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Social Networks As Contract Enforcement
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Book Synopsis Social Networks as Contract Enforcement by : Arun G. Chandrasekhar
Download or read book Social Networks as Contract Enforcement written by Arun G. Chandrasekhar and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Absence of well-functioning formal institutions leads to reliance on social networks to enforce informal contracts. Social ties may aid cooperation, but agents vary in network centrality, and this hierarchy may hinder cooperation. To assess the extent to which networks substitute for enforcement, we conducted high-stakes games across 34 Indian villages. We randomized subjects' partners and whether contracts were enforced to estimate how partners' relative network position differentially matters across contracting environments. Socially close pairs cooperate even without enforcement; distant pairs do not. Pairs with unequal importance behave less cooperatively without enforcement. Thus capacity for cooperation depends on the underlying network.
Book Synopsis Social Networks and the Enforcement of International Law by : Shai Dothan
Download or read book Social Networks and the Enforcement of International Law written by Shai Dothan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social Network Analysis has a growing influence on legal scholarship. By investigating social connections between individuals or institutions, hypotheses about their behavior can be raised and tested. One of the key debates in Social Network Analysis is whether interactions within the network can help improve the information held by its members (the "Bandwidth hypothesis") or do they instead corrupt the information held by the members by amplifying their biases (the "Echo hypothesis"). The paper argues that the network of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) which try to enforce the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on recalcitrant states processes information well and complies with the Bandwidth hypothesis. It draws on an earlier empirical study that used both quantitative and qualitative methods to show that NGOs focus most of their attention on severe violations and legally important cases. This study also showed that NGOs tend to focus on states that usually comply with international law rather than states that usually violate their international obligations. This finding has valuable implications for the understanding of reputational sanctions among states in the international arena.
Book Synopsis Trust and Social Collateral by : Markus Mobius
Download or read book Trust and Social Collateral written by Markus Mobius and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper builds a theory of informal contract enforcement in social networks. In our model, relationships between individuals generate social collateral that can be used to control moral hazard when agents interact in a borrowing relationship. We define trust between two agents as the maximum amount that one can borrow from the other, and derive a simple reduced form expression for trust as a function of the social network. We show that trust is higher in more connected and more homogenous societies, and relate our trust measure to commonly used network statistics. Our model predicts that dense networks generate greater welfare when arrangements typically require high trust, and loose networks create more welfare otherwise. Using data on social networks and behavior in dictator games, we document evidence consistent with the quantitative predictions of the model.
Book Synopsis Contract Enforcement in Transition by : Simon Johnson
Download or read book Contract Enforcement in Transition written by Simon Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interactive Contracting in Social Networks by : Mark Chen
Download or read book Interactive Contracting in Social Networks written by Mark Chen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last two decades have witnessed an explosive growth in the use of online social networking services. These services, commonly known as social networks, provide people with a flexible medium through which to communicate and interact with others. People and businesses alike have discovered a plethora of ways in which to capitalize on this flexibility. For example, many college students use social networks to organize events and share pictures, some musicians use social networks to market and promote their albums, and several businesses use social networks as public-relations tools. Moreover, social networks have also played prominent roles in both orchestrating and combating revolutions and public protests. Due in part to the high transaction costs involved in negotiating separate contracts with every customer, most Internet services, including social networks, rely on standard-form, electronic contracts. These standard-form contracts impose a fixed set of contractual terms upon every customer. Social network providers prepare all of the terms in these contracts, and potential consumers must either accept the social network's contract as a whole or abstain from using the social network. The consumers themselves have no opportunity to bargain or to negotiate over the terms of the contract. Some social networks have discovered, however, that standard-form contracts are ill-equipped to accommodate the diverse interests and desires of their users. In particular, standard-form contracts are ill-suited for situations in which some users' have interests that are mutually exclusive of other users' interests. For example, consider a situation where User A desires “X” while User B desires “Y” from a social network. Neither User A nor User B can have both X and Y. If both users could separately negotiate with the social network, User A would contract for X and User B would contract for Y. However, because the social network uses a standard form contract to bind both users, the social network must strike a balancing act between X and Y. This result will be undesirable to at least one of the users, whose desires will be unfulfilled. Moreover, this result is also undesirable for the social network because the social network loses the ability to extract additional consideration from users who have special, but mutually-exclusive, interests. This Note advocates the use of an “interactive contract,” a variation on the standard-form contract, to resolve the problem of mutually exclusive interests. An interactive contract would mirror a standard-form contract in all respects except that, with respect to certain terms, consumers would have the ability to choose between several prewritten provisions. As a basic example, imagine a provider that deals mostly with California and Nevada customers. The provider's standard-form contract could contain a choice-of-venue provision that reads, “Any disputes that arise under this contract will be brought in a court of the state of...” The provision then has a pull-down menu where the consumer can select either “California” or “Nevada.” Assuming that the provider prefers California law, the provider could then either charge a fee for consumers that want to select “Nevada,” or could couple the “Nevada” provision with additional terms that might be more favorable to the provider. This interactive arrangement allows different customers to better attain their interests, and it allows the provider to capitalize on the differing interests that some customers may have. Moreover, interactive contracts retain the same economies-of-scale benefits that standard-form contracts offer because the provider does not have to actively negotiate with any of its customers.
Book Synopsis Social networks and private law by : Carolina Perlingieri
Download or read book Social networks and private law written by Carolina Perlingieri and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Social Networks - The Modern-Day Family by : Vanessa Kirch
Download or read book Social Networks - The Modern-Day Family written by Vanessa Kirch and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-13 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social networks have created a plethora of problems regarding privacy and the protection of personal data. The use of social networks has become a key concern of legal scholars, policy-makers and the operators as well as users of those social networks. This pathbreaking book highlights the importance of privacy in the context of today's new electronic communication technologies as it presents conflicting claims to protect national and international security, the freedom of the Internet and economic considerations. Using the New Haven School of Jurisprudence's intellectual framework, the author presents the applicable law on privacy and social media in international and comparative perspective, focusing on the United States, the European Union and its General Data Protection Regulation of 2018 as well as Germany, the United Kingdom and Latin America. The book appraises the law in place, discusses alternatives and presents recommendations in pursuit of a public order of human dignity.
Book Synopsis Global Order Beyond Law by : Thomas Dietz
Download or read book Global Order Beyond Law written by Thomas Dietz and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-12-01 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Well-functioning contract law is a crucial prerequisite for economic development. However, even though international trade has increased enormously in recent decades, we still know little about the contract enforcement mechanisms that exist in today's globalised markets. The aim of this work is to shed light on the governance of complex cross-border contracts by developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the relevance of both formal and informal institutions. This framework is then applied to an empirical study of cross-border software development contracts. Combining a unique data set of 41 qualitative expert interviews with statistical data and surveys, the author demonstrates that state contract laws show fundamental signs of dysfunction across borders. Companies engaged in globalised exchange therefore rarely use this mechanism. Even the European Union's supranational enforcement order is, in practice, insignificant. Against all expectations, international commercial arbitration also turns out to be limited in its ability to provide a workable legal infrastructure for global commerce. With global trade lacking a reliable formal legal order, companies have reacted by creating their own informal governance structures. This book explains how complex exchange in global markets has emerged in the absence of a global legal order.
Book Synopsis Networks in Finance by : Franklin Allen
Download or read book Networks in Finance written by Franklin Allen and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the eBook version of the printed book. If the print book includes a CD-ROM, this content is not included within the eBook version. Modern financial systems exhibit a high degree of interdependence, with connections.
Book Synopsis The Transition from Relational to Legal Contract Enforcement by : Fali Huang
Download or read book The Transition from Relational to Legal Contract Enforcement written by Fali Huang and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the transition of contract enforcement institutions. The prevalence of relational contracts, low legal quality, strong cultural preference for personalistic relationships, low social mobility, and highly unequal endowment form a cluster of mutually reinforcing institutions that hinder economic development. The cultural element per se does not necessarily reduce social welfare though it may slow down the legal development, while the real problem lies in endowment inequality and low social mobility. Thus a more equal distribution of resources may be the ultimate key to unravel the above interlocking institutions. These results are generally consistent with the empirical evidence.
Book Synopsis Advances in Economic Design by : Murat R. Sertel
Download or read book Advances in Economic Design written by Murat R. Sertel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-04-15 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some of the finest and most recent research in economic and political design is presented. Among the authors are several prominent academics as well as many new and promising researchers. They investigate social choice and electoral systems, auctions, matching, bargaining, coalitional stability and efficiency, regulation, the design of rights, mechanisms, games, hierarchies and information. The book is bound to become a standard reference as a collection displaying where we are and where we are going in a broad spectrum of areas in economic design.
Book Synopsis Using Social Media and Social Network Analysis in Law Enforcement by : John S. Hollywood
Download or read book Using Social Media and Social Network Analysis in Law Enforcement written by John S. Hollywood and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Social Network Analysis and Law Enforcement by : Morgan Burcher
Download or read book Social Network Analysis and Law Enforcement written by Morgan Burcher and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2021-08-08 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the use of social network analysis (SNA) in operational environments from the perspective of those who actually apply it. A rapidly growing body of literature suggests that SNA can reveal significant insights into the overall structure of criminal networks as well as the position of critical actors within such groups. This book draws on the existing SNA and intelligence literature, as well as qualitative interviews with crime intelligence analysts from two Australian state law enforcement agencies to understand its use by law enforcement agencies and the extent to which it can be used in practice. It includes a discussion of the challenges that analysts face when attempting to apply various network analysis techniques to criminal networks. Overall, it advances SNA as an investigative tool, and provides a significant contribution to the field that will be of interest to both researchers and practitioners interested in social network analysis, intelligence analysis and law enforcement.
Book Synopsis Social Networks, Optimal Contract Design, and Present BIAS by : Marco Alexander Schwarz
Download or read book Social Networks, Optimal Contract Design, and Present BIAS written by Marco Alexander Schwarz and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Lawlessness and Economics by : Avinash K. Dixit
Download or read book Lawlessness and Economics written by Avinash K. Dixit and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2007-05-13 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can property rights be protected and contracts be enforced in countries where the rule of law is ineffective or absent? How can firms from advanced market economies do business in such circumstances? In Lawlessness and Economics, Avinash Dixit examines the theory of private institutions that transcend or supplement weak economic governance from the state. In much of the world and through much of history, private mechanisms--such as long-term relationships, arbitration, social networks to disseminate information and norms to impose sanctions, and for-profit enforcement services--have grown up in place of formal, state-governed institutions. Even in countries with strong legal systems, many of these mechanisms continue under the shadow of the law. Numerous case studies and empirical investigations have demonstrated the variety, importance, and merits, and drawbacks of such institutions. This book builds on these studies and constructs a toolkit of theoretical models to analyze them. The models shed new conceptual light on the different modes of governance, and deepen our understanding of the interaction of the alternative institutions with each other and with the government's law. For example, one model explains the limit on the size of social networks and illuminates problems in the transition to more formal legal systems as economies grow beyond this limit. Other models explain why for-profit enforcement is inefficient. The models also help us understand why state law dovetails with some non-state institutions and collides with others. This can help less-developed countries and transition economies devise better processes for the introduction or reform of their formal legal systems.
Book Synopsis The Law of Virtual Worlds and Internet Social Networks by : Andrew Sparrow
Download or read book The Law of Virtual Worlds and Internet Social Networks written by Andrew Sparrow and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-03-03 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virtual worlds are the latest manifestation of the internet's inexorable appetite for development. Organisations of all kinds are enthusiastically pursuing the commercial opportunities offered by the growth of this phenomenon. But if you believe that there are no laws which govern internet social networks and virtual worlds this book will persuade you otherwise. There is law, and a good deal of it. Why would there not be? As with many other aspects of the world wide web, this new medium is unregulated and offers many opportunities for companies to damage their reputation, run into a whole host of problems relating to intellectual property, trade marks and copyrights, and compromise the rights of individuals participating within the virtual environment. By reading The Law of Virtual Worlds and Internet Social Networks you will gain a good understanding of the legal issues which govern this expanding and fascinating world - are you ready for the leap from internet plaything to meaningful social and business tool? The Law of Virtual Worlds and Internet Social Networks is an essential reference for advertising and media agencies; television broadcast producers; academic institutions including university law, knowledge and information departments. In fact, it has been written for anyone interested in virtual worlds and social networks whether commercially because you want to explore the possibilities such environments present, or for academic curiosity.
Book Synopsis Social Media Security by : Michael Cross
Download or read book Social Media Security written by Michael Cross and published by Syngress Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Technology has become less about connecting computers, and more about connecting people. A major reason for this evolution is that the use of social media has exploded in the last few years, making it easier for individuals and businesses to contact others and get their messages across to large audiences. According to a July 2012 study by the McKinsey Global Institute, there are 1.5 billion people using social networking throughout the world, with 80% of them interacting regularly with other social media users. Its popularity and the drive to reach to customers has lead to 70% of companies using social media. Social technology has become a way of life in how we socialize and do business. However, while social media is a powerful tool for interacting with others, many people and organizations have jumped into using it without considering the risks. The threats you face can affect your safety, your job and your business. In this book, we'll show you how to deal with the potential dangers, but before that, let's start by understanding what social media is and how it's evolved"--
