Screening For Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Pregnant Women Evidence Synthesis

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Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Pregnant Women: Evidence Synthesis

Author : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781490596815
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Pregnant Women: Evidence Synthesis by : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services

Download or read book Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Pregnant Women: Evidence Synthesis written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This evidence synthesis focuses on screening for unsuspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using HIV antibody (Ab) tests in pregnant women, including adolescents. Since the USPSTF last published recommendations regarding HIV screening of pregnant Women, there have been substantial changes in the management of pregnant women with HIV and in the rates of mother-to-child transmission. Although this report reviews the overall body of evidence regarding screening for HIV infection in pregnant women, it focuses on more recent data regarding the efficacy of combination antiretroviral regimens in prevention of mother-to-child transmission, harms associated with receipt of antiretrovirals in pregnancy, and the accuracy and acceptability of rapid testing. There is no effective vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for chronic infection. In HIV-infected pregnant women, a major goal of interventions is to reduce the risk of mother-to child transmission. Other important goals are to improve clinical outcomes in the mother, facilitate early identification of infected newborns, allow women to make informed future reproductive choices, and prevent horizontal transmission through counseling on risky behaviors. Interventions for HIV-infected pregnant women include antiretroviral therapy, avoidance of breastfeeding, specific labor and delivery management techniques such as cesarean section before labor and before rupture of membranes (elective cesarean section), prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, immunizations, counseling to reduce high-risk behaviors, and regular monitoring and follow-up. In the U.S., receipt of combination antiretrovirals in conjunction with elective cesarean section in selected women and avoidance of breastfeeding is the standard of care to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Management of HIV infection in pregnancy is a rapidly evolving area. Key Questions addressed include: KQ1. Does Screening for HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission or Premature Death and Disability? KQ2. Can Clinical or Demographic Characteristics (Including Persons in Specific Settings) Identify Subgroups of Asymptomatic Pregnant Women at Increased Risk for HIV Infection Compared to the General Population of Pregnant Women? KQ3. What Are the Test Characteristics of HIV Antibody Test Strategies in Pregnant Women? KQ4. What Are the Harms (Including Labeling and Anxiety) Associated with Screening? Is Screening Acceptable to Pregnant Women? KQ5. How Many HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Who Meet Criteria for Interventions Receive Them? KQ6. What Are the Harms Associated with the Work-up for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women? KQ7a. How Effective Are Interventions (Antiretroviral Prophylaxis [to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission] or Treatment [to Improve Maternal Outcomes], Avoidance of Breastfeeding, Elective Cesarean Section [in Selected Patients] or Other Labor Management Practices, Counseling on Risky Behaviors, Immunizations, Routine Monitoring and Follow-up or Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections) in Reducing Transmission Rates or Improving Clinical Outcomes (Mortality, Functional Status, Quality of Life, Symptoms, or Opportunistic Infections) in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection? KQ7b. Does Immediate Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Result in Improvements in Clinical Outcomes Compared to Delayed Treatment until Symptomatic? KQ7c. How Well Do Interventions Reduce the Rate of Viremia, Improve CD4 Counts, and Reduce Risky Behaviors? How Does Identification of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women Affect Future Reproductive Choices? KQ8. What Are the Harms (Including Adverse Effects from In Utero Exposure) Associated with Antiretroviral Intervention and Elective Cesarean Section? KQ9. Have Improvements in Intermediate Outcomes (CD4 Counts, Viremia, or Risky Behaviors) in HIV Infected Pregnant Women Been Shown to Improve Clinical Outcomes or Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission?

Nutrition and HIV

Author : Saurabh Mehta
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351058185
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutrition and HIV by : Saurabh Mehta

Download or read book Nutrition and HIV written by Saurabh Mehta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world continues to lose more than a million lives each year to the HIV epidemic, and nearly two million individuals were infected with HIV in 2017 alone. The new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries of the United Nations in September 2015, include a commitment to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Considerable emphasis on prevention of new infections and treatment of those living with HIV will be needed to make this goal achievable. With nearly 37 million people now living with HIV, it is a communicable disease that behaves like a noncommunicable disease. Nutritional management is integral to comprehensive HIV care and treatment. Improved nutritional status and weight gain can increase recovery and strength of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, improve dietary diversity and caloric intake, and improve quality of life. This book highlights evidence-based research linking nutrition and HIV and identifies research gaps to inform the development of guidelines and policies for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. A comprehensive approach that includes nutritional interventions is likely to maximize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV disease progression and other adverse outcomes in HIV-infected men and women. Modification of nutritional status has been shown to enhance the quality of life of those suffering HIV/AIDS, both physically in terms of improved body mass index and immunological markers, and psychologically, by improving symptoms of depression. While the primary focus for those infected should remain on antiretroviral treatment and increasing its availability and coverage, improvement of nutritional status plays a complementary role in the management of HIV infection.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Breastfeeding

Author : Athena P. Kourtis
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461422515
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Breastfeeding by : Athena P. Kourtis

Download or read book Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Breastfeeding written by Athena P. Kourtis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The HIV pandemic continues to levy a heavy burden on the human race world-wide. The estimated number of people who became newly infected with HIV in 2009 was 2.6 million; most of these individuals live in Sub-Saharan Africa, followed by India and Southeast Asia. An estimated 370,000 new cases of pediatric infections occurred globally in 2009 (or more than 1,000 new infections every day), practically all of them through mother-to-child transmission. Up to 40% of all new infant HIV infections occur during breastfeeding. While breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is not recommended in the U.S. and other resource-rich settings where safe replacement feeding is easily available, the situation is different in many resource-limited settings, where replacement feeding is not safe or available and carries a high risk of infections (diarrhea, pneumonia) and infant malnutrition. Mothers in such settings are faced with a difficult dilemma: to breastfeed their infants in order to provide their infants with its many benefits (nutritional, immunologic, cognitive), but to also risk transmitting HIV. These challenges have prompted an intensive search for new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in order to prevent infants from acquiring HIV infection through breastfeeding. In this book, expert HIV researchers critically review every aspect of this highly evolving and topical subject. The opening chapters deal with the epidemiology, global magnitude and biologic mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission from mother to child through breastfeeding and include considerations of the virus (quantity, compartments, characteristics) and the host (genetic, immunity-innate, cellular, humoral). The effects of breastfeeding on the HIV-infected mother’s health and nutritional status, and the social and cultural issues associated with the practice of breastfeeding are also discussed. The next few chapters provide cutting-edge reviews of the latest approaches to prevention of HIV transmission to the infant through breastfeeding, including antiretroviral strategies, nutritional and immune-based approaches, and treatment of expressed breast milk. The remaining chapters provide a fascinating review of the many iterations this subject has received, as reflected in the several different sets of guidelines for infant feeding by HIV-infected mothers issued by the World Health Organization, and a debate by leading scientists on whether HIV-infected mothers should breastfeed their infants-in resource-limited and in resource-rich settings. A comprehensive overview of the current state of implementing the new evidence for prevention of breastfeeding transmission of HIV all over the world is also presented. Essential reading for the many disciplines of scientists and clinicians working on HIV/AIDS and other retroviruses, pediatricians, obstetricians/gynecologists, as well as all health-care professionals interested in expanding their understanding on the subject.

Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6)

Author : King K. Holmes
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464805253
Total Pages : 1027 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) by : King K. Holmes

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

HIV and Aging

Author : M. Brennan-Ing
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 3318059463
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis HIV and Aging by : M. Brennan-Ing

Download or read book HIV and Aging written by M. Brennan-Ing and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2016-11-22 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite decades of attention on building a global HIV research and programming agenda, HIV in older populations has generally been neglected until recently. This new book focuses on HIV and aging in the context of ageism with regard to prevention, treatment guidelines, funding, and the engagement of communities and health and social service organizations. The lack of perceived HIV risk in late adulthood among older people themselves, as well on the part of providers and society in general, has led to a lack of investment in education, testing, and programmatic responses. Ageism perpetuates the invisibility of older adults and, in turn, renders current medical and social service systems unprepared to respond to patients’ needs. While ageism may lead to some advantages – discounts for services, for example – it is the negative aspects that must be addressed when determining the appropriate community-level response to the epidemic.

Infections in Pregnancy

Author : Adel Elkady
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108716636
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Infections in Pregnancy by : Adel Elkady

Download or read book Infections in Pregnancy written by Adel Elkady and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides effective diagnosis and management of infectious diseases in pregnant women in a single comprehensive available resource for busy clinicians.

Reducing the Odds

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309062862
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (628 download)

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Book Synopsis Reducing the Odds by : National Research Council

Download or read book Reducing the Odds written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-13 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thousands of HIV-positive women give birth every year. Further, because many pregnant women are not tested for HIV and therefore do not receive treatment, the number of children born with HIV is still unacceptably high. What can we do to eliminate this tragic and costly inheritance? In response to a congressional request, this book evaluates the extent to which state efforts have been effective in reducing the perinatal transmission of HIV. The committee recommends that testing HIV be a routine part of prenatal care, and that health care providers notify women that HIV testing is part of the usual array of prenatal tests and that they have an opportunity to refuse the HIV test. This approach could help both reduce the number of pediatric AIDS cases and improve treatment for mothers with AIDS. Reducing the Odds will be of special interest to federal, state, and local health policymakers, prenatal care providers, maternal and child health specialists, public health practitioners, and advocates for HIV/AIDS patients. January

WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children

Download WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789241595629
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (956 download)

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Book Synopsis WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children by :

Download or read book WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIV

Author : Jean R. Anderson
Publisher : DIANE Publishing Inc.
ISBN 13 : 9780160726118
Total Pages : 636 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIV by : Jean R. Anderson

Download or read book A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIV written by Jean R. Anderson and published by DIANE Publishing Inc.. This book was released on 2005 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOTE: NO FURTHER DISCOUNT FOR THIS PRODUCT ITEM -OVERSRTOCK SALE-- Significantly reduced price. Edited by Jean R. Anderson. This guide addresses the health care needs unique to women with HIV. It targets clinicians who provide primary care to women as well as those seeking an understanding of how to take care of women with HIV/AIDS. This guide includes tables, figures, color plates, resources, references, and indices. This 2005 edition includes new chapters on international issues and nutrition. Edge indexed."

Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research

Author : Leslie Curry
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1483347141
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research by : Leslie Curry

Download or read book Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research written by Leslie Curry and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2014-09-30 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research: A Practical Primer, by Leslie Curry and Marcella Nunez-Smith, presents key theories, concepts, and approaches in an accessible way. Packed with illustrations from the health sciences literature, this ready-to-use guidebook shows readers how to design, conduct, review, and use mixed methods research findings. Helpful checklists, figures, tables, templates, and much more give readers examples that will elevate the quality of their research, facilitate communication about their methods, and improve efficiency over the course of their projects. Real-world examples and insights from mixed methods researchers provide unique perspectives on every aspect of mixed methods research. This book successfully pulls together foundational mixed methods principles, synthesizes the knowledge base in the field, and translates it for a health science researcher audience. “The content is highly applicable to real life research teams in the areas of clinical research, health services research, and implementation science, providing sound content and practical advice. The authors have synthesized and pull key concepts from a variety of sources to provide a concise resource.” —Linda M. Herrick, South Dakota State University “Everything from the references, to the topics, checklists, conceptual graphic representations, and organizers, interviews, and resources, all contribute to the content and aid with understanding and/or application. … It addresses specific MM research as it pertains to health sciences in a way that other texts just do not even attempt.” —Denise L. Winsor, University of Memphis “[This text is] a very pragmatic approach to mixed methods research; excellent resources, tables, and figures [are] provided, along with cases and examples of value to researchers and grant reviewers. Its relevance to practice, education, and research, as well as to potential policy implications, is a strong focus that would make this a valued textbook for any researcher!” ? —Karen Devereaux Melillo, University of Massachusetts Lowell “The text is cutting edge. It leads the way with its focus on team dynamics. [The authors] succeed in making the book relevant and practical. They also articulate a number of key insights in the area of mixed methods that rarely get addressed, such as teams and conflict. Great read with a lot of good, practical information for mixed methods researchers at all levels. The practical approach of this text makes it an innovative and valuable resource.” —John G. Schumacher, University of Maryland

Perinatal AIDS

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Perinatal AIDS by :

Download or read book Perinatal AIDS written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cumulated Index Medicus

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1488 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Cumulated Index Medicus by :

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Current Perspectives in HIV Infection

Author : Shailendra K. Saxena
Publisher : IntechOpen
ISBN 13 : 9789535110576
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Current Perspectives in HIV Infection by : Shailendra K. Saxena

Download or read book Current Perspectives in HIV Infection written by Shailendra K. Saxena and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2013-04-10 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a comprehensive overview of HIV and AIDS including NeuroAIDS, as well as general concepts of pathology, immunity and immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology and etiology to current clinical recommendations in management of HIV/AIDS including NeuroAIDS, highlighting the ongoing issues, recent advances and future directions in diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies.

HIV in China

Author : Jing Jun
Publisher : UNSW Press
ISBN 13 : 1742240062
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis HIV in China by : Jing Jun

Download or read book HIV in China written by Jing Jun and published by UNSW Press. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The result of collaboration between the University of New South Wales and the Tsinghua University in Beijing, this unique chronicle maps some of the most important social, political, and cultural characteristics of the HIV epidemic in China. Demonstrating that the epidemic was propelled by three main economic drivers--the blood trade, the drug trade, and the sex trade--this informative compilation of essays uncovers the hidden truths about the spread of HIV and analyzes its social impacts.

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book

Author : John E. Bennett
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323550274
Total Pages : 5208 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book by : John E. Bennett

Download or read book Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book written by John E. Bennett and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-08-08 with total page 5208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For four decades, physicians and other healthcare providers have trusted Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases to provide expert guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of these complex disorders. The 9th Edition continues the tradition of excellence with newly expanded chapters, increased global coverage, and regular updates to keep you at the forefront of this vitally important field. Meticulously updated by Drs. John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin, and Martin J. Blaser, this comprehensive, two-volume masterwork puts the latest information on challenging infectious diseases at your fingertips. - Provides more in-depth coverage of epidemiology, etiology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, and treatment of infectious agents than any other infectious disease resource. - Features an increased focus on antibiotic stewardship; new antivirals for influenza, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis C, hepatitis B., and immunizations; and new recommendations for vaccination against infection with pneumococci, papillomaviruses, hepatitis A, and pertussis. - Covers newly recognized enteroviruses causing paralysis (E-A71, E-D68); emerging viral infections such as Ebola, Zika, Marburg, SARS, and MERS; and important updates on prevention and treatment of C. difficile infection, including new tests that diagnose or falsely over-diagnose infectious diseases. - Offers fully revised content on bacterial pathogenesis, antibiotic use and toxicity, the human microbiome and its effects on health and disease, immunological mechanisms and immunodeficiency, and probiotics and alternative approaches to treatment of infectious diseases. - Discusses up-to-date topics such as use of the new PCR panels for diagnosis of meningitis, diarrhea and pneumonia; current management of infected orthopedic implant infections; newly recognized infections transmitted by black-legged ticks in the USA: Borrelia miyamotoi and Powassan virus; infectious complications of new drugs for cancer; new drugs for resistant bacteria and mycobacteria; new guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of HIV infections; and new vaccines against herpes zoster, influenza, meningococci. - PPID continues its tradition of including leading experts from a truly global community, including authors from Australia, Canada and countries in Europe, Asia, and South America. - Includes regular updates online for the life of the edition. - Features more than 1,500 high-quality, full-color photographs—with hundreds new to this edition. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase, which allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789241549684
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (496 download)

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Book Synopsis Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.

WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789241549912
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (499 download)

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Book Synopsis WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience by : World Health Organization

Download or read book WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the continuum of reproductive health care, antenatal care provides a platform for important health-care functions, including health promotion, screening and diagnosis, and disease prevention. It has been established that, by implementing timely and appropriate evidence-based practices, antenatal care can save lives. Endorsed by the United Nations Secretary-General, this is a comprehensive WHO guideline on routine antenatal care for pregnant women and adolescent girls. It aims to complement existing WHO guidelines on the management of specific pregnancy-related complications. The guidance captures the complex nature of the antenatal care issues surrounding healthcare practices and delivery, and prioritizes person-centered health and well-being --- not only the prevention of death and morbidity --- in accordance with a human rights-based approach.