Sol-Gel Methods for Materials Processing

Download Sol-Gel Methods for Materials Processing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402085141
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Methods for Materials Processing by : Yuriy L. Zub

Download or read book Sol-Gel Methods for Materials Processing written by Yuriy L. Zub and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-07-01 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sol-gel processing is a soft-chemistry method to obtain functional materials at low temperatures. This route can be used to produce very sophisticated nanomaterials and to tailor the materials to very specific applications. Adsorption and detection of pollutants, water purification and soil remediation represent challenging fields of application that can be exploited by sol-gel materials. In this volume several contributions from invited speakers and participants at the NATO advanced research workshop on "Sol-gel approaches to materials for pollution control, water purification and soil remediation", which has been held in Kiev, Ukraine on October 2007, are reported. The book offers a wide and updated overview of the most advanced sol-gel methods for materials processing and at the same time presents several case studies concerning possible solutions for environmental issues. General articles on sol-gel from the invited speakers and focused research articles allow getting inside sol-gel applications on this very important field.

Sol-Gel Materials

Download Sol-Gel Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482283166
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Materials by : John D. Wright

Download or read book Sol-Gel Materials written by John D. Wright and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sol-Gel processing methods, first used historically for decorative and constructional materials, were extensively developed in the last century for applications such as glasses, ceramics, catalysts, coatings, composites and fibres. Today they are reaching their full potential, enabling the preparation of new generations of advanced materials not easily accessible by other methods yet using mild, low-energy conditions. The topic is therefore increasingly included in advanced undergraduate, MSc and PhD programmes in the areas of chemistry, physics and materials science. This concise introductory text, written at the advanced undergraduate/first-year postgraduate level, is also suitable as an introduction to the development, mechanisms, chemistry, characterisation methods and applications of the technique. It provides readers with an extensive yet concise grounding in the theory of each area of the subject and details the real and potential applications and the future prospects of sol-gel chemistry.

Sol-Gel Processing and Applications

Download Sol-Gel Processing and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461525705
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Processing and Applications by : Y.A. Attia

Download or read book Sol-Gel Processing and Applications written by Y.A. Attia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During my professional career, I developed a strong interest in sol-gel technology, and worked on both xerogel and aerogel systems. My fascination with aerogels has driven me to explore their commercial potential, which is currently an important component of my company's business plan. Together with my co-workers, I have also worked on the preparation of controlled PZT and silica xerogels as well as thin film coatings of metals by the sol-gel technology, These experiences convinced me of the tremendous potentials of this technology. A conviction that is shared by many scientists, engineers, and business leaders around the globe. Many sol-gel derived products are already articles of commerce. However, to expand the commercial potential of sol-gel technology, two challenges must be met: (1) the quality of sol-gel derived products must continue to meet or exceed the quality of competing products, (2) the production cost of sol-gel products (specially aerogels) must continued to decline. A key to lowering the costs of sol-gel products is finding inexpensive precursors.

Sol-Gel Materials for Energy, Environment and Electronic Applications

Download Sol-Gel Materials for Energy, Environment and Electronic Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319501445
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Materials for Energy, Environment and Electronic Applications by : Suresh C. Pillai

Download or read book Sol-Gel Materials for Energy, Environment and Electronic Applications written by Suresh C. Pillai and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-16 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides expert coverage of the state-of-the-art in sol-gel materials for functional applications in energy, environment and electronics. The use of sol-gel technology has become a hotbed for cutting edge developments in many fields due to the accessibility of advanced materials through low energy processes. The book offers a broad view of this growing research area from basic science through high-level applications with the potential for commercialization and industrial use. Taking an integrated approach, expert chapters present a wide range of topics, from photocatalysts, solar cells and optics, to thin films and materials for energy storage and conversion, demonstrating the combined use of chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering in the search for solutions to some of the most challenging problems of our time.

Sol-gel Processing of Advanced Materials

Download Sol-gel Processing of Advanced Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-gel Processing of Advanced Materials by : Lisa C. Klein

Download or read book Sol-gel Processing of Advanced Materials written by Lisa C. Klein and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprises 48 presentations from a July 1996 symposium as noted above, though a confusing statement in the book (presumably in error) identifies a connection with a different symposium (99th Symposium on Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites, 1997, Cincinnati, OH). D

The Sol-Gel Handbook

Download The Sol-Gel Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 352767084X
Total Pages : 1616 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Sol-Gel Handbook by : David Levy

Download or read book The Sol-Gel Handbook written by David Levy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-08-28 with total page 1616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive three-volume handbook brings together a review of the current state together with the latest developments in sol-gel technology to put forward new ideas. The first volume, dedicated to synthesis and shaping, gives an in-depth overview of the wet-chemical processes that constitute the core of the sol-gel method and presents the various pathways for the successful synthesis of inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic materials, bio- and bio-inspired materials, powders, particles and fibers as well as sol-gel derived thin films, coatings and surfaces. The second volume deals with the mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of sol-gel derived materials and the methods for their characterization such as diffraction methods and nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The third volume concentrates on the various applications in the fields of membrane science, catalysis, energy research, biomaterials science, biomedicine, photonics and electronics.

Sol-Gel Science

Download Sol-Gel Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080571034
Total Pages : 925 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Science by : C. Jeffrey Brinker

Download or read book Sol-Gel Science written by C. Jeffrey Brinker and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 925 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing presents the physical and chemical principles of the sol-gel process. The book emphasizes the science behind sol-gel processing with a chapter devoted to applications. The first chapter introduces basic terminology, provides a brief historical sketch, and identifies some excellent texts for background reading. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss the mechanisms of hydrolysis and condensation for nonsilicate and silicate systems. Chapter 4 deals with stabilization and gelation of sols. Chapter 5 reviews theories of gelation and examines the predicted and observed changes in the properties of a sol in the vicinity of the gel point. Chapter 6 describes the changes in structure and properties that occur during aging of a gel in its pore liquor (or some other liquid). The discussion of drying is divided into two parts, with the theory concentrated in Chapter 7 and the phenomenology in Chapter 8. The structure of dried gels is explored in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 shows the possibility of using the gel as a substrate for chemical reactions or of modifying the bulk composition of the resulting ceramic by performing a surface reaction (such as nitridation) on the gel. Chapter 11 reviews the theory and practice of sintering, describing the mechanisms that govern densification of amorphous and crystalline materials, and showing the advantages of avoiding crystallization before sintering is complete. The properties of gel-derived and conventional ceramics are discussed in Chapter 12. The preparation of films is such an important aspect of sol-gel technology that the fundamentals of film formation are treated at length in Chapter 13. Films and other applications are briefly reviewed in Chapter 14. Materials scientists and researchers in the field of sol-gel processing will find the book invaluable.

Sol-Gel Derived Optical and Photonic Materials

Download Sol-Gel Derived Optical and Photonic Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128180196
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Derived Optical and Photonic Materials by : Rui Almeida

Download or read book Sol-Gel Derived Optical and Photonic Materials written by Rui Almeida and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-14 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sol-gel processing is a low temperature, low cost wet chemistry route to a range of different materials, particularly glassy and ceramic oxides, including nanoparticles and powders, fibers, thin films and membranes, or monoliths and composites. Thin films and coatings represent by far the most important category of sol-gel derived products with optical, electronic and magnetic functionalities, for example photoresist and dielectric spin-on-glass layers, flat screen displays, anti-reflection, conducting and magnetic disk coatings, as well as photochromic, electrochromic and photovoltaic coatings. Sol-gel derived materials are homogeneous at the molecular level and are a good example of a bottom-up approach to materials synthesis. There is increasing need of new optical and photonic materials with improved performance, where molecular level homogeneity and easy fabrication in film form may be especially convenient, highlighting a decisive advantage of sol-gel over other more established technologies to obtain graded index optical components, solar control coatings, phosphors, glass ceramics or multilayer photonic structures. There is no book available yet which focuses in particular on optical and photonic sol-gel derived materials. This is what makes this book unique at this point for those especially or exclusively interested in optical and photonic functional materials and applications. This book represents an important tool to update scientists and engineers with recent advances in the rapidly evolving field of optical and photonic materials, components and devices. Our target audience are those working in materials science, physics, engineering and chemistry disciplines, in particular academics and researchers working in advanced optical/photonic processing technologies, research and development engineers in high technology industries and research project leaders. This book will also be an essential tool for graduate students pursuing a PhD or even a Master's degree. Reviews wide range of sol-gel derived coatings including reflective and anti-reflective, self-cleaning, and electrochromic Discusses latest advances in sol-gel derived photonic crystals including one dimensional, two dimensional, and three dimensional structures Addresses key applications in solid state lighting, solar cells, sensors, fiber optics, and magneto-optical devices

Science and Technology of Polymers and Advanced Materials

Download Science and Technology of Polymers and Advanced Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429757603
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science and Technology of Polymers and Advanced Materials by : Omari V. Mukbaniani

Download or read book Science and Technology of Polymers and Advanced Materials written by Omari V. Mukbaniani and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-09-02 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing interest in lightweight and high-performance materials is leading to significant research activity in the area of polymers and composites. One recent focus is to develop multifunctional materials that have more than one property tailored as to the specified design requirements, in addition to achieving low density. The possibility of simultaneously tailoring several desired properties is attractive but very challenging, and it requires significant advancement in the science and technology of high-performance functional polymers and composites. This volume presents a selection of new approaches in the field of composites and nanomaterials, polymer synthesis and applications, and materials and their properties. Some composites/nanocomposites and interfaces are explored as well, some with medical applications. The authors also look at simulations and modeling, synthesis involving photochemistry, self-assembled hydrogels, and sol-gel processing.

Introduction to Sol-Gel Processing

Download Introduction to Sol-Gel Processing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030381447
Total Pages : 716 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Sol-Gel Processing by : Alain C. Pierre

Download or read book Introduction to Sol-Gel Processing written by Alain C. Pierre and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a broad, general introduction to the processing of Sol-Gel technologies. This updated volume serves as a general handbook for researchers and students entering the field. This new edition provides updates in fields that have undergone rapid developments, such as Ceramics, Catalysis, Chromatropgraphy, biomaterials, glass science, and optics. It provides a simple, compact resource that can also be used in graduate-level materials science courses.

Chemical Processing of Ceramics

Download Chemical Processing of Ceramics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824792442
Total Pages : 572 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (924 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chemical Processing of Ceramics by : Burtrand Insung Lee

Download or read book Chemical Processing of Ceramics written by Burtrand Insung Lee and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1994-08-12 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work details the various chemical procedures used to characterize and synthesize ceramic materials. It presents specific examples of classes of ceramic materials fabricated by chemical processes, including thin films, membranes and superconductors. New ceramic processing technologies that can be used in ceramic membrane preparation are considered.

Synthesis of Inorganic Materials

Download Synthesis of Inorganic Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344578
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Synthesis of Inorganic Materials by : Ulrich S. Schubert

Download or read book Synthesis of Inorganic Materials written by Ulrich S. Schubert and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-12-04 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces readers to the field of inorganic materials, while emphasizing synthesis and modification techniques Written from the chemist's point of view, this newly updated and completely revised fourth edition of Synthesis of Inorganic Materials provides a thorough and pedagogical introduction to the exciting and fast developing field of inorganic materials and features all of the latest developments. New to this edition is a chapter on self-assembly and self-organization, as well as all-new content on: demixing of glasses, non-classical crystallization, precursor chemistry, citrate-gel and Pechini liquid mix methods, ice-templating, and materials with hierarchical porosity. Synthesis of Inorganic Materials, 4th Edition features chapters covering: solid-state reactions; formation of solids from the gas phase; formation of solids from solutions and melts; preparation and modification of inorganic polymers; self-assembly and self-organization; templated materials; and nanostructured materials. There is also an extensive glossary to help bridge the gap between chemistry, solid state physics and materials science. In addition, a selection of books and review articles is provided at the end of each chapter as a starting point for more in-depth reading. -Gives the students a thorough overview of the fundamentals and the wide variety of different inorganic materials with applications in research as well as in industry -Every chapter is updated with new content -Includes a completely new chapter covering self-assembly and self-organization -Written by well-known and experienced authors who follow an intuitive and pedagogical approach Synthesis of Inorganic Materials, 4th Edition is a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate students as well as masters and graduate students of inorganic chemistry and materials science.

Sol-Gel Method

Download Sol-Gel Method PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789853338
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Method by : Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar

Download or read book Sol-Gel Method written by Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-02-13 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sol-gel method is a powerful route of synthesis used worldwide. It produces bulk, nano- and mesostructured sol-gel materials, which can encapsulate metallic and magnetic nanoparticles, non-linear azochromophores, perovskites, organic dyes, biological molecules, etc.. This can have interesting applications for catalysis, photocatalysis; drug delivery for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as cancer, Parkinson's and Azheimer's. In this book, valuable contributions related to novel materials synthesized by the sol-gel route are provided. The effect of the sol-gel method to synthesize these materials with potential properties is described, and how the variation of the parameters during the synthesis influences their design and allows to adjust their properties according to the desired application is discussed.

Handbook of sol-gel science and technology. 1. Sol-gel processing

Download Handbook of sol-gel science and technology. 1. Sol-gel processing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402079665
Total Pages : 716 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (796 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of sol-gel science and technology. 1. Sol-gel processing by : Sumio Sakka

Download or read book Handbook of sol-gel science and technology. 1. Sol-gel processing written by Sumio Sakka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since Dr. Disiich of Germany prepared a glass lens by the sol-gel method around 1970, sol-gel science and technology has continued to develop. Since then this field has seen remarkable technical developments as well as a broadening of the applications of sol-gel science and technology. There is a growing need for a comprehensive reference that treats both the fundamentals and the applications, and this is the aim of "Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology."The primary purpose of sol-gel science and technology is to produce materials, active and non-active including optical, electronic, chemical, sensor, bio- and structural materials. This means that sol-gel science and technology is related to all kinds of manufacturing industries. Thus Volume 1, "Sol-Gel Processing," is devoted to general aspects of processing. Newly developed materials such as organic-inorganic hybrids, photonic crystals, ferroelectric coatings, photocatalysts will be covered. Topics in this volume include: Volume 2, "Characterization of Sol-Gel Materials and Products, "highlights the important fact that useful materials are only produced when characterization is tied to processing. Furthermore, characterization is essential to the understanding of nanostructured materials, and sol-gel technology is a most important technology in this new field. Since nanomaterials display their functional property based on their nano- and micro-structure, "characterization" is very important. Topics found in Volume 2 include: Sol-gel technology is a versatile technology, making it possible to produce a wide variety of materials and to provide existing substances with novel properties. This technology was applied to producingnovel materials, for example organic-inorganic hybrids, which are quite difficult to make by other fabricating techniques, and it was also applied to producing materials based on high temperature superconducting oxides. "Applications of Sol-Gel Technology," (Volume 3), will cover applications such as:

Silica-Based Materials for Advanced Chemical Applications

Download Silica-Based Materials for Advanced Chemical Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1847557163
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (475 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silica-Based Materials for Advanced Chemical Applications by : Mario Pagliaro

Download or read book Silica-Based Materials for Advanced Chemical Applications written by Mario Pagliaro and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2009-03-16 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to address the hot topic of functional silica gels and their applications. Originally used mainly in chromatography, specialized silica gels have evolved into crucially important functional nanomaterials suitable for use in, amongst other things, chemical synthesis, analysis, purification, surface protection and drug release. It is estimated that the world's current 1 billion dollar market for sol-gels (mostly silica-based) will grow by more than 5% per year from 2006 to 2011. Actually, as many revolutionary products are now reaching the market, it will increase much faster. Commercial applications include glasses, paints, catalysts and fragrances. Medical uses include the delivery of vitamins, hormones and acne treatments and the synthesis of the powerful anticancer drug, taxol. Sol-gel technology also forms the basis of the MetaChip, thanks to which potential new drugs can be identified rapidly and simultaneously. With content relevant to both scientific and commercial viewpoints, the book will interest researchers and undergraduates as well as managers and consultants in the chemical industry. Those from an industrial background will gain a clear picture of what this technology is all about and how it can be used to solve their specific problems. All readers will benefit from the clear, concise style and consistent treatment of topics. The book demonstrates how chemists synthesize, from the bottom-up, tailor-made (nano)materials of immense practical importance spanning the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, engineering, biology and medicine. It also shows how the versatility of silica gels results from their physical and chemical properties. An updated outlook on new commercial products, and the companies which make them, greatly adds relevance and practical value to the text.

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents

Download Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1848826710
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (488 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents by : Markus Niederberger

Download or read book Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents written by Markus Niederberger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-17 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents discusses recent advances in the chemistry involved for the controlled synthesis and assembly of metal oxide nanoparticles, the characterizations required by such nanoobjects, and their size and shape depending properties. In the last few years, a valuable alternative to the well-known aqueous sol-gel processes was developed in the form of nonaqueous solution routes. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents reviews and compares surfactant- and solvent-controlled routes, as well as providing an overview of techniques for the characterization of metal oxide nanoparticles, crystallization pathways, the physical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles, their applications in diverse fields of technology, and their assembly into larger nano- and mesostructures. Researchers and postgraduates in the fields of nanomaterials and sol-gel chemistry will appreciate this book’s informative approach to chemical formation mechanisms in relation to metal oxides.

Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users

Download Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387889531
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (878 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users by : Michel Andre Aegerter

Download or read book Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users written by Michel Andre Aegerter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sol-Gel Techniques for Glass Producers and Users provides technological information, descriptions and characterizations of prototypes, or products already on the market, and illustrates advantages and disadvantages of the sol-gel process in comparison to other methods. The first chapter entitled "Wet Chemical Technology" gives a summary of the basic principles of the sol-gel chemistry. The most promising applications are related to coatings. Chapter 2 describes the various "Wet Chemical Coating Technologies" from glass cleaning to many deposition and post-coating treatment techniques. These include patterning of coatings through direct or indirect techniques which have became very important and for which the sol-gel processing is particularly well adapted. Chapter 3 entitled "Bulk Glass Technologies" reports on the preparation of special glasses for different applications. Chapter 4 entitled "Coatings and Materials Properties" describes the properties of the different coatings and the sol-gel materials, fibers and powders. The chapter also includes a section dedicated to the characterization techniques especially applied to sol-gel coatings and products.