political issues with which it is so entwined. Sections discuss the role of the United Nations; how North Koreans’ limited access to information is part of the problem, and how this is changing; the relationship between human rights and denuclearization; and North Korean human rights in comparative perspective.

South Korea at the Crossroads

Author : Scott A. Snyder
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231546181
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis South Korea at the Crossroads by : Scott A. Snyder

Download or read book South Korea at the Crossroads written by Scott A. Snyder and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Against the backdrop of China’s mounting influence and North Korea’s growing nuclear capability and expanding missile arsenal, South Korea faces a set of strategic choices that will shape its economic prospects and national security. In South Korea at the Crossroads, Scott A. Snyder examines the trajectory of fifty years of South Korean foreign policy and offers predictions—and a prescription—for the future. Pairing a historical perspective with a shrewd understanding of today’s political landscape, Snyder contends that South Korea’s best strategy remains investing in a robust alliance with the United States. Snyder begins with South Korea’s effort in the 1960s to offset the risk of abandonment by the United States during the Vietnam War and the subsequent crisis in the alliance during the 1970s. A series of shifts in South Korean foreign relations followed: the “Nordpolitik” engagement with the Soviet Union and China at the end of the Cold War; Kim Dae Jung’s “Sunshine Policy,” designed to bring North Korea into the international community; “trustpolitik,” which sought to foster diplomacy with North Korea and Japan; and changes in South Korea’s relationship with the United States. Despite its rise as a leader in international financial, development, and climate-change forums, South Korea will likely still require the commitment of the United States to guarantee its security. Although China is a tempting option, Snyder argues that only the United States is both credible and capable in this role. South Korea remains vulnerable relative to other regional powers in northeast Asia despite its rising profile as a middle power, and it must balance the contradiction of desirable autonomy and necessary alliance.

A Troubled Peace

Author : Chae-Jin Lee
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780801883309
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis A Troubled Peace by : Chae-Jin Lee

Download or read book A Troubled Peace written by Chae-Jin Lee and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2006-03-17 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In A Troubled Peace, Professor Chae-Jin Lee reviews the vicissitudes of U.S. policy toward South and North Korea since 1948 when rival regimes were installed on the Korean peninsula. He explains the continuously changing nature of U.S.-Korea relations by discussing the goals the United States has sought for Korea, the ways in which these goals have been articulated, and the methods used to implement them. Using a careful analysis of declassified diplomatic documents, primary materials in English, Korean, Japanese, and Chinese, and extensive interviews with American and Korean officials, Lee draws attention to a number of factors that have affected U.S. policy: the functions of U.S. security policy in Korea, the role of the United States in South Korea's political democratization, President Clinton's policy of constructive engagement toward North Korea, President Bush's hegemonic policy toward North Korea, and the hexagonal linkages among the United States, China, Japan, Russia, and the two Koreas. Drawing on concepts of containment, deterrence, engagement, preemption, and appeasement, Lee's balanced and thoughtful approach reveals the frustrations of all players in their attempts to arrive at a modicum of coexistence. His objective, comprehensive, and definitive study reveals a dynamic—and incredibly complex—series of relationships underpinning a troubled and tenuous peace.

North Korea's Hidden Revolution

Author : Jieun Baek
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300224478
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis North Korea's Hidden Revolution by : Jieun Baek

Download or read book North Korea's Hidden Revolution written by Jieun Baek and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A crisp, dramatic examination of how technology and human ingenuity are undermining North Korea’s secretive dictatorship.”—Kirkus Reviews One of the least understood countries in the world, North Korea has long been known for its repressive regime. Yet it is far from being an impenetrable black box. Media flows covertly into the country, and fault lines are appearing in the government’s sealed informational borders. Drawing on deeply personal interviews with North Korean defectors from all walks of life, ranging from propaganda artists to diplomats, Jieun Baek tells the story of North Korea’s information underground—the network of citizens who take extraordinary risks by circulating illicit content such as foreign films, television shows, soap operas, books, and encyclopedias. By fostering an awareness of life outside North Korea and enhancing cultural knowledge, the materials these citizens disseminate are affecting the social and political consciousness of a people, as well as their everyday lives. “A fine primer on the country, based on extensive interviews with defectors.”—Times Literary Supplement “A fascinating book.”—The New York Times “[A] timely and cogent book.”—Los Angeles Review of Books “A fascinating and intelligent overview of the ways that information is liberating North Koreans’ minds.”—Robert S. Boynton, author of The Invitation-Only Zone: The True Story of North Korea's Abduction Project “A fascinating, important, and vivid account of how unofficial information is increasingly seeping into the North and chipping away at the regime’s myths—and hence its control of North Korean society.”—Sue Mi Terry, former CIA analyst and senior research scholar at the Weatherhead East Asia Institute, Columbia University

The Prospects for North Korea Survival

Author : David Reese
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136059563
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis The Prospects for North Korea Survival by : David Reese

Download or read book The Prospects for North Korea Survival written by David Reese and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: North Korea’s economic and security policies imperil both itself and its neighbours. The economy has been contracting for almost a decade, and the regime appears unwilling or unable to arrest the decline. Instead, Pyongyang has resorted to begging for international aid. This approach alone cannot work: fundamental reform is needed; without it, the regime cannot survive. In the meantime, the North’s problems will be destabilising for the region. Pyongyang has secured short-term international humanitarian assistance, but in the long term the South is its best hope for investment and economic help. Despite Pyongyang’s defensive approach to the South, limited commercial arrangements are in place, and may moderate the North’s policies and help to ease the unpredictable consequences of Pyongyang’s collapse. Pyongyang has tried to improve relations with the US in a bid to ease economic sanctions and attract investment. However, the nuclear deal reached with the US in October 1994 – under which the North agreed to give up its ambiguous nuclear programme – is in difficulties. In this paper, David Reese argues that, despite these problems, the North’s neighbours must persevere with engagement policies. At the same time, South Korea and the US must maintain their security posture on the Peninsula. South Korean President Kim Dae Jung’s attempts to establish commercial links with the North need time and patience, and should not be derailed by relatively minor incidents. Both Seoul and Washington must ensure that they coordinate their policies to prevent the North from playing one off against the other. Selectively easing sanctions on a case-by-case basis could allow the North to earn desperately needed hard currency. Although it is difficult for Washington and Seoul to maintain political support for engagement, both should make further efforts to draw the North into making significant policy changes. The US and South Korea should ensure that they involve the interested regional parties in efforts to draw the North into the international community. China has a key role to play in developments on the Peninsula. Both Seoul and Washington should therefore ensure that they work closely with Beijing. While historical sensitivities make it difficult for Japan to play a leading role, Tokyo would be central to the North’s economic recovery, and must not be marginalised. Russia also has a contribution to make to the broader security guarantees which could develop from accommodation between North and South. Ultimately, the course of events on the Peninsula will depend primarily on the North. Pyongyang shows little sign of being prepared to engage constructively with the US and South Korea. As its economy deteriorates, its options will narrow further. Until domestic forces in North Korea shift, the US and its allies should expect a protracted phase of desultory and sometimes destabilising diplomatic manoeuvres by Pyongyang.

The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics

Author : JeongHun Han
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192894048
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics by : JeongHun Han

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics written by JeongHun Han and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-14 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South Korea is best-known for its economic development, democratic transition and consolidation, vibrant civil society, and emergence as a cultural powerhouse. The Oxford Handbook of South Korean Politics presents and analyses contemporary South Korean politics, bringing together domestic political, economic, social cultural, and demographic developments and putting them in the context of trends in fellow developed countries. The Handbook is divided into seven sections: introduction; core concepts; institutions, parties, elections, and voters; civil society; culture and media; public policy and policy-making; and the international arena. The overarching premise of the Handbook is that we have to move away from traditional understandings of South Korean politics that considered them to be static, focusing instead on how and why contemporary South Korea is a vibrant and dynamic democracy in which multiple groups and ideas are represented.

North Korea's Second Nuclear Crisis and Northeast Asian Security

Author : Seung-Ho Joo
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 9780754671763
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis North Korea's Second Nuclear Crisis and Northeast Asian Security by : Seung-Ho Joo

Download or read book North Korea's Second Nuclear Crisis and Northeast Asian Security written by Seung-Ho Joo and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This key volume provides in-depth analysis of the inter-Korean and international dynamics of North Korea's nuclear crisis. It offers new insights into the six-party talks designed to resolve the crisis, suggests creative formulas to resolve the ongoing crisis and delves into the interests and policies of the major powers at the six-party negotiating table.

North Korea through the Looking Glass

Author : Kongdan Oh
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0815798202
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis North Korea through the Looking Glass by : Kongdan Oh

Download or read book North Korea through the Looking Glass written by Kongdan Oh and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2004-05-13 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifty-five years after its founding at the dawn of the cold war, North Korea remains a land of illusions. Isolated and anachronistic, the country and its culture seem to be dominated exclusively by the official ideology of Juche, which emphasizes national self-reliance, independence, and worship of the supreme leader, General Kim Jong Il. Yet this socialist utopian ideal is pursued with the calculations of international power politics. Kim has transformed North Korea into a militarized state, whose nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles, and continued threat to South Korea have raised alarm worldwide. This paradoxical combination of cultural isolation and military-first policy has left the North Korean people woefully deprived of the opportunity to advance socially and politically. The socialist economy, guided by political principles and bereft of international support, has collapsed. Thousands, perhaps millions, have died of starvation. Foreign trade has declined and the country's gross domestic product has recorded negative growth every year for a decade. Yet rather than initiate the sort of market reforms that were implemented by other communist governments, North Korean leaders have reverted to the economic policies of the 1950s: mass mobilization, concentration on heavy industry, and increased ideological indoctrination. Although members of the political elite in Pyongyang are acutely aware of their nation's domestic and foreign problems, they are plagued by fear and policy paralysis. North Korea Through the Looking Glass sheds new light on this remote and peculiar country. Drawing on more than ten years of research—including interviews with two dozen North Koreans who made the painful decision to defect from their homeland—Kongdan Oh and Ralph C. Hassig explore what the leadership and the masses believe about their current predicament. Through dual themes of persistence and illusion, they explore North Korea's stubborn adherence to policies that have

Engaging North Korea

Author : Lam Peng Er
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040131042
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Engaging North Korea by : Lam Peng Er

Download or read book Engaging North Korea written by Lam Peng Er and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-09-16 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive overview of international attempts to engage North Korea diplomatically with the aim of avoiding a nuclear war. It highlights the difficulty of this task, concluding that the containment of North Korea currently depends more on military deterrence than on diplomatic restraint. It considers the various multilateral attempts at diplomatic engagement over recent decades and explores the different approaches of different countries, examining the domestic factors and the strategic interests which drive different countries’ different approaches. It includes an account of China’s growing estrangement, Russia’s increasing closeness, and the surprising relationship between North Korea and Sweden which has been effective in providing the North Korean people with humanitarian aid. Revealing the story of diplomatic frustrations and failures when engaging North Korea, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Korean studies, Asian politics, and international relations.

U.S. Policy Toward North Korea

Author : Council on Foreign Relations
Publisher : Council on Foreign Relations
ISBN 13 : 9780876092637
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis U.S. Policy Toward North Korea by : Council on Foreign Relations

Download or read book U.S. Policy Toward North Korea written by Council on Foreign Relations and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 1999 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Korean peninsula remains one of the world's most dangerous places. While North Korea has an army of 1.2 million troops and holds Seoul hostage with its missiles and artillery, Pyongyang is in desperate straits after a decade of economic decline, food shortages, and diplomatic isolation. In 1998, former U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry traveled to Pyongyang to propose increasing outside aid from the United States, South Korea, and Japan in exchange for North Korea's promise to reduce military provocations. The third in a series of influential Task Force reports on Korea policy, this study argues that, in spite of tensions, the United States should continue to support South Korea's engagement policy and keep Perry's proposal on the table. The Task Force recommends that, should North Korea increase tensions by testing long-range missiles, the United States and its allies should take a new approach to Pyongyang, including enhancing U.S.-Japan and South Korean deterrence against other North Korean threats, suspending new South Korean investment in North Korea, and placing new Japanese restrictions on financial transfers to the North. By suggesting the possibility of gradually reducing the danger on the Korean peninsula, this report represents a crucial addition to the discussion of U.S.-North Korean economic relations.

Eurasian Space

Author : Wim Stokhof
Publisher : Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.
ISBN 13 : 9814515698
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis Eurasian Space by : Wim Stokhof

Download or read book Eurasian Space written by Wim Stokhof and published by Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.. This book was released on 2003-08-01 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), officially established in 1996, is an inter-regional forum consisting of the 15 member states of the European Union and the European Commission, 7 member of the 10 states of ASEAN and China, Japan and South Korea. In this important volume academics from Asia and Europe examine the level of engagement between both continents and highlight how the ASEM process has been conducive in enhancing the political, economic and cultural ties between the various Asian and European countries. They address questions such as: how does the euro fit in the developing East Asian monetary cooperation; how does ASEM influence the process of East Asian identity building and what is the ASEM factor in the formulation of the new foreign policy of China? ASEM is wrongly a little known process because it plays a key role in formulating the emerging multilateralist world order of the 21st century.

Nuclear Endgame

Author : Jacques L. Fuqua
Publisher : Praeger
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear Endgame by : Jacques L. Fuqua

Download or read book Nuclear Endgame written by Jacques L. Fuqua and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2007-07-30 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the volatility and unpredictability North Korea has come to symbolize in international diplomacy and security issues, it represents only half of the potential danger on the Korean peninsula. In a notable departure from its past role as guarantor of stability on the Korean peninsula, the United States has, under the stewardship of the Bush administration, come to be regarded as, at best, an obstacle to peace and security, and at worst a potential trigger for hostility. The most immediate result of this shift on the Korean peninsula has been the US failure to undertake an effective policy formulation process, which has manifested itself (on both sides of the 38th parallel) in more reactive and convulsive responses to challenges from the North Korean regime. Without such understanding there is little hope of advancing discussions or resolving North Korea's nuclear program. Fundamental to understanding North Korea's endgame is realizing that its nuclear weapons program, while menacing, is unlikely to be used offensively without major provocation; it functions as a tool of its diplomacy—missile diplomacy—to ensure survival of the regime. Working closely with South Korea, the United States must ensure that any potential resolution reached on North Korea's nuclear program does not undermine its longer-term objectives for securing broader peace and security on the Korean peninsula. Ideally, any resolution brokered over the North's nuclear weapons program will provide a synergistic effect in addressing the conventional war threat posed by North Korea on the Korean peninsula. In short, the United States must undertake constructive engagement. Steadfast unwillingness to engage with North Korea only provides more fodder for the regime to stall any action, and, as part of its endgame, makes U.S. behavior the issue. the issue, which is part of its endgame.