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Author : Sang Yi
Publisher : Sarabande Books
ISBN 13 : 9781889330716
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (37 download)
Download or read book Three Poets of Modern Korea written by Sang Yi and published by Sarabande Books. This book was released on 2002 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An eclectic sampling of modern Korean poetry, superbly translated by husband and wife team.
Author : Gyeongheo
Publisher : Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book The Gyeongheo Collection–Prose and Poetry by the Restorer of Korean Seon written by Gyeongheo and published by Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This book was released on with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Gyeongheo Collection is a collection of dharma talks and other literary works by Gyeongheo Seong’u 鏡虛惺牛(1849/1857–1912), one of the representative Korean Seon masters of modern times. Gyeongheo was tonsured at the age of nine, and he studied Buddhist doctrine on the one hand and promoted Ganhwa Seon practice on the other. Geongheo also established a meditation practice society. In his later years Gyeongheo dedicated himself to the edification of the common people in the northern area of the Korean peninsula. Among his prominent disciples are Hyewol 慧月 (1861–1937), Man’gong 滿空 (1871–1946), and Han’am 漢岩 (1876–1951). The Gyeongheo Collection is a significant work in that it enables us to see the process of evolution and transformation of Seon tradition during the period of modernization. This work consists of dharma talks, prefaces, records, letters, accounts of conduct, eulogies offered up to portraits of famous monks, hundreds of Seon verses (in both five character and seven character formats), and so forth. Among the poems written in regulated verses with five logographs per line, “How to Be a Monk” is a guide book of practice for monks and nuns. “The Pure Regulations” includes the rules and regulations of the Seon monastic community. The verses also contain unconventional features of Seon teaching. “The Song of the Way to Enlightenment” is the verse written on Gyeonheo’s attainment of the state of enlightenment. Besides, The Gyeonheo Collection contains essays on various topics, such as the exhaustive realization within one’s mind required in Ganhwa Seon practice, the adoption of Pure Land thought, the importance of monastic precepts and the Pure Rules, societies and movements focused on meditation, the synthesis of practice and doctrine, the edification of the masses and songs such as “Sŏn meditation” (Chamseon gok) introducing the daily life of Seon, the establishment of Seon monastic community and education, and so on. The base script for The Gyeongheo Collection is Han’am’s hand-copied edition (1931), which also includes a brief biography of Gyeongheo written by Han’am himself. For the translation, this script was compared to the printed edition published in 1943 by Jung’ang Seonwoen, which is prefaced by Han Yongun 韓龍雲(1879–1944), the prominent Korean monk and writer.
Author : Shim Bo-Seon
Publisher : Parlor Press LLC
ISBN 13 : 1602358362
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (23 download)
Download or read book Fifteen Seconds without Sorrow written by Shim Bo-Seon and published by Parlor Press LLC. This book was released on 2016-08-01 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like many younger Korean poets, SHIM BO-SEON writes in an allusive, indirect style about topics that are in themselves familiar, eating rice, taking off clothes, living in an apartment block, struggling with human relationships. He captures some sparkling moments of joys and sorrows, hopes and frustrations that have been concealed in daily life in rather modest and witty words. The circular movements of concealment and revelation of the mystery that an individual experiences are evoked in turn, always lightly. As a poet-critic, Shim fills his lines with the melodies of plain speech, with subtle thoughts about relationships in the world. Shim made his poetic debut in 1994, but he only published his first collection fourteen years later in 2008. FIFTEEN SECONDS WITHOUT SORROW is a translation of that first volume, containing the poet’s earliest, freshest poems.
Author : Ko Un
Publisher : Parallax Press
ISBN 13 : 1888375655
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (883 download)
Download or read book What? written by Ko Un and published by Parallax Press. This book was released on 2008-01-22 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout his eventful life as a monk, poet, novelist, political dissident, husband, and father, Ko Un has remained a traveler on the Way. The poems in this collection, though strictly within the true Zen tradition, are as witty and down-to-earth as they are contemplative. Described by Allen Ginsberg as “thought-stopping Koan-like mental firecrackers,” the poems reflect both writer and reader. First published in 1997, the new edition features a more sympathetic translation and 11 original brush paintings by the author.
Author : Jung Ja Choi
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000775186
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)
Download or read book The Life and Works of Korean Poet Kim Myŏng-sun written by Jung Ja Choi and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Life and Works of Korean Poet Kim Myŏng-sun offers an introduction to Korea’s first modern woman writer to publish a collection of creative works, Kim Myŏng-sun (1896–ca. 1954). Despite attempts by male contemporaries to assassinate her character, Kim was an outspoken writer and an early feminist, confronting patriarchal Korean society in essays, plays, poems, and short stories. This volume is the first to offer a detailed analysis in English of Kim’s poetry. The poems examined in this volume can be considered early twentieth-century versions of #MeToo literature, mirroring the harrowing account of her sexual assault, and also subversive challenges to traditional institutions, dealing with themes such as romantic free love, same-sex love, single womanhood, and explicit female desire and passion. The Life and Works of Korean Poet Kim Myŏng-sun restores a long-neglected woman writer to her rightful place in the history of Korean literature, shedding light on the complexity of women’s lives in Korea and contributing to the growing interest in modern Korean women’s literature in the West.
Author : Han Yongun and others
Publisher : Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book The Temple of Words written by Han Yongun and others and published by Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This book was released on with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Temple of Words: An Anthology of Modern Korean Buddhist Poetry is a collection of one hundred and thirty-two Buddhist poems by fifteen poets, including Seon monks. This volume, which is composed of highly praised poetry in modern Korean literature, offers an opportunity to appreciate the aesthetic world of Buddhism that is embedded in sentiments of the modern intellectuals. The majority of the poems (120 pieces) in this book are written by monastics, monks and nuns. The list of the monks and the number of their poems included in this collection are as follows: Gyeongheo 鏡虛 9 poems, Yongseong 龍城 6 poems, Hanyeong 漢永 14 poems, Guha 九河 1 poem, Man’gong 滿空 8 poems, Hanam 漢岩 5 poems, Manhae 萬海 48 poems, Hyobong 曉峰 3 poems, Gyeongbong 鏡峰 11 poems, and Iryeop 一葉 14 poems. The other poets include O Sangsun 1 poem, Shin Seokjeong 3 poems, Gim Daljin 3 poems, Seo Jeongju 2 peoms, and Jo Jihun 4 poems. Manhae’s “Nim ui Chimmuk” (My Love’s Silence), Seo Jeongju’s “Gukhwa yeop eseo” (Beside a Chrysanthemum), and Jo Jihun’s “Seungmu” (Monk’s Dance) are widely known to the general public in Korea. The monastic poetry represents the unconventional features of Seon and their insights attained by the traditional practice of meditative contemplation. The other poetry by the secular Buddhist writers also attempts to express the subtle truth of Buddhism in the Korean script (Han-geul), thereby making a great contribution in causing the masses to know the Buddhist way of thinking and feeling, and leading them to empathize with the religion. The Temple of Words: An Anthology of Modern Korean Buddhist Poetry helps us to understand the “colors” of the modern Korean Buddhist intellectuals’ lyrical sensitivity and the “codes” in which they were communicating with the public.
Author : Susan M. Felch
Publisher : SkyLight Paths Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1594731187
Total Pages : 632 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (947 download)
Download or read book Autumn written by Susan M. Felch and published by SkyLight Paths Publishing. This book was released on 2005-08 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover how this transitional season can reveal both the abundance and the limitations of our everyday lives. Autumn, with all its traditional images of colorful trees, frost-covered pumpkins, and piles of wood stored up against winter's cold, can be a season filled with anticipation. The harvest, the imminent onset of cold and snow, the resumption of old routines, and the beginning of the school year all require preparation and planning. If summer has been something of a pause, autumn helps us to see the passage of time more clearly. Autumn is a season of fruition and reaping, of thanksgiving and celebration of abundance and goodness of the earth. But it is also a season that starkly and realistically encourages us to see our own limitations. Warm and stirring pieces by E. B. White, Anne Lamott, P. D. James, Julian of Norwich, May Sarton, Kimiko Hahn, and many others in this beautiful book rejoice in autumn as a time of preparation and reflection, when the results of hard labor are ripe for harvest.
Author : The Korea Foundation
Publisher : 한국국제교류재단
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (56 download)
Download or read book Koreana - Autumn 2013 (English) written by The Korea Foundation and published by 한국국제교류재단. This book was released on 2013-11-20 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Koreana is a full-color quarterly on Korean culture and arts, including traditional heritage as well as modern and contemporary activities. Each issue includes in-depth coverage of a selected theme, followed by an array of articles on artists and artisans, historic and cultural landmarks, natural attractions, reviews of stage performances and exhibitions, literary pieces, and today’s lifestyles. Published since 1987, the magazine can also be accessed at (www.koreana.or.kr).
Author : Bak Hanyeong
Publisher : Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book An Anthology of East Asian Commentaries on the Nyāyapraveśa written by Bak Hanyeong and published by Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This book was released on with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Anthology of East Asian Commentaries on the Nyāyapraveśa is a manual of Buddhist Logic by the scholar-monk Bak Hanyeong 朴漢永(1870–1948). Bak Hanyeong participated in the establishment movement of the Imje Buddhist Order 臨濟宗 in 1911, attempting to maintain authenticity of Korean Buddhist tradition. He served as principle of the Jung’ang Professional School of Buddhism (Jung’ang Bulgyo Jeonmunhakgyo 中央佛敎專門學校), the highest educational institute for Buddhism, and right after Korea’s liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945, he was appointed as the first Supreme Patriarch of the Administrative Headquarters of Korean Buddhist Order (Joseon Bulgyo Jung’ang Chongmuweon 朝鮮佛敎中央總務院). An Anthology of East Asian Commentaries on the Nyāyapraveśa is a selected collection of East Asian commentaries on Xuanzang’s Chinese translation (647) of Śaṇkarasvāṇmin’s (ca. the late 6th century) Nyāyapraveśa. This work is written by centering on Ming dynasty Yogācāra monk Mingyu’s 明昱 (d.u.) commentary, the Yinming ruzhengli lun zhishu 因明入正理論直疏, along with Bak Hanyeong’s own “supplementary explanations” (bohae 補解) and “additional comments” (jeungju 增註), and also cites Zhixu’s 智旭 (1599–1655) commentary, the Yinming ruzhengli lun zhijie 因明入正理論直解. The expression hoeseok in the title means “to reconcile [conflicting] interpretations.” Although An Anthology of East Asian Commentaries on the Nyāyapraveśa is not Bak Hanyeong’s original arguments, it is one of important sources for the study of the modern Korean Buddhism, since this work contains detailed explanations of the commentaries on such a specific area as Buddhist Logic and thus represents Korean Buddhist scholastic standards of the modern period. The base texts for the translation are the edition of the Bulgyo jung’ang hangnim (1916) and the edition of the Jibang hagnim at Songgwang Monastary (1920). Both texts end with the phrase “The śramaṇa Gusan has interpreted [the Nyāyapraveśa] by reconciling [conflicting] interpretations” (龜山沙門會釋).
Author : Choe Namseon and others
Publisher : Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 603 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book A Collection of Modern Korean Buddhist Discourses written by Choe Namseon and others and published by Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This book was released on with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Collection of Modern Korean Buddhist Discourses consists of twelve articles which were carefully selected from Buddhist journals of the modern period. These articles critically discuss the past and the present of Korean Buddhism and offer the prospect for the future by dealing with various topics in different fields, such as history, religion, literature, politics, society, and culture. The authors include not only renowned scholars of Buddhist studies, such as Gim Beomnin 金法麟 (1899–1964), Kim Yeongsu 金映遂 (1884–1967), Gim Taeheup 金泰洽 (1899–1989), and Baek Seonguk 白性郁(1897–1981), as well as prominent figures in Korean studies and Korean literature, such as Choe Namseon 崔南善 (1890–1957) and Yi Gwangsu 李光洙 (1892–1950). The twelve selected articles are as follows: ① Choe Namseon, “Overview of Korean Buddhism: A Diachronic Approach to Korean Buddhism” (1918) ② Yi Gwangsu, “Buddhism and Korean Literature” (1925) ③ Baek Seonguk, “To Establish a Modern Buddhism” (1926) ④ Gim Taeheup, “Research on Religion and the Development of Social Work” (1926–1928) ⑤ Gim Byeokong, “A Concern for Korean Buddhism: The Words Addressed to All Korean Buddhist Clerics” (1927) ⑥ Choe Namseon, “Korean Buddhism: Its Position in the Cultural History of the East” (1930) ⑦ Yu Yeop, “Buddhism and the Trend of Social Thought” (1931) ⑧ Kang Yumun, “Overview of Korean Buddhism for the Last Hundred Years” (1932) ⑨ Gim Beomnin, “On the Separation of Religion and Politics” (1932) ⑩ Heo Yeongho, “Foundations and Errors of Anti-Religion Movement” (1932) ⑪ Mong Jeongsaeng, “Examining the Causes of Korean Buddhism Facing a Crisis” (1932) ⑫ Gim Yeongsu, “On the Principle Teachings of Korean Buddhism” (1933)
Author : William Bridges Hunter (Jr.)
Publisher : Bucknell University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780838750964
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (59 download)
Download or read book Milton's English Poetry written by William Bridges Hunter (Jr.) and published by Bucknell University Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this survey one may discover Milton as he saw himself and come to recapture some of his originality. The selections from A Milton Encyclopedia in this volume were written by experts in each subject.
Author : A. Charles Muller
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book The Collected Works of Korean Buddhism written by A. Charles Muller and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : John Jorgensen
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824854225
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)
Download or read book A Handbook of Korean Zen Practice written by John Jorgensen and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2015-02-28 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sŏn (Japanese Zen) has been the dominant form of Buddhism in Korea from medieval times to the present. A Handbook of Korean Zen Practice: A Mirror on the Sŏn School of Buddhism (Sŏn'ga kwigam) was the most popular guide for Sŏn practice and life ever published in Korea and helped restore Buddhism to popularity after its lowest point in Korean history. It was compiled before 1569 by Sŏsan Hyujŏng (1520–1604), later famed as the leader of a monk army that helped defend Korea against a massive Japanese invasion in 1592. In addition to succinct quotations from sutras, the text also contained quotations from selected Chinese and Korean works together with Hyujŏng's explanations. Because of its brevity and organization, the work proved popular and was reprinted many times in Korea and Japan before 1909. A Handbook of Korean Zen Practice commences with the ineffability of the enlightened state, and after a tour through doctrine and practice it returns to its starting point. The doctrinal rationale for practice that leads to enlightenment is based on the Mahayana Awakening of Faith, but the practice Hyujŏng enjoins readers to undertake is very different: a method of meditation derived from the kongan (Japanese koan) called hwadu (Chinese huatou), or "point of the story," the story being the kongan. This method was developed by Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163) and was imported into Korea by Chinul (1158–1210). The most famous hwadu is the mu (no) answer by Zhaozhou to the question, "Does a dog have a buddha-nature?" Hyujŏng warns of pitfalls in this practice, such as the delusion that one is already enlightened. A proper understanding of doctrine is required before practicing hwadu. Practice also requires faith and an experienced teacher. Hyujŏng outlines the specifics of practice, such as rules of conduct and chanting and mindfulness of the Buddha, and stresses the requirements for living the life of a monk. At the end of the text he returns to the hwadu, the need for a teacher, and hence the importance of lineage. He sketches out the distinctive methods of practice of the chief Sŏn (Chinese Chan) lineages. His final warning is not to be attached to the text. The version of the text translated here is the earliest and the longest extant. It was "translated" into Korean from Chinese by one of Hyujŏng's students to aid Korean readers. The present volume contains a brief history of hwadu practice and theory, a life of Hyujŏng, and a summary of the text, plus a detailed, annotated translation. It should be of interest to practitioners of meditation and students of East Asian Buddhism and Korean history.
Author : Choe Chwiheo
Publisher : Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Essential Compendium for Buddhists written by Choe Chwiheo and published by Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This book was released on with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essential Compendium for Buddhists: A Modern Buddhist Liturgy is a book on Buddhist rituals, which was edited by An Jinho 安震湖 (1880–1965) and Choe Chwiheo 崔就墟 (1865–?). This work represents the process of evolution of modern Buddhist rituals and concrete features of popularization and modernization of Buddhism. An Jinho, a scholar-monk who worked around Yecheon and Mun-gyeong of North Gyeongsang Province, dedicated himself to the translation and publication of Buddhist canonical texts by establishing the publishing institute Mansanghoe. He is also well known as the editor of Seongmun uibeom (Buddhist Ritual Manual, 1935), the compilation of traditional Buddhist rituals. Choe Chwiheo is also a scholar-monk who worked in North Gyeongsang Province, and participated in the Mind-field Development Movement, a movement in the middle and late 1930s to educate people common people that simultaneously promoted agriculture in the countryside. Essential Compendium for Buddhists: A Modern Buddhist Liturgy is a collection that describes various Buddhist chanting or worship ceremonies. This book was reviewed by the Buddhist scholars Gwon Sangno and Gim Taeheup, and Han Yongun sponsored the publication. The main body is comprised of abbreviated excerpts from various Buddhist ceremonial texts along with additional explanations in the Korean language. This work encompasses the traditional process of Buddhist rituals and regular ceremonies along with verses, ritual prayers, precepts, and entreaties on the one hand, and reflects Buddhist efforts toward modernization in the process of its adaptation to the new age on the other. As an essential guide to Korean Buddhist rituals and ceremonies, this book was used as an indispensable manual for temple ceremonies and daily Buddhist events. The source text of this translation was the moveable lead type edition published at Yeonbangsa (1931), which was sold at Buddhist societies (Bulgyosa 佛敎社).
Author : Yi Neunghwa
Publisher : Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 638 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Harmonizing the Hundred Teachings written by Yi Neunghwa and published by Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This book was released on with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Baekgyo hoetong 百敎會通, originally authored by Yi Neunghwa in 1912, is a book of comparative religion written from a Buddhist point of view. As the first book authored by Yi, a prominent Buddhist scholar and one of the top three researchers of Korean folk culture during modern times, the Baekgyo hoetong is a significant work in the history of academic endeavors on Korean culture and Korean Buddhism. While the title of the book can be translated as “harmonizing the hundred teachings,” the content of the book reveals that the author considers Buddhism an important key in this harmonizing. Initially, Yi compares Buddhism with eleven teachings — traditional, foreign and indigenous — showing that Buddhism has points of similarity with all of them. After proceeding to produce an outline of basic Buddhist doctrine, he concludes by arguing against the common criticisms of Buddhism at the time, often using comparative examples from other religions. Although the Baekgyo hoetong is written in the traditional styles of arraying quotes in the structure of a series of questions and answers, it reflects well the complexity of Korea’s newly-modernizing society that was teeming with intellectual diversity for the first time in centuries. Yi, an avid scholar of Chinese classics, Buddhist scriptures, western science and Korean folk culture, makes the book possible by his broad erudition. Yi uses his newly acquired knowledge to “harmonize the hundred teachings” from a Buddhist point of view, warning readers that dogmatic belief in one’s own truth is in fact what is farthest from the truth.
Author : Gim Yeongsu
Publisher : Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 547 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Sheaves of Korean Buddhist History written by Gim Yeongsu and published by Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This book was released on with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sheaves of Korean Buddhist History, a brief history of Korean Buddhism, is one of the representative works on Korean Buddhism in the modern period. The author Gim Yeongsu was a scholar-monk, who was well known for his influential research on the systems of religious orders in Korean Buddhism by advancing such theories as Five Doctrinal [schools] and Nine Mountains [school of Seon], Five Doctrinal [schools] and Two [Meditative] schools, and Two Schools of Meditative practice and doctrinal Teaching. The first part on the Three Kingdoms and the Unified Silla period includes various topics, such as the introduction of Buddhism to Korean peninsula; the achievements of eminent monks in pursuing the Buddhist truth; the adoption and development of doctrinal learning; the establishment of Buddhist schools, such as the Hwaeom school; and the transmission of Chan and the formation of Nine Mountains school of Seon. The contents of the second part on the Goryeo period include the royal worship of Buddhism, monastic examinations; the activities of eminent monks; the establishment of the Cheontae 天台 school and the Five Doctrinal [schools] and Two [Meditative] schools; the carving of the woodblocks of the Goryeo Buddhist canon; Buddhist cultural exchange with neighboring countries; the flourishing of the Seon school and the introduction of Ganhwa Seon; and so forth. The part on the Joseon period describes the official policy of persecuting Buddhism during the early Joseon period; the forced unification of Buddhist schools; the activities of monk militias during the Hideoyoshi invasion of Korea (1592–1598); synthesis of the three practices of Seon, Gyo (Buddhist doctrines), and chanting the Buddha’s name during the late Joseon; the problem of Dharma lineage of the Imje school; and Buddhist educational systems and practices. The part on the modern period examines such topics as the Temple Ordinances issued by the Japanese Colonial Government and institutional changes in the Buddhist community.
Author : Gwon Sangro
Publisher : Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Tracts on the Modern Reformation of Korean Buddhism written by Gwon Sangro and published by Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This book was released on with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracts on the Modern Reformation of Korean Buddhism consists of four selected works by three writers: Han Yongun’s 韓龍雲 (1879–1944) Treatise on the Restoration of Korean Buddhism (1913) and “Reform Proposals for Korean Buddhism” (1931); Gwon Sangro’s 權相老(1879–1965) “Treatise on the Reformation of Korean Buddhism” (1912-1913); and Yi Yeongjae’s 李英宰(1900–1927) “Treatise on the Renovation of Korean Buddhism” (1922). These works represent modern Buddhist intellectuals’ awareness of social reality and their new visions at the contemporary turning point of modernization. The Treatise on the Restoration of Korean Buddhism emphasizes on superiority of Buddhism, which encompasses both philosophy and religion, and its modern features on the one hand, and argues for the elimination of past evils and a social renovation on the other. This work stresses the urgent necessity of the modern education, studying abroad, and the secured freedom of thought. In “Reform Proposals for Korean Buddhism,” Han advocates for the establishment of a unified institute, the necessity of translation into the Korean language using the Korean script (Han-geul), and the popularization of Buddhism. In “Treatise on the Reformation of Korean Buddhism,” Gwon insists that Korean Buddhism should overcome the old traditions of dependency or obedience as well as its exclusiveness and be radically reformed in the age of religious competition that is based on social evolution theory. The “Treatise on the Renovation of Korean Buddhism” suggests an institutional direction of Buddhist reformation with a critical awareness of the system under the Temple Ordinances issued by the Japanese Colonial Government. This work also proposes the establishment of a religious constitution and an innovative organization following a democratic model that pursues the separation of power. These works emphasize the necessity of socialization, education, institutional, and economical independence of Buddhism.
