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Scientists Business And The State 1890 1960
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Book Synopsis Scientists, Business, and the State, 1890-1960 by : Patrick J. McGrath
Download or read book Scientists, Business, and the State, 1890-1960 written by Patrick J. McGrath and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2003-01-14 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the late nineteenth century, scientists began allying themselves with America's corporate, political, and military elites. They did so not just to improve their professional standing and win more money for research, says Patrick McGrath, but for political reasons as well. They wanted to use their new institutional connections to effect a transformation of American political culture. They succeeded, but not in ways that all scientists envisioned or agreed upon. McGrath describes how, between 1890 and 1960, scientific, business, and political leaders together forged a new definition of American democracy in which science and technology were presented to the public as crucial ingredients of the nation's progress, prosperity, and political stability. But as scientists became more prominent, they provoked conflicts among themselves as well as with their institutional patrons over exactly how their expertise should be used. McGrath examines the bitter battles that erupted over the role scientists should play during the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War arms race, and the security and loyalty investigations of the 1950s. He finds that, by the end of the 1950s, scientists were regarded by the political and military elite not as partners but as subordinate technicians who were expected to supply weapons on demand for the Cold War state. Originally published 2001. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Book Synopsis DDT and the American Century by : David Kinkela
Download or read book DDT and the American Century written by David Kinkela and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2011-11-07 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praised for its ability to kill insects effectively and cheaply and reviled as an ecological hazard, DDT continues to engender passion across the political spectrum as one of the world's most controversial chemical pesticides. In DDT and the American Century, David Kinkela chronicles the use of DDT around the world from 1941 to the present with a particular focus on the United States, which has played a critical role in encouraging the global use of the pesticide. Kinkela's study offers a unique approach to understanding both this contentious chemical and modern environmentalism in an international context.
Book Synopsis American Labyrinth by : Raymond Haberski, Jr.
Download or read book American Labyrinth written by Raymond Haberski, Jr. and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-15 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intellectual history has never been more relevant and more important to public life in the United States. In complicated and confounding times, people look for the principles that drive action and the foundations that support national ideals. American Labyrinth demonstrates the power of intellectual history to illuminate our public life and examine our ideological assumptions. This volume of essays brings together 19 influential intellectual historians to contribute original thoughts on topics of widespread interest. Raymond Haberski Jr. and Andrew Hartman asked a group of nimble, sharp scholars to respond to a simple question: How might the resources of intellectual history help shed light on contemporary issues with historical resonance? The answers—all rigorous, original, and challenging—are as eclectic in approach and temperament as the authors are different in their interests and methods. Taken together, the essays of American Labyrinth illustrate how intellectual historians, operating in many different registers at once and ranging from the theoretical to the political, can provide telling insights for understanding a public sphere fraught with conflict. In order to understand why people are ready to fight over cultural symbols and political positions we must have insight into how ideas organize, enliven, and define our lives. Ultimately, as Haberski and Hartman show in this volume, the best route through our contemporary American labyrinth is the path that traces our practical and lived ideas.
Book Synopsis Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe by : John Krige
Download or read book Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe written by John Krige and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-07-22 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How America used its technological leadership in the 1950s and the 1960s to foster European collaboration and curb nuclear proliferation, with varying degrees of success. In the 1950s and the 1960s, U.S. administrations were determined to prevent Western European countries from developing independent national nuclear weapons programs. To do so, the United States attempted to use its technological pre-eminence as a tool of “soft power” to steer Western European technological choices toward the peaceful uses of the atom and of space, encouraging options that fostered collaboration, promoted nonproliferation, and defused challenges to U.S. technological superiority. In Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe, John Krige describes these efforts and the varying degrees of success they achieved. Krige explains that the pursuit of scientific and technological leadership, galvanized by America's Cold War competition with the Soviet Union, was also used for techno-political collaboration with major allies. He examines a series of multinational arrangements involving shared technological platforms and aimed at curbing nuclear proliferation, and he describes the roles of the Department of State, the Atomic Energy Commission, and NASA. To their dismay, these agencies discovered that the use of technology as an instrument of soft power was seriously circumscribed, by internal divisions within successive administrations and by external opposition from European countries. It was successful, Krige argues, only when technological leadership was embedded in a web of supportive “harder” power structures.
Book Synopsis Pills, Power, and Policy by : Dominique A. Tobbell
Download or read book Pills, Power, and Policy written by Dominique A. Tobbell and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Tobbell analyzes the political and economic history of the alignment of the pharmaceutical industry, academic institutions and their faculty and organized medicine. This book is essential reading for policymakers and their staff as well as persons who study the history of health policy and those who contribute to it through medical research, advocacy and journalism. " -Daniel Fox, author of The Convergence of Science and Governance: Research, Health Policy, and American States "Dominique Tobbell’s vivid, balanced and probing account of pharmaceutical politics is a significant, needed analysis of the relationships between the pharmaceutical industry, university researchers, the medical profession and government in the Cold War period. More than this, Pills, Power, and Policy shows why it continues to be difficult to agree in the United States on the relative roles of corporate enterprise, government regulation, technological innovation, freedom to prescribe, and consumer marketing and protection, all played out against the rising costs of health care. Timely and thought-provoking."--Rosemary A. Stevens. DeWitt Wallace Distinguished Scholar, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College "A superb and compelling account of the creation of one of America’s most reviled entities: Big Pharma. With clarity and subtlety, Pills, Power, and Policy weaves together the political, economic, and the medical to reveal the entangled history behind our modern pharmaceutical predicament."--Andrea Tone, Ph.D., Professor of History & Canada Research Chair in the Social History of Medicine, McGill University “Pills, Power and Policy provides an outstanding description and analysis of the evolution of drug policy. It is an extremely important contribution to our understanding of the political, scientific, and economic nature of pharmaceutical regulation." -Daniel S. Greenberg, Washington journalist and author of Science, Money and Politics: Political Triumph and Ethical Erosion
Book Synopsis Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market by : Barbara Bridgman Perkins
Download or read book Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market written by Barbara Bridgman Perkins and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market shows how the radiation therapy specialty in the United States (later called radiation oncology) co-evolved with its device industry throughout the twentieth-century. Academic engineers and physicians acquired financing to develop increasingly powerful radiation devices, initiated companies to manufacture the devices competitively and designed hospital and freestanding procedure units to utilize them. In the process they incorporated market strategies into medical organization and practice. This provocative inquiry concludes that public health policy needs to re-evaluate market-driven high-tech medicine and build evidence-based health care systems.
Book Synopsis International Organizations and Global Development by : Nicholas Ferns
Download or read book International Organizations and Global Development written by Nicholas Ferns and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-05-20 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third issue of the Yearbook on the History of Global Development aims at collecting contributions about the role of international organiszations in shaping the global system of development throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. International organizations - both intergovernmental and NGOs - have played a crucial role, shaping the global system of development by setting agendas, mobilizing people, and framing ideas and practices regarding development on local, national, regional, and global scales.
Book Synopsis Pop Goes the Decade by : Martin Kich
Download or read book Pop Goes the Decade written by Martin Kich and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzing complex social and political issues through their manifestations in popular culture, this book provides readers a strong foundational knowledge of the 1960s as a decade. 1969 went out in a way that could never have been imagined in 1960. While the president at the end of the decade had been vice president at the start, the intervening years permanently changed American culture. Pop Goes the Decade: The Sixties explores the cultural and social framework of the 1960s, addressing film, television, sports, technology, media/advertising, fashion, art, and more. Entries are presented in encyclopedic fashion, organized into such categories as controversies in pop culture, game changers, technology, and the decade's legacy. A timeline highlights significant cultural moments, while an introduction and a conclusion place those moments within the contexts of preceding and subsequent decades. Attention to the decade's most prominent influencers allows readers to understand the movements with which these figures are associated, and discussion of controversies and social change enables readers to gain a stronger understanding of evolving American social values.
Book Synopsis The Effortless Economy of Science? by : Philip Mirowski
Download or read book The Effortless Economy of Science? written by Philip Mirowski and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compilation of essays by the author that reveals the value for science studies of examples arising within the history of economics.
Book Synopsis Empty Pleasures by : Carolyn de la Peña
Download or read book Empty Pleasures written by Carolyn de la Peña and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2010-09-27 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sugar substitutes have been a part of American life since saccharin was introduced at the 1893 World's Fair. In Empty Pleasures, the first history of artificial sweeteners in the United States, Carolyn de la Pena blends popular culture with business and women's history, examining the invention, production, marketing, regulation, and consumption of sugar substitutes such as saccharin, Sucaryl, NutraSweet, and Splenda. She describes how saccharin, an accidental laboratory by-product, was transformed from a perceived adulterant into a healthy ingredient. As food producers and pharmaceutical companies worked together to create diet products, savvy women's magazine writers and editors promoted artificially sweetened foods as ideal, modern weight-loss aids, and early diet-plan entrepreneurs built menus and fortunes around pleasurable dieting made possible by artificial sweeteners. NutraSweet, Splenda, and their predecessors have enjoyed enormous success by promising that Americans, especially women, can "have their cake and eat it too," but Empty Pleasures argues that these "sweet cheats" have fostered troubling and unsustainable eating habits and that the promises of artificial sweeteners are ultimately too good to be true.
Book Synopsis Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival by : Michael Egan
Download or read book Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival written by Michael Egan and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-01-23 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronicles the activist career of Barry Commoner, one of the most influential American environmental thinkers, and his role in recasting the environmental movement after World War II. For over half a century, the biologist Barry Commoner has been one of the most prominent and charismatic defenders of the American environment, appearing on the cover of Time magazine in 1970 as the standard-bearer of "the emerging science of survival." In Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival, Michael Egan examines Commoner's social and scientific activism and charts an important shift in American environmental values since World War II.Throughout his career, Commoner believed that scientists had a social responsibility, and that one of their most important obligations was to provide citizens with accessible scientific information so they could be included in public debates that concerned them. Egan shows how Commoner moved naturally from calling attention to the hazards of nuclear fallout to raising public awareness of the environmental dangers posed by the petrochemical industry. He argues that Commoner's belief in the importance of dissent, the dissemination of scientific information, and the need for citizen empowerment were critical planks in the remaking of American environmentalism. Commoner's activist career can be defined as an attempt to weave together a larger vision of social justice. Since the 1960s, he has called attention to parallels between the environmental, civil rights, labor, and peace movements, and connected environmental decline with poverty, injustice, exploitation, and war, arguing that the root cause of environmental problems was the American economic system and its manifestations. He was instrumental in pointing out that there was a direct association between socioeconomic standing and exposure to environmental pollutants and that economics, not social responsibility, was guiding technological decision making. Egan argues that careful study of Commoner's career could help reinvigorate the contemporary environmental movement at a point when the environmental stakes have never been so high.
Download or read book American Prometheus written by Kai Bird and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE INSPIRATION FOR THE MAJOR MOTION PICTURE OPPENHEIMER • "A riveting account of one of history’s most essential and paradoxical figures.”—Christopher Nolan #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • PULITZER PRIZE WINNER • The definitive biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the iconic figures of the twentieth century, a brilliant physicist who led the effort to build the atomic bomb for his country in a time of war, and who later found himself confronting the moral consequences of scientific progress. In this magisterial, acclaimed biography twenty-five years in the making, Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin capture Oppenheimer’s life and times, from his early career to his central role in the Cold War. This is biography and history at its finest, riveting and deeply informative. “A masterful account of Oppenheimer’s rise and fall, set in the context of the turbulent decades of America’s own transformation. It is a tour de force.” —Los Angeles Times Book Review “A work of voluminous scholarship and lucid insight, unifying its multifaceted portrait with a keen grasp of Oppenheimer’s essential nature.... It succeeds in deeply fathoming his most damaging, self-contradictory behavior.” —The New York Times
Book Synopsis The Age of Edison by : Ernest Freeberg
Download or read book The Age of Edison written by Ernest Freeberg and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sweeping history of the electric light revolution and the birth of modern America The late nineteenth century was a period of explosive technological creativity, but more than any other invention, Thomas Edison’s incandescent light bulb marked the arrival of modernity, transforming its inventor into a mythic figure and avatar of an era. In The Age of Edison, award-winning author and historian Ernest Freeberg weaves a narrative that reaches from Coney Island and Broadway to the tiniest towns of rural America, tracing the progress of electric light through the reactions of everyone who saw it and capturing the wonder Edison’s invention inspired. It is a quintessentially American story of ingenuity, ambition, and possibility in which the greater forces of progress and change are made by one of our most humble and ubiquitous objects.
Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science by : David Tyfield
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science written by David Tyfield and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-04-28 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The political economy of research and innovation (R&I) is one of the central issues of the early twenty-first century. ‘Science’ and ‘innovation’ are increasingly tasked with driving and reshaping a troubled global economy while also tackling multiple, overlapping global challenges, such as climate change or food security, global pandemics or energy security. But responding to these demands is made more complicated because R&I themselves are changing. Today, new global patterns of R&I are transforming the very structures, institutions and processes of science and innovation, and with it their claims about desirable futures. Our understanding of R&I needs to change accordingly. Responding to this new urgency and uncertainty, this handbook presents a pioneering selection of the growing body of literature that has emerged in recent years at the intersection of science and technology studies and political economy. The central task for this research has been to expose important but consequential misconceptions about the political economy of R&I and to build more insightful approaches. This volume therefore explores the complex interrelations between R&I (both in general and in specific fields) and political economies across a number of key dimensions from health to environment, and universities to the military. The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science offers a unique collection of texts across a range of issues in this burgeoning and important field from a global selection of top scholars. The handbook is essential reading for students interested in the political economy of science, technology and innovation. It also presents succinct and insightful summaries of the state of the art for more advanced scholars.
Book Synopsis Information and Intrigue by : Colin B. Burke
Download or read book Information and Intrigue written by Colin B. Burke and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2014-05-16 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An account of Herbert Field's quest for a new way of organizing information and how information systems are produced by ideology as well as technology. In Information and Intrigue Colin Burke tells the story of one man's plan to revolutionize the world's science information systems and how science itself became enmeshed with ideology and the institutions of modern liberalism. In the 1890s, the idealistic American Herbert Haviland Field established the Concilium Bibliographicum, a Switzerland-based science information service that sent millions of index cards to American and European scientists. Field's radical new idea was to index major ideas rather than books or documents. In his struggle to create and maintain his system, Field became entangled with nationalistic struggles over the control of science information, the new system of American philanthropy (powered by millionaires), the politics of an emerging American professional science, and in the efforts of another information visionary, Paul Otlet, to create a pre-digital worldwide database for all subjects. World War I shuttered the Concilium, and postwar efforts to revive it failed. Field himself died in the influenza epidemic of 1918. Burke carries the story into the next generation, however, describing the astonishingly varied career of Field's son, Noel, who became a diplomat, an information source for Soviet intelligence (as was his friend Alger Hiss), a secret World War II informant for Allen Dulles, and a prisoner of Stalin. Along the way, Burke touches on a range of topics, including the new entrepreneurial university, Soviet espionage in America, and further efforts to classify knowledge.
Book Synopsis Science and the State by : John Gascoigne
Download or read book Science and the State written by John Gascoigne and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first historical overview of the partnership between science and the state from the Scientific Revolution to World War II.
Book Synopsis American Higher Education Transformed, 1940--2005 by : Wilson Smith
Download or read book American Higher Education Transformed, 1940--2005 written by Wilson Smith and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2008-03-04 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part IV. Graduate Studies Introduction Graduate surveys and prospects 1. Bernard Berelson, Graduate Education in the United States, 1960 2. Allan M. Cartter, "The Supply of and Demand for College Teachers," 1966 3. Horace W. Magoun, "The Cartter Report on Quality," 1966 4. William Bowen and Julie Ann Sosa, Prospect for Faculty in the Arts and Sciences, 1989 5. Denise K. Magner, "Decline in Doctorates Earned by Black and White Men Persists," 1989 Improving the Status of Academic Women 6. AHA Committee on the Status of Women in the Profession, (the Rose Report), 1970 Consequences of Democratization 7. Lynn Hunt, "Democratization and Decline?" 1997 Rethinking the Ph.D. 8. Louis Menand, "How to Make a Ph.D. Matter," 1996 9. Robert Weisbuch, "Six Proposals to Revive the Humanities," 1999 10. AAU Report on Graduate Education, 1998 Future Faculty 11. James Duderstadt, "Preparing Future Faculty for Future Universities," 2001 Part V. Disciplines and Interdiscplinarity Introduction The Work of Disciplines 1. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962 2. Peter Galison, How Experiments End, 1987 3. Carl E. Schorske, "The New Rigorism in the 1940s and 1950s," 1997 4. David A. Hollinger, "The Disciplines and the Identity Debates," 1997 Area Studies 5. William Nelson Fenton, Area Studies in American Universities, 1947 Black Studies 6. Martin Kilson, "Reflections on Structure and Content in Black Studies," 1973 7. Manning Marable, "We Need New and Critical Study of Race and Ethnicity," 2000 Women's Studies 8. Nancy F. Cott, "The Women's Studies Program: Yale University," 1984 9. Florence Howe, Myths of Coeducation, 1984 10. Ellen Dubois, et. al., Feminist Scholarship, 1985 11. Lynn v. Regents of the University of California, 1981 Interdisciplinarity 12. SSRC, "Negotiating a Passage Between Disciplinary Boundaries," 2000 13. Marian Cleeves Diamond, "A New Alliance for Science Curriculum," 1983 14. Margery Garber, Academic Instincts, 2001 Part VI. Academic Profession Introduction The Intellectual Migration 1. Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants, 1971 At Work in the Academy 2. Jack Hexter, "The Historian and His Day," 1961 3. Steven Weinberg, "Reflections of a Working Scientist," 1974 4. David W. Wolfe [on Carl Woese], Tales from the Underground, 2001 5. Adrienne Rich, "Taking Women Students Seriously," 1979 6. Carolyn Heilbrun, "The Politics of Mind," 1988 7. Lani Guinier, "Becoming Gentlemen," 1994 Working in Universities/Working in Business 8. Judith Glazer-Raymo, "Academia's Equality Myth," 2001 9. Michael McPherson and Gordon Winston, "The Economics of Academic Tenure," 1983 10. American Historical Association, "Who is Teaching in U.S. College Classrooms?" 2000 and "Breakthrough for Part-Timers," 2005 11. Lotte Bailyn, Breaking the Mold, 1993 Teachers as Labor and Management 12. NLRB v. Yeshiva University, 1980 13. Brown University, 342 National Labor Relations Board, 2004 Protocols and Ethics 14. Edward Shils, "The Academic Ethic," 1982 15. Donald Kennedy, Academic Duty, 1997 16. Neil Smelser, Effective Committee Service, 1993 17. Ernest Boyer, Scholarship Reconsidered, 1990 18. Burton R. Clark, "Small Worlds, Different Worlds," 1997 19. James F. Carlin, "Restoring Sanity to an Academic World Gone Mad," 1999 Part VII. Conflicts on And Beyond Campus Introduction What Should the University Do? 1. Students for a Democratic Society, "The Port Huron Statement," 1964 2. Diana Trilling, "The Other Night at Columbia," 1962 Campus Free Speech 3. Goldberg v. Regents of the University of California, 1967 A Learning Community 4. Paul Goodman, The Community of Scholars, 1962 5. Charles Muscatine, Education at Berkeley, 1966 6. Mario Savio, "The Uncertain Future of the Multiversity," 1966 The Franklin Affair 7. John Howard and H. Bruce Franklin, Who Should Run the Universities, 1969 8. H. Bruce Franklin, Back Where You Came From, 1975 9. Franklin v. Leland Stanford University, 1985 10. Donald Kennedy, Academic Duty, 1997 Inquiries 11. Archibald Cox, et al., Crisis at Columbia, 1968 12. William Scranton, et al., Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest, 1970 Academic Commitment in Crisis Times 13. Sheldon Wolin, "Remembering Berkeley," 1964 14. Kenneth Bancroft Clark, "Intelligence, the University, and Society," 1967 15. Richard Hofstadter, Commencement Address, 1968 16. William Bouwsma, "On the Relevance of Paideia," 1970 17. John Bunzel, "Six New Threats to the Academy,"
