Self Assessment in Limb X-ray Interpretation

Download Self Assessment in Limb X-ray Interpretation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : M&K Update Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1907830138
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Self Assessment in Limb X-ray Interpretation by : Karen Sakthivel-Wainford

Download or read book Self Assessment in Limb X-ray Interpretation written by Karen Sakthivel-Wainford and published by M&K Update Ltd. This book was released on 2006 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aimed at radiographers, nurse practitioners, junior doctors and allied professionals who need to formulate a written report/opinion on trauma radiographs. There are 100 case studies each with radiograph image. The book is designed to support whatever course you have done whether reporting, OCyred dottingOCO or commenting or to encourage you to go on OCythat courseOCO. It can be used as a revision book, a study aid, or to help in preparation for an assessment. However you use the book it will encourage you to read more and research more into musculoskeletal trauma and its radiographic appearance; for it is a fascinating topic and there is always more to learn "

Self Assessment In Axial Skeleton Musculoskeletal Trauma X-Rays

Download Self Assessment In Axial Skeleton Musculoskeletal Trauma X-Rays PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : M&K Update Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1907830472
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Self Assessment In Axial Skeleton Musculoskeletal Trauma X-Rays by : Karen Sakthivel-Wainford

Download or read book Self Assessment In Axial Skeleton Musculoskeletal Trauma X-Rays written by Karen Sakthivel-Wainford and published by M&K Update Ltd. This book was released on 2009 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many practitioners are now continuing to expand their reporting skills from appendicular skeleton to include the axial skeleton in trauma. Other allied profession may also be reviewing axial skeleton trauma radiographs, for instance nurse practitioners (such as in cases of hip trauma). Many practitioners initially fear reviewing axial skeleton radiographs, understandably as missing an injury may have dire consequences, but with training, audit and care this fear can be overcome; and one can look forward to the challenge of axial radiograph reporting.As axial trauma radiographs can be a difficult to review, the book starts with several chapters, to introduce or revise specific axial trauma. The first chapter discusses mechanisms of injury of major trauma. Followed by a chapter on pelvic trauma. The next chapter looks at reviewing trauma cervical spine radiographs. Then is presented a series of trauma cases of the axial skeleton, on which you are asked to write reports, plus sometimes answer a few questions, (the answers are over the page). This section is divided into six chapters; trauma cases of the pelvis; of the hip and femur; the cervical spine; dorsal and lumber spine; the skull, facial bones and mandible (15 cases in each chapter); the last chapter being 25 mixed cases. Although it is preferably to work your way through the book from start to finish; if you feel you need revision on say cervical spine radiographs, then you can flick to the chapter on reviewing the cervical spine and next to the cases on cervical spine. Each case has appropriate clinical history although this may not be the original history in order to anonymous the case. Some of the cases may not have side markers these may have been removed whilst removing patientsOCO details."

Self Assessment in Musculoskeletal Pathology X-rays

Download Self Assessment in Musculoskeletal Pathology X-rays PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : M&K Update Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1907830618
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Self Assessment in Musculoskeletal Pathology X-rays by : Karen Sakthivel-Wainford

Download or read book Self Assessment in Musculoskeletal Pathology X-rays written by Karen Sakthivel-Wainford and published by M&K Update Ltd. This book was released on 2011 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today many radiographers are trained to report on trauma radiographs. Universities are also training student radiographers to comment on trauma radiographs. It is useful, in some cases essential, that whilst we review the trauma radiograph we also recognise and note any appropriate pathology. For instance a patient attends Accident and Emergency with pain in their knee for several weeks following trauma; the radiographs show no fracture but some signs of a malignant bony tumour, which on further investigation is an osteo sarcoma. As with the other books in the series, this book starts with several chapters by different authors followed by a series of 100 cases.Self-assessment in Musculoskeletal Pathology X-rays will appear to a variety of health professions and like others in the series, is intended to accompany a reporting course and to be used alongside further research and reading.

Advanced Practice Provider Skills Made Easy: A Practice Guideline

Download Advanced Practice Provider Skills Made Easy: A Practice Guideline PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 1284260976
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (842 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Practice Provider Skills Made Easy: A Practice Guideline by : Obi Oji

Download or read book Advanced Practice Provider Skills Made Easy: A Practice Guideline written by Obi Oji and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2022-07-07 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book offers hands-on clinical skills based on latest evidence-based research and is geared specifically towards advanced practitioner providers (family nurse practitioner students, novice and experienced practitioners, physician assistants, and other advanced practice providers) in primary care settings and focuses on their scope of practice as specified by the state board"--

Primary Care Case Studies for Nurse Practitioners

Download Primary Care Case Studies for Nurse Practitioners PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : M&K Update Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1907830235
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Primary Care Case Studies for Nurse Practitioners by : Lydia Burke

Download or read book Primary Care Case Studies for Nurse Practitioners written by Lydia Burke and published by M&K Update Ltd. This book was released on 2008 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practice nurses and nurse practitioners working alongside general practitioners are required to see and treat patients with a variety of minor and complex conditions. They therefore need skills in history-taking, physical assessment, diagnosing, prescribing and managing long-term conditions. It is assumed that nurses who read this book will have experience in managing the care of babies, children, well young people, people for whom English is not their first language, people with mental health problems and older people with multiple health problems. These case studies are loosely based on interactions that the author has had with patients in Primary Care.

Paediatric Minor Emergencies

Download Paediatric Minor Emergencies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : M&K Update Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1907830359
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Paediatric Minor Emergencies by : James Bethel

Download or read book Paediatric Minor Emergencies written by James Bethel and published by M&K Update Ltd. This book was released on 2008 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a dearth of written work relating specifically to the emergency care of the child. Why this should be the case is perhaps not as perplexing as it may initially appear: although children make up between 25% and 30% of the attendance of many emergency departments, constituting approximately 3.5 million attendances a year (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) 1999, 2007), there has until recently been little specific provision made for them.Whilst not addressing all of the challenges it is hoped that this work will provide some of the necessary knowledge for emergency nurses and nurse practitioners, emergency care practitioners, medical care practitioners, physiotherapy practitioners, pre-hospital staff and medical staff working in emergency departments, minor injury units, walk-in centres, out of hours services and other emergency care settings, that will enable them to enhance the care of the child with minor injury or illness.

A Guide to Research for Podiatrists

Download A Guide to Research for Podiatrists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : M&K Update Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1907830413
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Guide to Research for Podiatrists by : Jackie Campbell

Download or read book A Guide to Research for Podiatrists written by Jackie Campbell and published by M&K Update Ltd. This book was released on 2007 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is constantly suggested that, as podiatrists, we need to research, but what does this really mean? This question can be particularly problematic in a profession such as podiatry, where there has not been a strong research basis for our practice in the past. Information is no longer accepted at face value, but instead is scrutinised, criticised, questioned and used to raise other questions. Podiatrists are being prepared to understand, use and undertake their own research. The book will appeal to podiatry practitioners, lecturers and students. It is based on a popular series of articles that appeared in Podiatry Now, which have been updated and edited into this stand-alone resource.

Limb X-Ray Interpretation

Download Limb X-Ray Interpretation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wiley
ISBN 13 : 9781861564993
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Limb X-Ray Interpretation by : Dorthe Larsen

Download or read book Limb X-Ray Interpretation written by Dorthe Larsen and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2006-02-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Limb X-Ray Interpretation provides a comprehensive guide to limb X-ray trauma diagnosis. The content is separated into two distinct parts; part I addresses the technical and professional issues in trauma radiography, from the initial request for an examination to the final image, including the normal and abnormal appearance of bone on radiographs and the classifications of fractures. Part II is subdivided into distinct anatomical regions by chapter describing a systematic approach to the interpretation of X-ray images. Each chapter follows a similar format with core anatomy linked to the normal radiographic anatomy, using over 570 X-ray images and line drawings. The common and less common fractures, together with specific radiological signs of abnormalities, mechanism of injury and subsequent treatments are presented. This book is of of great value to Emergency Nurse Practitioners, Accident and Emergency staff, radiographers, junior doctors, medical students, and physiotherapists.

Issues in Heart Failure Nursing

Download Issues in Heart Failure Nursing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : M&K Update Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1907830006
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Issues in Heart Failure Nursing by : Chris Jones

Download or read book Issues in Heart Failure Nursing written by Chris Jones and published by M&K Update Ltd. This book was released on 2006 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The number of people suffering from this debilitating condition is predicted to grow exponentially over the next decade. This has serious implications for the health services. Investigating heart failure is not cheap even where facilities exist. The drugs used, though effective – often remarkably so – are also costly as are laboratory investigations. These again are not cheap. People with heart failure require frequent admissions to hospital and occupy many beds and much staff attention. All of these factors are set to increase over the next decades. This eclectic collection of papers tackles many of the issues that concern those who care for individuals with heart failure; organisation of services, exercise, palliative care amongst them, but also novel and rarely discussed issues. The book is suited to both pre and post-registered health care students. We do not supply inspection copies but we do supply Examination copies, whereby a course leader has 30 days to evaluate the book, then choose to adopt, purchase or return the book. If you are interested in further details please do not hesitate in contacting me. CONTENTS: Preface - Chris Jones Foreword Professor Martin Cowie Heart failure in the community: a confusion of protocols District nurses meeting the challenge of heart failure The care of patients who develop heart failure alongside mental health problems Adults with congenital heart disease and heart failure Cardiac resynchronisation therapy Congestive heart failure and cognitive dysfunction Sexual dysfunction in heart failure Exercise training in the management of patients with heart failure: a review of the evidence Exercise: the things we don't know Improved symptom control in palliative care for heart failure Improving palliative care service provision for patients with heart failure Assisted dying and heart failure

Chest Radiology: PreTest Self- Assessment and Review

Download Chest Radiology: PreTest Self- Assessment and Review PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071382585
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (713 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chest Radiology: PreTest Self- Assessment and Review by : Juzar Ali

Download or read book Chest Radiology: PreTest Self- Assessment and Review written by Juzar Ali and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2001-05-25 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now updated to reflect the USMLE Step 2 exam, with greater emphasis on case presentations and diagnostic skills. Approximately 400 new clinical vignettes with accompanying questions (500 questions in all)--now featuring expanded answers referenced to leading textbooks or journal articles. Reviewed by McGraw-Hill's Medical Student Advisory Committee to ensure simulation of the USMLE test-taking experience.

A-Z of Musculoskeletal and Trauma Radiology

Download A-Z of Musculoskeletal and Trauma Radiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521700139
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A-Z of Musculoskeletal and Trauma Radiology by : James R. D. Murray

Download or read book A-Z of Musculoskeletal and Trauma Radiology written by James R. D. Murray and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-06-12 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A-Z of Musculoskeletal and Trauma Radiology is an invaluable reference to the key aspects of imaging for all conditions of bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments. It provides the clinician with practical guidance on the key presenting characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis and management. The description of each condition is provided in a standard template of Characteristics, Clinical Features, Radiology and Management, enabling the reader to find the relevant information quickly. All diagnostic modalities are included and a separate section is dedicated to musculoskeletal trauma. Written by a multidisciplinary team of radiologists and an orthopaedic surgeon, A-Z of Musculoskeletal and Trauma Radiology is an invaluable resource for radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatologists and all clinicians managing musculoskeletal conditions.

The Radiology Handbook

Download The Radiology Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ohio University Press
ISBN 13 : 0821442325
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Radiology Handbook by : J. S. Benseler

Download or read book The Radiology Handbook written by J. S. Benseler and published by Ohio University Press. This book was released on 2014-06-17 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed for busy medical students, The Radiology Handbook is a quick and easy reference for any practitioner who needs information on ordering or interpreting images. The book is divided into three parts: - Part I presents a table, organized from head to toe, with recommended imaging tests for common clinical conditions. - Part II is organized in a question and answer format that covers the following topics: how each major imaging modality works to create an image; what the basic precepts of image interpretation in each body system are; and where to find information and resources for continued learning. - Part III is an imaging quiz beginning at the head and ending at the foot. Sixty images are provided to self-test knowledge about normal imaging anatomy and common imaging pathology. Published in collaboration with the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, The Radiology Handbook is a convenient pocket-sized resource designed for medical students and non radiologists.

Chest X-Ray Made Easy E-Book

Download Chest X-Ray Made Easy E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0702055018
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chest X-Ray Made Easy E-Book by : Jonathan Corne

Download or read book Chest X-Ray Made Easy E-Book written by Jonathan Corne and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-06-26 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This popular guide to the examination and interpretation of chest radiographs is an invaluable aid for medical students, junior doctors, nurses, physiotherapists and radiographers. Translated into over a dozen languages, this book has been widely praised for making interpretation of the chest X-ray as simple as possible The chest X-ray is often central to the diagnosis and management of a patient. As a result every doctor requires a thorough understanding of the common radiological problems. This pocketbook describes the range of conditions likely to be encountered on the wards and guides the reader through the diagnostic process based on the appearance of the abnormality shown. - Covers the full range of common radiological problems. - Includes valuable advice on how to examine an X-ray. - Assists the doctor in determining the nature of the abnormality. - Points the clinician towards a possible differential diagnosis. - A larger page size allows for larger and clearer illustrations. - A new chapter on the sick patient covers the patient on ITU and the appearance of lines and tubes. - There is extended use of CT imaging with advice on choosing modalities depending on the clinical circumstances. - A new section of chest x-ray problems incorporates particularly challenging case histories. - The international relevance of the text has been expanded with additional text and images.

Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury

Download Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 9780736054423
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (544 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury by : William Charles Whiting

Download or read book Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury written by William Charles Whiting and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2008 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edition presents the basic mechanics of injury, function of the musculoskeletal system and the effects of injury on connective tissue which often tends to be involved in the injury process.

OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM

Download OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019265764X
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM by : Rachel Goss

Download or read book OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM written by Rachel Goss and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-17 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to the Final FRCEM examination, OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM covers over 100 topics in emergency medicine. It is mapped to the curriculum for the Royal College of Emergency Medicine, and is structured by the domains in the syllabus. Ideal for helping you practice in pairs or groups, each topic starts with a clinical situation for the candidate, instructions for an actor or revision buddy, and a mark sheet so you can score yourself effectively against the FRCEM criteria. Each question contains a pie chart to demonstrate how the marks will be assigned so you know where to focus your efforts. Topics include learning points so you can learn about the nuances of the stations and improve your answer next time. References to guidelines or evidence-based rules are included to further your study. Written by a team of authors who have successfully passed their FRCEM examination, OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM will give you all the essential tips, insights, and guidance you need for thorough exam preparation.

Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care4

Download Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care4 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323074170
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care4 by : Joyce E. Dains

Download or read book Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care4 written by Joyce E. Dains and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed for advanced practice nurses and advanced practice nursing students, as well as Physician's Assistant students and practitioners, Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care, 4th Edition, is a practical resource that takes you to the "next step" of health assessment, beyond basic history and physical examination and through the diagnostic reasoning process. Accessible and concise, it approaches physical examination by focusing on a specific chief complaint rather than a diagnosis of a disease entity. Each chapter is organized into four major areas: Focused History; Focused Physical Examination; Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies; and Differential Diagnosis. Those who master the diagnostic reasoning process in this text will be able to accurately diagnose the majority of conditions they will see in clinical practice. Easy-to-follow format with consistent organization improves your ability to understand and accurately perform the different elements of the diagnostic reasoning process: Focused History sections walk you through the thinking process involved in obtaining a pertinent, relevant, problem-specific history that will assist in differential diagnosis. Key Questions highlight what questions to ask the patient, followed by an explanation of what the patient's responses might signify, to guide you toward an accurate assessment and precise diagnosis. Focused Physical Examination sections explain how to conduct more advanced diagnostic techniques and offer interpretations of the findings. Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies sections give a brief outline of what types of laboratory or diagnostic studies would be appropriate for the chief complaint or suspected diagnosis. Differential Diagnosis sections contain the most common differential diagnoses for each chief complaint and summarize the history and physical examination findings, along with the laboratory and diagnostic studies indicated. Differential Diagnosis tables offer an at-a-glance summary of possible diagnoses. Reordered table of contents, organized alphabetically by patient problem rather than by body system, simplifies and accelerates information retrieval. A list of chapters by body system is also included for reference. Three new chapters: Chapter 23: Palpitations Chapter 36: Weight Loss/Gain (Unintentional) Chapter 38: The Abdominal X-ray Additional Evidence-Based Practice boxes provide additional research-based tips on conducting the most effective exams for more accurate diagnoses.

Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care - E-Book

Download Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care - E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323085032
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care - E-Book by : Joyce E. Dains

Download or read book Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care - E-Book written by Joyce E. Dains and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Take your understanding to a whole new level with Pageburst digital books on VitalSource! Easy-to-use, interactive features let you make highlights, share notes, run instant topic searches, and so much more. Best of all, with Pageburst, you get flexible online, offline, and mobile access to all your digital books. Designed for advanced practice nurses and advanced practice nursing students, as well as Physician's Assistant students and practitioners, Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care, 4th Edition, is a practical resource that takes you to the "next step" of health assessment, beyond basic history and physical examination and through the diagnostic reasoning process. Accessible and concise, it approaches physical examination by focusing on a specific chief complaint rather than a diagnosis of a disease entity. Each chapter is organized into four major areas: Focused History; Focused Physical Examination; Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies; and Differential Diagnosis. Those who master the diagnostic reasoning process in this text will be able to accurately diagnose the majority of conditions they will see in clinical practice. Easy-to-follow format with consistent organization improves your ability to understand and accurately perform the different elements of the diagnostic reasoning process: Focused History sections walk you through the thinking process involved in obtaining a pertinent, relevant, problem-specific history that will assist in differential diagnosis. Key Questions highlight what questions to ask the patient, followed by an explanation of what the patient's responses might signify, to guide you toward an accurate assessment and precise diagnosis. Focused Physical Examination sections explain how to conduct more advanced diagnostic techniques and offer interpretations of the findings. Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies sections give a brief outline of what types of laboratory or diagnostic studies would be appropriate for the chief complaint or suspected diagnosis. Differential Diagnosis sections contain the most common differential diagnoses for each chief complaint and summarize the history and physical examination findings, along with the laboratory and diagnostic studies indicated. Differential Diagnosis tables offer an at-a-glance summary of possible diagnoses. Reordered table of contents, organized alphabetically by patient problem rather than by body system, simplifies and accelerates information retrieval. A list of chapters by body system is also included for reference. Three new chapters: Chapter 23: Palpitations Chapter 36: Weight Loss/Gain (Unintentional) Chapter 38: The Abdominal X-ray Additional Evidence-Based Practice boxes provide additional research-based tips on conducting the most effective exams for more accurate diagnoses.