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Socio Emotional Adjustment In Couples With Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Book Synopsis Socio-Emotional Adjustment in Couples with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Hoa Lam Schneider
Download or read book Socio-Emotional Adjustment in Couples with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Hoa Lam Schneider and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has seen a sharp rise in recent years, with as many as 1 in 68 children affected by ASD. While the impact of caring for a child with ASD is individualized and varied, the lifelong and pervasive nature of the disorder may put parents at risk for negative outcomes. Previous research with this population suggests that problem behavior associated with autism is one factor that may be related to adverse outcomes among parents. The present study aimed to elucidate the individual and dyadic experiences of parents of children with ASD using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. Results revealed that self-reported perceptions of ASD-related problem behavior, positive affect, and negative affect were highly concordant within couples, suggesting interdependence within the family unit. Additionally, the individual or intrapersonal effects of ASD-related problem behavior were associated with parental negative affect, but not positive affect. No gender differences emerged. Exploratory analyses examining dyadic or interpersonal effects were not significantly associated with positive or negative affect. These associations did not vary as a function of child age. Lastly, exploratory analyses found that discrepancies in ASD-related problem behavior was associated with paternal negative affect, but not maternal negative affect, maternal positive affect, or paternal positive affect. This research adds to the existing literature examining functioning within families, highlighting the importance of also examining positive aspects of parent functioning. Implications for family-focused interventions are discussed.
Book Synopsis Martial Adjustment in Parents of Multiple Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders by : Rachel Adele Mills
Download or read book Martial Adjustment in Parents of Multiple Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Rachel Adele Mills and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study investigated the relationship between raising multiple children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and martial adjustment and whether perceived social support moderates this relationship. The sample (n = 115) consisted of 77 parents of a single child diagnosed with an ASD and 44 parents of 2 or more children diagnosed with an ASD. There was no significant difference in martial adjustment between the parents of single versus multiple children with ASDs and no significant relationship between number of children with an ASD within a family and marital adjustment. Although the main hypotheses were not supported, data from experimental questions indicated that a majority of participants believed their marriage was affected by their child's ASD diagnosis and most rated this effect negatively. Further, for parents of multiple children with ASDs, the rating of degree of impact upon their marital relationship after the first diagnosis was significantly positively related to their marital impact rating following the second diagnosis, suggesting that parents who view the effects of the first diagnosis as negative are likely to view the effects of the second diagnosis negatively as well. Since there was no a significant relationship between number of children with and ASD and marital adjustment, social support was not tested as a moderator. However, there was a significant positive relationship between dyadic adjustment and perceived social support. Further research examining the effects of parenting multiple children with ASDs is warranted.
Book Synopsis Parenting Stress by : Kirby Deater-Deckard
Download or read book Parenting Stress written by Kirby Deater-Deckard and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2008-10-01 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All parents experience stress as they attempt to meet the challenges of caring for their children. This comprehensive book examines the causes and consequences of parenting distress, drawing on a wide array of findings in current empirical research. Kirby Deater-Deckard explores normal and pathological parenting stress, the influences of parents on their children as well as children on their parents, and the effects of biological and environmental factors. Beginning with an overview of theories of stress and coping, Deater-Deckard goes on to describe how parenting stress is linked with problems in adult and child health (emotional problems, developmental disorders, illness); parental behaviors (warmth, harsh discipline); and factors outside the family (marital quality, work roles, cultural influences). The book concludes with a useful review of coping strategies and interventions that have been demonstrated to alleviate parenting stress.
Book Synopsis Stress and Coping in Autism by : M. Grace Baron
Download or read book Stress and Coping in Autism written by M. Grace Baron and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher description
Book Synopsis Psychological and Social Adjustment of Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Meghan Gunderson
Download or read book Psychological and Social Adjustment of Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Meghan Gunderson and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Summary of Eva A. Mendes' Marriage and Lasting Relationships with Asperger's Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) by : Everest Media,
Download or read book Summary of Eva A. Mendes' Marriage and Lasting Relationships with Asperger's Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) written by Everest Media, and published by Everest Media LLC. This book was released on 2022-06-30T22:59:00Z with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Sample Book Insights: #1 When a neurodiverse marriage fails, it can be several years before either partner realizes that ASD is at play. The NS partner may begin looking for additional explanations for her husband’s behavior, and may begin to wonder why her partner doesn’t love her. #2 Adults with ASD are often successful at work, and may go their entire lives without feeling the need to seek a diagnosis. Many psychiatrists provide medication during a 20-minute appointment, but not counseling. #3 The prevalence of ASD is on the rise. It is mainly genetic, but environmental causes cannot be completely ruled out. Neurodiversity is the idea that neurological differences like autism and ADHD are the result of normal, natural variation in the human genome. #4 The autism spectrum is a neurological difference, rather than a mental disorder. It is not a disease that needs to be cured. It is characterized by a set of traits, or a behavioral profile with certain core features.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Johnny L. Matson
Download or read book Handbook of Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Johnny L. Matson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-03 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a comprehensive review of the numerous factors associated with treatments for children, youth, and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It offers in-depth analysis of evidence-based treatments for young children, providing coverage on interventions within social skills training, school curricula, communication and speech training, and augmentative communication. It also covers treatments for adolescents and adults, including vocational programs, social integration programs, and mental health resources. Chapters also review several popular interventions such as functional behavior analysis, sensory integration therapy, early intensive behavioral interventions (EIBI), and floor time. In addition, the Handbook discusses standards of practice, focusing on ethical issues, review boards, training concerns, and informed consent. Topics featured in the Handbook include: Training for parents of individuals diagnosed with ASD. Treatment of socially reinforced problem behavior. Comorbid challenging behaviors. Post-secondary education supports and programs for adults. The TEACCH Program for people with ASD. Treatment of addiction in adults with ASD. Diet and nutrition based treatments targeted at children with ASD. The Handbook of Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder is a must-have reference for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in clinical child, school, and developmental psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, and social work as well as rehabilitation medicine/therapy, behavioral therapy, pediatrics, and educational psychology.
Book Synopsis Social Skills Across the Life Span by : Douglas W. Nangle
Download or read book Social Skills Across the Life Span written by Douglas W. Nangle and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social skills are critical to psychological adjustment across the lifespan. These skills are necessary for attaining a variety of important social, emotional, and interpersonal goals. Social skill definits and resulting negative social interactions are associated with a wide variety of adjustment problems and psychological disorders. Social Skills across the Life Span: Theory is a comprehensive social skills volume providing in-depth coverage of theory, assessment, and intervention. Divided into three major sections, the volume begins with the definition of social competence, developmental factors, and relations to adjustment. This is followed by coverage of general assessment and intervention issues across the lifespan. In the third section, program developers describe specific evidence-based interventions. - Identifies how social skills influence social competence and well being - Addresses the full lifespan - Reviews methods to assess and intervene with children and adults - Details evidence-based interventions for children and adults
Book Synopsis Expressed Emotion and Adjustment in Families with Children with Autism Spectrum Conditions by : Natalie R. Peace
Download or read book Expressed Emotion and Adjustment in Families with Children with Autism Spectrum Conditions written by Natalie R. Peace and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) present with social and communication deficits, and patterns of restricted and repetitive behaviours (APA, 2000). These difficulties have significant impacts for families, including increased levels of stress and mental health problems when compared to parents raising children with other developmental or intellectual conditions (e.g. Singer, 2006). Research has sought to understand this impact and to identify the factors that place parents at risk for poor adjustment outcomes so that interventions can be effectively tailored to facilitate improved outcomes for families. This thesis reviews the adjustment literature and considers how it fits within a widely used model of adjustment, the Double ABCX model (McCubbin & Patterson, 1983). It then goes on to consider the importance of the parent-child relationship for adjustment via the construct of Expressed Emotion (EE), and explores how this literature adds to our understanding of the adjustment process in families of children with ASC. Next, the role of EE in the adjustment process of families of children with ASC is investigated. A mediation model is proposed that incorporates a measure of EE within the Double ABCX model. The validity of this model is tested in a sample of primary caregivers who have children with ASC. Whilst the results of the study indicate that EE does not have a mediating role in the adjustment of these families, the study has a number of limitations and suggestions for future research that are discussed in detail.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Social Behavior and Skills in Children by : Johnny L. Matson
Download or read book Handbook of Social Behavior and Skills in Children written by Johnny L. Matson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook addresses a broad range of topics relating to children’s social behaviors and skills. It examines numerous disorders and problems that are directly affected by excesses and deficits of social skills. The book begins by providing an overview of the history and definition of social skills, citing it as a critical aspect of children’s development. Chapters discuss developmental issues, provide theories of social competence, and assemble proven strategies for promoting the growth of social skills and for treating their deficits. The handbook also reviews a variety of methods for assessing various social competencies, including direct and naturalistic observation, skills checklists, self-reports, and functional behavior analysis. In addition, it provides a comprehensive overview of various training methods, including social learning, parent and peer treatments, self-control methods, social skill group programs, and curricula. Topics featured in the Handbook include: Current research and practical strategies for promoting children’s social and emotional competence in schools. Social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Intellectual disabilities and their effect on social skills. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its effect on the development of social skills in children. Evidence-based methods of dealing with social difficulties in conduct disorder. The Handbook of Social Behavior and Skills in Children is a must-have resource for researchers, graduate students, clinicians, and related therapists and professionals in clinical child and school psychology, pediatrics, social work, developmental psychology, behavioral therapy/rehabilitation, child and adolescent psychiatry, and special education.
Book Synopsis Emotion Regulation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Victoria Elizabeth Ting
Download or read book Emotion Regulation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Victoria Elizabeth Ting and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Investigation of Attachment and Emotion-processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders During Middle Childhood by : Carmel Sivaratnam
Download or read book An Investigation of Attachment and Emotion-processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders During Middle Childhood written by Carmel Sivaratnam and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism Spectrum Disorders (henceforth referred to as ASD) are a cluster of neurodevelopmental disorders marked by deficits in social and communicative ability, as well as the presence of restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour and interests. Empirical research is increasingly being undertaken to further characterise the profile and correlates of a range of socio-emotional impairments seen in ASD beyond the core deficits, given findings of poorer health-related quality of life in psychological, emotional, and social domains in children with ASD than children without ASD. One such area of functioning in which children with ASD have been found to experience impairments is that of emotion-processing. Emotion-processing encompasses the ability to recognize and understand others' and one's own emotional states, as well as to regulate one's own emotional states and behaviour to attain a goal or to fit a context. Furthermore, research has found that impairments in emotion-regulation, particularly the regulation of negative emotions such as anger or sadness, often underlie clinical presentations of internalizing and externalizing difficulties. Given the heterogeneity in the severity of emotion-recognition and regulation deficits across groups of children with ASD as a function of cognitive ability, for the purposes of this thesis, the focus was on children with normative cognitive functioning (FSIQ ≥ 70), commonly referred to in the literature as children with high-functioning ASD.While the development of secure attachment relationships has consistently been linked to the ability to understand, express, and regulate emotion appropriately in typical development, the role of attachment in influencing emotion-processing in children with ASD is relatively unexplored. Furthermore, the majority of studies to date investigating the profile of the various organized attachment classifications (secure, insecure avoidant, and insecure ambivalent) in ASD populations have incorporated samples of toddlers and young children. Consequently, the profile and characteristics of organized secure and insecure attachments in middle childhood in ASD is currently unclear, although a small number of studies have begun to address this gap in the literature (eg. Bauminger, Solomon, & Rogers, 2010; Chandler & Dissanayake, 2013). The clarification of the nature of attachment relationships and their emotional correlates in ASD has the potential to drive a deeper understanding of the interplay of environmental and organic factors influencing emotion-processing difficulties and consequently, a more holistic approach to formulations and interventions for clinical presentations of these difficulties in school-aged children with ASD. Thus, the aims of this thesis were:1.To investigate the profile of the various organized attachment classifications in children with ASD relative to typically-developing children during the middle childhood period.2. To explore the role of attachment in emotion-processing in children with ASD during middle childhood. Specifically, the studies presented aimed to clarify the influence of organized attachment classifications and attachment relationships on the ability to recognise, understand, and regulate emotions.3.To further consolidate the profile of emotion-processing deficits in children with ASD in middle childhood, through the investigation of emotion-recognition, emotion-regulation, theory of mind, and broader internalizing and externalizing difficulties seen in this group. Study 1 explored group differences on dimensional measures of attachment classifications, specifically attachment security, avoidance, and ambivalence, in an ASD sample and a typically-developing group similar on age and cognitive ability, as examined by self-report measures. This study also examined the relationships that organized attachment classifications had with emotion-recognition and theory of mind in each group, alongside the contribution of executive functioning ability, specifically working memory and inhibition, which have been found to be impaired in children with ASD. Study 2 explored the relationships that the various attachment classifications had with internalizing and externalizing symptomatology in children with ASD as well as in the typically-developing group. In Study 3, qualitative interviews of mothers of children with ASD were undertaken for an in-depth exploration of the role of attachment relationships in the regulation of negative emotion in ASD. The qualitative study examined the nature of attachment relationships in children with ASD beyond formal attachment classifications.Findings from Study 1 suggested that levels of attachment security, avoidance and ambivalence, as measured by self-report measures of formal attachment classifications, may be similar in children with high-functioning ASD relative to TD groups. Study 3 further complemented this finding by indicating that children with high-functioning ASD demonstrate similar distress-signalling and comfort-seeking behaviours to theoretical and empirical accounts of TD children within the mother-child attachment relationship. Nevertheless, the qualitative investigations in Study 3 also revealed a range of subtle characteristics of interaction within ASD dyads which may differentiate dynamics of attachment behaviour between ASD and TD groups when experiencing negative emotion, particularly relating to the child's social and communicative difficulties in the context of signalling distress as well as seeking and responding to comfort within the mother- child attachment relationship.Findings from Study 1 of unimpaired performance on emotion-recognition and theory of mind tasks relative to the typically-developing group, together with correlations that executive functioning had with these measures, corroborates the current empirical notion that high-functioning groups with ASD may use compensatory cognitive strategies to pass structured, behavioural measures of emotion-processing. Consistent with the current literature, Study 2 found that children with ASD demonstrated higher rates of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology, while Study 3 indicated impairments in emotion-regulation, particularly in the experience of highly intense negative emotions, mood fluctuations, and poor frustration tolerance. Furthermore, a positive relationship between levels of attachment ambivalence and rule-breaking behavior was found in the ASD group in Study 2.Taken together, the current studies suggest that organized attachment orientations of security or insecurity may not be linked to performance on structured, behavioural measures of emotion-processing, but that attachment orientations, and more broadly, the dynamics of interaction within attachment relationships, may influence presentations of everyday emotional functioning, particularly, in the regulation of negative emotions as well as in clinical presentations of externalizing symptomatology. Findings from the collection of studies presented provide support for the role of attachment in emotion-regulation and broader emotional functioning in children with high-functioning ASD as seen in TD groups, and consequently, highlight the need for the further characterization of the interplay of factors influencing the relationship between attachment and emotion-processing in ASD. The use of qualitative methodologies exploring attachment relationships alongside measures of formal attachment classifications are warranted in order to capture the nuanced dynamics of attachment relationships in ASD dyads and consequently gain a deeper and more holistic understanding of the role of attachment in the everyday emotion-processing difficulties seen in ASD.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309388570 Total Pages :525 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (93 download)
Book Synopsis Parenting Matters by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Parenting Matters written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€"which includes all primary caregiversâ€"are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States.
Book Synopsis Comprehensive Guide to Autism by : Vinood B. Patel
Download or read book Comprehensive Guide to Autism written by Vinood B. Patel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-10-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism is a complex multifaceted disorder affecting neurodevelopment during the early years of life and, for many, throughout the life span. Inherent features include difficulties or deficits in communication, social interaction, cognition, and interpersonal behavioral coordination, to name just a few. Autism profoundly impacts the affected individual, the family, and, in many cases, the localized communities. The increased prevalence of childhood autism has resulted in rapid developments in a wide range of disciplines in recent years. Nevertheless, despite intensive research, the cause(s) remain unresolved and no single treatment strategy is employed. To address these issues, Comprehensive Guide to Autism is an all-embracing reference that offers analyses and discussions of contemporary issues in the field of autism. The work brings together scientific material from leading experts in the field relating to a wide range of important current topics, such as the early identification and treatment of children with autism, pertinent social and behavioral studies, recent developments in genetics and immunology, the influence of diet, models of autism, and future treatment prospects. Comprehensive Guide to Autism contains essential readings for behavioral science researchers, psychologists, physicians, social workers, parents, and caregivers.
Book Synopsis Respite Care and Marital Quality by : Amber Harper
Download or read book Respite Care and Marital Quality written by Amber Harper and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at greater risk than other couples for having higher stress levels and lower marital quality. Respite care has been suggested as a way to help alleviate stress. This study investigated the relationship between respite care and marital quality; and the potential of mother stress and father stress as mediating variables. One hundred and one couples, each consisting of a mother and a father who lived with their child with an ASD, were given questionnaires including a respite questionnaire, Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Experience in Close Relationships Questionnaire, and Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale. Results showed that the amount of respite care was positively related to marital quality for both husbands and wives. Husband and wife stress and husband and wife uplifts mediated the relationship between respite care and marital quality for both husbands and wives, indicating these variables of stress and uplifts were processes through which respite care had an indirect effect on marital quality. Results suggest that policy makers should develop strategies for providing respite care for families with children diagnosed with an ASD.
Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Isolation and Social Emotional Experiences in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Jana Arsian
Download or read book The Relationship Between Isolation and Social Emotional Experiences in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Jana Arsian and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: Children with ASD often face socioemotional challenges compared to their typical developing classmates (Chamberlain et al., 2006; Deckers et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2021; Locke et al, 2010; Zeedyk et al., 2015). The objective of the current study was to assess the relationship between classroom isolation and social emotional experiences (i.e., social isolation, loneliness, self-efficacy with peers, and friendship quality) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) through self-report surveys in order to foster the best possible academic environment for children with ASD to succeed and create outlets for further research to be developed in regards to this subject. It was hypothesized that children with ASD who are isolated from their peers by being placed in a separate, non-typical classroom setting for longer periods of time (e.g., years vs. months) would feel more isolated and lonely, and have lower perceptions of self-efficacy, and friendship quality. The present study contained four scales assessing social emotional experiences employed on an online, anonymous survey. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to assess differences between groups of participants based on degree of isolation from the mainstream classroom and the dependent variables feelings of isolation, loneliness, self-efficacy with peers, and friendship quality. While findings of the current study did not exhibit differences between groups on feelings of isolation, loneliness, self-efficacy with peers, and friendship quality specific to conflict and compassion, results of the study did reveal that the longer participants were isolated from the mainstream classroom, the greater sense of friendship and closeness they experienced. Future research is needed to better understand how isolation relates to psychosocial experiences in children with ASD.
Book Synopsis Empathic Accuracy by : William John Ickes
Download or read book Empathic Accuracy written by William John Ickes and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empathic inference, or "everyday-mind reading", is a form of complex psychological inference in which observation, memory, knowledge, and reasoning are combined to yield insights into the subjective experience of others. This comprehensive volume addresses the question of how accurate our "readings" of thoughts and feelings of others actually are, introducing two innovative methods for objectivity measuring this key dimension of social intelligence. Presenting cutting-edge research in this emerging area, the volume offers essential insights into how and why people sometimes succeed, and sometimes fail, in their attempts to understand each other. Leading experts cover such topics as the evolutionary and social-developmental origins of empathic accuracy; physiological aspects of empathic accuracy; gender and other individual difference variables; empathic accuracy and processes of mental control; the dynamic role of empathic accuracy in personal and psychotherapeutic relationships; and the relation of empathic accuracy to applied domains in psychology. This book will be of interest to students, researchers, and professionals in a range of disciplines, including personality and social psychology, clinical and counseling psychology, communication, developmental psychology, and marriage and family studies.
