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Side Effects Of The Modernisation Of Eu Competition Law
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Book Synopsis Side Effects of the Modernisation of EU Competition Law by : Laura Parret
Download or read book Side Effects of the Modernisation of EU Competition Law written by Laura Parret and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an investigation of several aspects of the so-called modernization of EU competition law. It brings together a number of articles written between 2005 and 2010, supplemented by an overall analysis and forward looking conclusion. Modernization affected both the enforcement of competition law (the entry into Reg. 1/2003 and decentralization), as well as the substantive application of the law (a more economical approach). Five subjects are dealt with in consequent chapters. They all touch on, sometimes unintended, the important side effects of modernization. The first subject is the level of individual judicial protection offered by the EU courts. The second subject is the interstate trade clause which has acquired a new role after modernization. The third subject is highly relevant in practice, namely the rules on proof in cartel cases. The book then goes on to examine the crucial issue of the objectives of EU competition law and, finally, devotes an article to the challenging question whether there is still a role for the principle of national procedural autonomy and what effectiveness still requires now in terms of further harmonization of national procedures. In a substantial last chapter, the different essays and articles are drawn together and a number of fundamental issues are addressed: the relationship between competition policy and the internal market, the pressures put on the institutional and procedural framework by substantive modernization, the difficult relationship between decentralization, convergence and consistency, and the need for a sufficient system of judicial protection at the EU level.
Book Synopsis Consistency and Modernisation of EU Competition Law by : Alexandre Ruiz Feases
Download or read book Consistency and Modernisation of EU Competition Law written by Alexandre Ruiz Feases and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent developments in the modernisation of the prohibition of abuse of dominance (e.g., Intel) have created the impression that Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and merger control are finally aligned with each other. Against this backdrop, this thesis focuses on appreciability and explores to what extent this statement holds true. To this end, the thesis completes two tasks. It first examines the consistency of EU competition law by taking appreciability as a benchmark and vertical restraints as case study. Once the existence of inconsistencies is confirmed, the thesis tackles the following research question: how to rethink appreciability to repair the consistency of competition law? More concretely, the doctoral dissertation identifies the presence of a category of restrictions of competition that are neither de minimis nor appreciable; as well as the adoption of two different approaches to appreciability by the European Commission and EU courts: an analysis-based and an assumption-based approach. It contends that the coexistence of both approaches undermines the consistency of competition law: under the former there is room for considering some restrictions non-appreciable due to their small impact on competition, whereas under the latter the degree of harm is always assumed to be high. Moreover, the thesis finds that appreciability is not playing a part in the modernisation of EU competition law, which exacerbates the inconsistency of this legal system. To repair the consistency of EU competition law, the thesis proposes a superior policy for appreciability. In doing so, it explores the role of appreciability in competition law, its structure as a rule and a standard, and its position vis-à-vis other standards in the enforcement of competition rules. The thesis suggests combining the analysis-based with a presumption-based approach, which can be adopted on a case-by-case basis depending on the legal provision and type of restriction at issue.
Book Synopsis Coherence in EU Competition Law by : Wolf Sauter
Download or read book Coherence in EU Competition Law written by Wolf Sauter and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-26 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EU competition law plays a central role in the process of European integration both as a multifaceted tool for creating and policing the internal market as well as in organising national markets. Yet as a consequence of this role it is also subject to increasingly complex demands, a proliferation of (sectoral) regimes, and multiple objectives at both an EU and national level. This profligacy entails risks of fragmentation and divergence - which could jeopardise the proper functioning of the internal market. In this examination of EU competition law, Wolf Sauter discusses three main issues: (i) what degree of coherence exists in EU competition law; (ii) how this coherence can be explained, particularly in the broader context of integration by EU law; and (iii) how it contributes to the legitimacy and effectiveness of EU competition law. Specific focus is placed on antitrust, while mergers, state aid control, as well as the sectoral regimes for energy and electronic communications are also examined. In addition the book also charts the history and framework of these competition regimes that jointly constitute EU competition law, defining both its objectives and limitations.
Book Synopsis The Transformation of EU Competition Law: Next Generation Issues by : Adina Claici
Download or read book The Transformation of EU Competition Law: Next Generation Issues written by Adina Claici and published by . This book was released on 2023-05-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The controversy surrounding EU competition rules has grown in recent years. Pressure from such phenomena as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change and the digital economy have fostered a fragmentation in the interpretation of the rules at both national and EU levels. This volume takes stock of the current situation, assessing the successes and failures of the prevailing 'modernisation' policy and setting forth a range of potential legal adaptations designed to offer the right responses to a rapidly changing world. The book's contributions are based on papers delivered at the 2022 Annual Conference of the Global Competition Law Center (GCLC) at the College of Europe in Bruges. The authors include prominent practitioners and academics, members of the European Commission, representatives of national competition authorities, and judges from both EU and national courts. They address such salient issues as the following: free competition versus 'regulated competition' as alternative or complementary models; new methods for the identification of consumer harm and benefits; sui generis competition law regimes for specific sectors; State aid enforcement and crisis management; and the green and digital objectives and their legal and political implications. Taken together, the essays provide extensive treatment of the EU Courts' jurisprudence and the literature in the field. For practitioners, policymakers and academics working with competition law, the book will clearly explain the new competencies of the Commission, raise awareness of the latest case law on the analysis of effects, and ensure a forward-looking approach to competition law enforcement in Europe.
Book Synopsis The Impact of the Damages Directive on the Enforcement of EU Competition Law by : Philipp Kirst
Download or read book The Impact of the Damages Directive on the Enforcement of EU Competition Law written by Philipp Kirst and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-28 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This cutting-edge book provides a thorough analysis of the transposition of the rules of the EU Damages Directive, examining their impact on the enforcement of competition law and the victim's right to full compensation. It also studies the possible consequences of an anticipated rise in civil damages actions in Europe and how this, in turn, may alter the effectiveness of the enforcement system. Applying insights from an economic analysis of law, Philipp Kirst investigates the effectiveness of the measures prescribed by the Directive that are intended to overcome the potential negative effects of increased private enforcement of competition law, offering concrete legislative proposals to combat these. Kirst focuses on three aspects that are crucial to achieving the Directive's main objectives: the EU leniency programme, the sanctioning methodology, and the allocation of civil liability among joint infringers. Furthermore, the book offers policy recommendations to reconcile both an effective enforcement regime and compensation of victims. Provoking debate on the ways in which a more integrated enforcement regime could be created; this book will be a crucial text for academics in the fields of competition and antitrust law and European law and economics. It will also be a key reference point for practitioners and enforcement agencies.
Book Synopsis The Transformation of EU Competition Law: Next Generation Issues by : Adina Claici
Download or read book The Transformation of EU Competition Law: Next Generation Issues written by Adina Claici and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2023-05-12 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The controversy surrounding EU competition rules has grown in recent years. Pressure from such phenomena as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change and the digital economy have fostered a fragmentation in the interpretation of the rules at both national and EU levels. This volume takes stock of the current situation, assessing the successes and failures of the prevailing ‘modernisation’ policy and setting forth a range of potential legal adaptations designed to offer the right responses to a rapidly changing world. The book’s contributions are based on papers delivered at the 2022 Annual Conference of the Global Competition Law Center (GCLC) at the College of Europe in Bruges. The authors include prominent practitioners and academics, members of the European Commission, representatives of national competition authorities, and judges from both EU and national courts. They address such salient issues as the following: free competition versus ‘regulated competition’ as alternative or complementary models; new methods for the identification of consumer harm and benefits; sui generis competition law regimes for specific sectors; State aid enforcement and crisis management; and the green and digital objectives and their legal and political implications. Taken together, the essays provide extensive treatment of the EU Courts’ jurisprudence and the literature in the field. For practitioners, policymakers and academics working with competition law, the book will clearly explain the new competencies of the Commission, raise awareness of the latest case law on the analysis of effects, and ensure a forward-looking approach to competition law enforcement in Europe.
Book Synopsis Competition, Effects and Predictability by : Bruce Wardhaugh
Download or read book Competition, Effects and Predictability written by Bruce Wardhaugh and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-04-16 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the US and EU, legal analysis in competition cases is conducted on a case-by-case approach. This approach assesses each particular practice for both its legality and its welfare effects. While this analytic method has the merits of 'getting the result right' by, inter alia, reducing error costs in antitrust adjudication, it comes at a cost of certainty, predictability and clarity in the legal principles which govern antitrust law. This is a rule of law concern. This is the first book to explore this tension between Europe's 'More Economic Approach', the US's Rule of Reason, and the Rule of Law. The tension manifests itself in the assumptions in and choice of analytic method; the institutional agents driving this effects based approach and their competency to use and assess the results of the methodology they demand; and, the nature and stability of the legal principles used in modern effects-based competition analysis. The book forcefully argues that this approach to competition law represents a threat to the rule of law. Competition, Effects and Predictability will be of interest to European and American competition law scholars and practitioners, legal historians, policy makers and members of the judiciary.
Book Synopsis The Modernisation of European Competition Law & Policy by :
Download or read book The Modernisation of European Competition Law & Policy written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Searching for a Modernized Voice by : David J. Gerber
Download or read book Searching for a Modernized Voice written by David J. Gerber and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncertainty has been an increasingly central theme in discussions of competition law in Europe since the beginning of “modernization” efforts in the 1990s. This may seem paradoxical, because the modernization programs - both institutional and substantive - were intended to reduce the range of variation in competition law rules and thereby increase uniformity and predictability of results throughout the expanding EU, and they were justified by claims that they would achieve these benefits. Does the chorus of concerns about the lack of predictability in European competition law mean that the modernization processes were misguided or that they have failed? In my view, the answer is “no”. They have, however, transformed and relocated uncertainty in ways that are seldom adequately recognized and rarely addressed. Insufficient recognition of these transformations and their implications has wide-ranging and potentially serious implications for competition law in Europe and even for global competition law development. How then are we to reconcile the aims of modernization with its consequences? A basic theme of this Article is that although the two forms of modernization have in some ways reduced uncertainty in EU competition law, they have also generated new forms of uncertainty that have sometimes concealed and at other times transformed it. The Article analyzes the impacts of “modernization” on competition law decision-making in the EU and thus on the substance of the law itself. It identifies the areas and forms of uncertainty that have resulted from these modernizations. While some commentators have noted elements of the relationship between modernization and uncertainty, that relationship may be more fundamental to understanding European competition law than is generally recognized. The Article also examines the conceptual tools typically used in thinking about European competition law and demonstrates how these can be inadequate for the legal situation in the wake of modernization. Often they no longer provide adequate analysis of the complex processes of decision-making in Europe today. I then go on to suggest ways in which these tools can themselves be “modernized” to account for these changing complexities. In order to deal effectively with European competition law, it is necessary to use a perspective that is specifically designed to identify the factors that shape competition law decisions.
Book Synopsis The Modernisation of European Competition Law by :
Download or read book The Modernisation of European Competition Law written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Competition Law in the EU by : Johan W. van de Gronden
Download or read book Competition Law in the EU written by Johan W. van de Gronden and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2024-05-02 with total page 619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thoroughly revised and updated second edition provides an enhanced understanding of EU competition law, exploring significant substantive and enforcement issues relating to antitrust, merger control, the Digital Markets Act and state aid law. While considering well-established doctrines and landmark judgements, the textbook also addresses recent developments such as digitalisation, sustainability and globalisation, and how these issues will influence future inquiry into competition law.
Book Synopsis The Counterfactual Method in EU Competition Law by : Damien Geradin
Download or read book The Counterfactual Method in EU Competition Law written by Damien Geradin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Book IX of his History of Rome (written around 25 BC) Titus Livy speculates about a hypothetical confrontation between Rome and Alexander the Great. What if Alexander had not died at the end of the Asian campaign but had returned to Europe to attack Rome? Livy argues that Rome and Carthage would have joined forces to crush the Macedonian army. Livy's musings represent an early example of the counterfactual method. This method can be used to assess the effects of an actual or a hypothetical event. The counterfactual describes the world in the absence of that event. If the event has already occurred, one needs to build an alternative past (this is what Livy does when he imagines Alexander's return to Europe). If the event has not yet taken place, it is necessary to contemplate an alternative future. The use of the counterfactual under EU competition law goes back to the seminal judgment of the Court of Justice in the Société Technique Minière case. However, until recently, this method was confined to the area of merger control. Under Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, the European Commission and the EU Courts initially adopted a “form-based” approach. This approach paid limited (if any) attention to the effects of the relevant agreement or conduct on competition and consumers. Because the aim of the counterfactual technique is to analyse the effects of a given event it had little relevance under the form-based approach. In recent years the Commission has transitioned towards the effects-based approach. The modernisation of EU antitrust enforcement caused a renewed interest in the counterfactual technique. Counterfactuals are discussed in various Article 101 guidelines and in the Article 102 Guidance Paper. In June 2011 the Commission published a draft Guidance Paper on quantification of antitrust damages, which contains a detailed analysis of various counterfactuals. In this paper, we examine the use of the counterfactual method in EU competition law. In our analysis, we distinguish between ex ante control (merger control and Article 101 self-assessment) and ex post scenarios (investigations under Articles 101 and 102, damages litigation). In Section II, we examine ex ante counterfactuals. We conclude that these counterfactuals are relatively easy to establish because they are usually based on the status quo ante. For example, in merger control the Commission compares the hypothetical post-transaction world with the actual pre-transaction situation. However, the development of prospective analysis leads to more sophisticated counterfactuals which incorporate future events, such as the target's bankruptcy in the absence of the transaction. This forward-looking counterfactual should be based on highly likely future events; the Commission and the parties should not contemplate hypothetical scenarios which cannot be predicted with a high degree of certainty. In Section III, we consider ex post counterfactuals. These counterfactuals are much more difficult to build because they are intrinsically speculative and are always based on a hypothetical scenario. In its recent decisional practice under Article 102 TFEU the Commission attempts to demonstrate anticompetitive effects and consumer harm by relying on various comparators (e.g., by comparing prices that prevail in the affected market to average EU-wide and OECD-wide prices). We believe that this benchmarking does not amount to the “appropriate counterfactual” advocated by the Guidance Paper. The Commission should use more elaborate and robust techniques, including economic models that simulate the likely market outcome in the absence of the alleged infringement. We also criticise the Commission for relying on the concept of “infringement by object” to avoid using the counterfactual technique under Article 101 TFEU.
Book Synopsis Boosting the Enforcement of EU Competition Law at the Domestic Level by : Anne Looijestijn-Clearie
Download or read book Boosting the Enforcement of EU Competition Law at the Domestic Level written by Anne Looijestijn-Clearie and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of the EU competition law rules in shaping the EU Internal Market can hardly be overstated. The EU substantive rules dealing with cartels, abuse of dominance and State aid have ensured, in the past decades, a much desired unity of the law applied in the diverse European markets. Yet, much of the success of the EU competition law provisions depends on its practical enforcement. The proliferation of competition law enforcement, especially since 2004, stands testimony in this respect. However, this has not come without challenges. In this context, this book aims to critically discuss certain key elements relating to the domestic enforcement of the said rules, in order to place the discussion of further boosting this enforcement exercise in the correct context. This book aims, in this respect, to find an answer to the following question: to what extent would boosting the domestic enforcement of the EU competition law rules aid the ambition of more forceful, better targeted and more resource-efficient EU competition law enforcement in the Internal Market? Topics such as the following are discussed in the contributions included in this book: the sufficiency of the enforcement toolbox of national competition authorities, the interaction between fundamental rights and competition law, and the duties of domestic bodies in this context.
Download or read book Bellamy & Child written by David Bailey and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Competition Law and Policy in the EU --Article 101(1) --Article 101(3) --Market Definition --Cartels --Non-Covert Horizontal Cooperation --Vertical Agreements Affecting Distribution or Supply --Merger Control --Intellectual Property Rights --Article 102 --The Competition Rules and the Acts of Member States --Sectoral Regimes --Enforcement and Procedure --Fines for Substantive Infringements --The Enforcement of the Competition Rules by National Competition Authorities --Litigating Infringements in National Courts --State Aids.
Book Synopsis Sanctions in EU Competition Law by : Michael Frese
Download or read book Sanctions in EU Competition Law written by Michael Frese and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-12-01 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early decades of European integration the enforcement of EU competition law was highly centralised. Virtually all enforcement actions under Articles 101 and 102 TFEU were initiated by the European Commission. More recently the enforcement of EU competition law has become less centralised - many would say even decentralised. In 2004, essentially in an effort to increase enforcement capacity in the wake of EU enlargement, the involvement of Member State competition authorities was significantly reinforced by national authorities being given power to pursue infringements of EU competition law largely on the basis of their domestic enforcement regimes. This combination of decentralisation and enforcement autonomy raises questions about the relationship between EU law and national law, as well as about the costs of enforcement. This new book links these questions by analysing how competences in the area of sanctions are distributed between EU and national law, and how this influences the costs of enforcement. The author's conclusions, which highlight the economic implications of the choices made by competition authorities, courts and legislators, will be of use to all the above in further developing EU competition policy. The PhD thesis on which this book is based was declared runner-up in the 2013 Concurrences Awards.
Book Synopsis An Introduction to EU Competition Law by : Moritz Lorenz
Download or read book An Introduction to EU Competition Law written by Moritz Lorenz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Succinct and concise, this textbook covers all the procedural and substantive aspects of EU competition law. It explores primary and secondary law through the prism of ECJ case law. Abuse of a dominant position and merger control are discussed and a separate chapter on cartels ensures the student receives the broadest possible perspective on the subject. In addition, the book's consistent structure aids understanding: section summaries underline key principles, questions reinforce learning and essay discussion topics encourage further exploration. By setting out the economic principles which underpin the subject, the author allows the student to engage with the complexity of competition law with confidence. Integrated examples and an uncluttered writing style make this required reading for all students of the subject.
Book Synopsis Digital markets and online platforms: new perspectives on regulation and competition law by : Jan Krämer
Download or read book Digital markets and online platforms: new perspectives on regulation and competition law written by Jan Krämer and published by Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE). This book was released on 2020-11-18 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across the world, regulators and policy makers are grappling with how to establish a competitive, safe and fair online environment that also safeguards users’ fundamental rights as citizens. Ahead of the European Commission’s Digital Markets Act (DMA), this book “Digital markets and online platforms: new perspectives on regulation and competition law“, presents CERRE’s latest contribution to the debate with concrete policy recommendations. Together, the policy recommendations in this book present a roadmap that should be pursued for EU policy makers to safeguard competition and innovation in digital platform markets. They can be organised into three key areas for action: (i) More effective enforcement, (ii) increased transparency and switching easiness, and (iii) providing access to key innovation capabilities. “The need to safeguard fair and vibrant competition, which is also seen as an important driving factor for innovation, is nothing new for policy makers. However, the characteristics and complexities of digital markets have challenged some of the traditional approaches.” – Jan Krämer, editor of the book and CERRE Academic Co-Director The book’s recommendations highlight that platform transparency and associated data collection by authorities, as well as data sharing by platforms (initiated through consumers or authorities), are the two most important overarching policy measures for platform markets in the near future. They facilitate enforcement, consumer choice, and innovation capabilities in the digital economy. The contents of this book were presented and debated during a CERRE live debate with guest speakers Anne Yvrande-Billon (Arcep’s Director of Economic, Market and Digital Affairs), MEP Stéphanie Yon-Courtin (Vice-President of the European Parliament’s Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs) and Javier Espinoza (Financial Times’ EU Correspondent covering competition and digital policy).
