Russias Economic Modernization

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The Oxford Handbook of the Russian Economy

Author : Michael Alexeev
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199344132
Total Pages : 864 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the Russian Economy by : Michael Alexeev

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Russian Economy written by Michael Alexeev and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-06-04 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By 1999, Russia's economy was growing at almost 7% per year, and by 2008 reached 11th place in the world GDP rankings. Russia is now the world's second largest producer and exporter of oil, the largest producer and exporter of natural gas, and as a result has the third largest stock of foreign exchange reserves in the world, behind only China and Japan. But while this impressive economic growth has raised the average standard of living and put a number of wealthy Russians on the Forbes billionaires list, it has failed to solve the country's deep economic and social problems inherited from the Soviet times. Russia continues to suffer from a distorted economic structure, with its low labor productivity, heavy reliance on natural resource extraction, low life expectancy, high income inequality, and weak institutions. While a voluminous amount of literature has studied various individual aspects of the Russian economy, in the West there has been no comprehensive and systematic analysis of the socialist legacies, the current state, and future prospects of the Russian economy gathered in one book. The Oxford Handbook of the Russian Economy fills this gap by offering a broad range of topics written by the best Western and Russian scholars of the Russian economy. While the book's focus is the current state of the Russian economy, the first part of the book also addresses the legacy of the Soviet command economy and offers an analysis of institutional aspects of Russia's economic development over the last decade. The second part covers the most important sectors of the economy. The third part examines the economic challenges created by the gigantic magnitude of regional, geographic, ethnic, religious and linguistic diversity of Russia. The fourth part covers various social issues, including health, education, and demographic challenges. It will also examine broad policy challenges, including the tax system, rule of law, as well as corruption and the underground economy. Michael Alexeev and Shlomo Weber provide for the first time in one volume a complete, well-rounded, and essential look at the complex, emerging Russian economy.

Bear Traps on Russia's Road to Modernization

Author : Clifford G. Gaddy
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134106890
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Bear Traps on Russia's Road to Modernization by : Clifford G. Gaddy

Download or read book Bear Traps on Russia's Road to Modernization written by Clifford G. Gaddy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-21 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bear Traps examines Russia’s longer term economic growth prospects. It argues that Russia’s growth challenges are conventionally misdiagnosed and examines the reasons why: a spatial misallocation that imposes excess costs on production and investment; distortions to human capital; an excessively high relative price of investment that serves as a tax on physical capital accumulation; and an economic mechanism that inhibits adjustments that would correct the misallocation. Bear Traps explains why Soviet legacies still constrain economic growth and outlines a feasible policy path that could remove these obstacles. The most popular proposals for Russian economic reform today — diversification, innovation, modernization — are misguided. They are based on a faulty diagnosis of the country’s ills, because they ignore a simple reality: Russia’s capital, both physical and human, is systematically overvalued, owing to a failure to account for the handicap imposed by geography and location. Part of the handicap is an unavoidable consequence of Russia’s size and cold climate. But another part is self-inflicted. Soviet policies placed far too much economic activity in cold, remote locations. Specific institutions in today’s Russia, notably its federalist structure, help preserve the Soviet spatial legacy. As a result, capital remains handicapped. Investments made to compensate for the handicaps of cold and distance should properly be treated as costs. Instead, they are considered net additions to capital. When returns to what appear to be large quantities of physical and human capital fail to satisfy expectations, the blame naturally goes to poor institutions, corruption, backward technology, and so on. Policy proceeds along the wrong path, with costly programs that can end up doing more damage than good. The authors insist that the goal should be to seek to remove the handicaps rather than to spend to compensate for them. They discuss how Russia could develop a modernization program that would let the nation finally focus on its economic advantages, not its handicaps.

Russia's Economic Modernization

Author : Christopher B. Carson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Russia's Economic Modernization by : Christopher B. Carson

Download or read book Russia's Economic Modernization written by Christopher B. Carson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A successful outcome of Russian President Medvedev's recent economic modernization plan, also known as "Smart Russia," could result in a more democratic and prosperous Russia. However, corruption and an energy dependent economy in Russia continue to exist as the main barriers in preventing substantial economic liberalization and a transition to a higher level of economic development. Failure by the Russian leadership to address these issues could result in future economic and political turmoil, potentially leading to a more fragile Russian state. The understanding of corruption within an energy dependent economy, and the international tools available in Russia's economic modernization process, are critical to establishing effective U.S. foreign policy and economic partnerships. To better understand the difficult steps that lie ahead for Russia, an economic statistical analysis, using global economic indexes, was conducted in a three scenario framework to determine which criteria Russia needs to improve in to ensure a transition to the next stage of economic development. The results of the analysis present crucial evidence for a successful economic transition. Failure by the U.S. and the West to adequately understand Russia's modernization challenges could result in a missed opportunity for future Russian political and economic liberalization.

Russian Modernization

Author : Markku Kivinen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000226808
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Russian Modernization by : Markku Kivinen

Download or read book Russian Modernization written by Markku Kivinen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on an original interpretation of social theory and an interdisciplinary approach, this book creates a new paradigm in the Russian studies. Taking a fresh view of Russia’s multiple experiences of modernization, it seeks to explain the Putin era in a completely new way. This book explores the paradoxical and contradictory aspects of Russia, analyzing the energy-dependent economy and hybrid political regime, but also religion, welfare, and culture, and their often complex interrelations. Written by a community of both Western and Russian scholars, this book re-affirms the value of social science when confronting a society that has undergone enormous and costly systematic changes. The Russian elites see modernization narrowly as economic and technological competitiveness. The contributors to this volume see contemporary Russia facing a series of antinomies, which are macro-level dilemmas that cannot be abolished, either by philosophical mediation or by immediate political decisions. As such, they are the tension fields that constitute choices for various competing agencies. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of Russian studies, transition studies, sociology, social policy, political science, energy policy, cultural studies, and stratification studies. Professionals involved in energy, ecology, and security policy will also find this publication a rich source.

Russia's Economic Modernization Policy and Implications for Cooperation Between Korea and Russia

Author : Boogyun Kang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Russia's Economic Modernization Policy and Implications for Cooperation Between Korea and Russia by : Boogyun Kang

Download or read book Russia's Economic Modernization Policy and Implications for Cooperation Between Korea and Russia written by Boogyun Kang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of Russia's economic modernization policy is to transform the economy, heavily dependent on energy exports, into an innovation-based economy. There are diverse views as to the achievements and limits of Russia's economic modernization policy. The Russian leadership considers the discussions over goals, policy directions and priority sectors of the modernization policy to be yet unfinished. Meanwhile, experts do agree in general that economic modernization is a laudable policy direction for sustainable development and that the government's willingness, efficient operation of the constituent mechanisms, improving the investment environment through intensive structural reforms, and promoting innovation of SMEs through political and financial methods are critical factors for the policy's success. Recently, the Russian government has shown a tendency to include economic reform tasks such as nurturing import substitute industries and SMEs in economic modernization policies. This reflects Russia's reality in which comprehensive reforms led by the government are urgently called for. The five sectors - energy efficiency, nuclear technology, ICT, space technology, and medical and pharmaceutical technology - are still Russia's key priority, and the industries are discussed as core agendas by the Council for Economic Modernization and Innovative Development, the control tower of the policy.Based on the findings of this study, measures for Korea-Russia cooperation in terms of Russia's economic modernization policy are suggested as follows. First, a Korea-Russia business forum for innovative venture companies should be held simultaneously when the Korea-Russia Joint Committee on Economic, Scientific and Technological Cooperation convenes. Second, it is necessary to open a Korea Innovation Center (KIC) in Moscow and set up cooperative relations with the implementing agencies of the economic modernization policy.Third, the next generation's human resources should be nurtured to enhance scientific and technological cooperation between Korea and Russia. Fourth, Russia's special industrial and innovative economic zones can be utilized as a platform for Korea-Russia cooperation. Fifth, launching a Korean-Russian portal site for economic modernization and innovation will be helpful in strengthening bilateral cooperation.

Modernising Lenin's Russia

Author : Anthony Heywood
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139431250
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Modernising Lenin's Russia by : Anthony Heywood

Download or read book Modernising Lenin's Russia written by Anthony Heywood and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-08-19 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book Anthony Heywood reassesses Bolshevik attitudes towards economic modernization and foreign economic relations during the early Soviet period. Based on hitherto unused Russian and Western archives, he examines an extraordinary decision made in March 1920 to import vast quantities of railway equipment. The book argues that under War Communism and the NEP railway modernization was vital to a strategy of rapid economic modernization, and provides the first detailed case study of the government's import policy. Following the histories of the principal contracts, it analyses Soviet foreign trade as a means to tackle domestic economic challenges. This book provides readers with a new perspective on Soviet economic development, and reveals the scale of Bolshevik business dealings with the capitalist West immediately after the Revolution.

Privatization in Russia

Author : Dmitri Ouvarovskii
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3638770524
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (387 download)

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Book Synopsis Privatization in Russia by : Dmitri Ouvarovskii

Download or read book Privatization in Russia written by Dmitri Ouvarovskii and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2007-06-16 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Politics - Region: Russia, grade: A, York University, language: English, abstract: Fragmentation of state authority, lack of a clear legislative base, unreliability of the legal system, collapse of the industry, bisection of the GDP, runaway inflation, capital flight, rises in crime and corruption, tremendous decline in life expectancy: the political, economic and social results of Russia’s transition from plan to market under Yeltsin are devastating. Within a few years the “mighty” Soviet Union fell back from a major power to a third world economy, dealing with problems like mass poverty and epidemics. In light of these disastrous outcomes the question of what “went right” during the transition process seems to be even more appropriate then the question of what “went wrong”. However, while it seems to be obvious that the stabilization and liberalization attempts by the Russian government predominantly failed, privatization, the third core facet of transition1 , “has been touted as a one of the major successes of the Russian government’s economic transformation policy. By the beginning of 1996 77.2% of medium-size and large enterprises had been privatised, accounting for 88.3% of total industrial output.”2 On the one hand, according to the Russian government’s Western advisers this privatization is the fastest in human history and “seems to be one of the few positive fruit of Russian economic policy since 1991”3. On the other hand, a common point of view is that its implementation led to an unfair distribution of state assets and only benefited a minority of Russian population. This debate is going to be the main focus of this paper. By discussing the general importance of the private sector to a democracy, the aims of privatization, its subsequent reforms, and its results, I intend to assess the contribution of these reforms to the process of Russian democratization.

Modernization from the Other Shore

Author : David C. Engerman
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674272412
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Modernization from the Other Shore by : David C. Engerman

Download or read book Modernization from the Other Shore written by David C. Engerman and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2004-01-15 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the late nineteenth century to the eve of World War II, America's experts on Russia watched as Russia and the Soviet Union embarked on a course of rapid industrialization. Captivated by the idea of modernization, diplomats, journalists, and scholars across the political spectrum rationalized the enormous human cost of this path to progress. In a fascinating examination of this crucial era, David Engerman underscores the key role economic development played in America's understanding of Russia and explores its profound effects on U.S. policy. American intellectuals from George Kennan to Samuel Harper to Calvin Hoover understood Russian events in terms of national character. Many of them used stereotypes of Russian passivity, backwardness, and fatalism to explain the need for--and the costs of--Soviet economic development. These costs included devastating famines that left millions starving while the government still exported grain. This book is a stellar example of the new international history that seamlessly blends cultural and intellectual currents with policymaking and foreign relations. It offers valuable insights into the role of cultural differences and the shaping of economic policy for developing nations even today.

Russia's Economy in an Epoch of Turbulence

Author : Vladimir Mau
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351667440
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis Russia's Economy in an Epoch of Turbulence by : Vladimir Mau

Download or read book Russia's Economy in an Epoch of Turbulence written by Vladimir Mau and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-27 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the course of the last thirty years post-communist Russia has either been struggling with crises, discussing the lessons learned from past crises, or attempting to trace the contours of future crises. Based on the author’s own experiences and his research over this long period, this book traces the logic of the development of the crises and the anti-crisis policies, and shows the continuity, or discontinuity, in determining particular solutions. It demonstrates how perceptions of the priorities for economic policy, and the problems of economic growth and the formation of a new model and its alternatives were formed and how they changed. It also outlines the evolution of ideas about the role of social politics and human capital sectors in addressing anti-crisis and modernization issues, and discusses the changing views on the institutional and structural priorities for Russia’s development. This is an important book on an economic subject of crucial global significance by a leading participant.

The Modernisation of Russia, 1676-1825

Author : Simon Dixon
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521379618
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (796 download)

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Book Synopsis The Modernisation of Russia, 1676-1825 by : Simon Dixon

Download or read book The Modernisation of Russia, 1676-1825 written by Simon Dixon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-07-29 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to place Russia's 'long' eighteenth century squarely in its European context. The conceptual framework is set out in an opening critique of modernisation which, while rejecting its linear implications, maintains its focus on the relationship between government, economy and society. Following a chronological introduction, a series of thematic chapters (covering topics such as finance and taxation, society, government and politics, culture, ideology, and economy) emphasise the ways in which Russia's international ambitions as an emerging great power provoked administrative and fiscal reforms with wide-ranging (and often unanticipated) social consequences. This thematic analysis allows Simon Dixon to demonstrate that the more the tsars tried to modernise their state, the more backward their empire became. A chronology and critical bibliography are also provided to allow students to discover more about this colourful period of Russian history.

The Challenges for Russia's Politicized Economic System

Author : Susanne Oxenstierna
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317634217
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis The Challenges for Russia's Politicized Economic System by : Susanne Oxenstierna

Download or read book The Challenges for Russia's Politicized Economic System written by Susanne Oxenstierna and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-04-10 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the early 2000s the market liberalization reforms to the Russian economy, begun in the 1990s, were consolidated. But since the mid 2000s economic policy has moved into a new phase, characterized by more state intervention with less efficiency and more structural problems. Corruption, weak competitiveness, heavy dependency on energy exports, an unbalanced labour market, and unequal regional development are trends that have arisen and which, this book argues, will worsen unless the government changes direction. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the current Russian economic system, highlighting especially structural and institutional defects, and areas where political considerations are causing distortions, and puts forward proposals on how the present situation could be remedied.

Authoritarian Modernization in Russia

Author : Vladimir Gel'man
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 131717707X
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Authoritarian Modernization in Russia by : Vladimir Gel'man

Download or read book Authoritarian Modernization in Russia written by Vladimir Gel'man and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Post-Communist Russia is an instance of the phenomenon of authoritarian modernization project, which is perceived as a set of policies intended to achieve a high level of economic development, while political freedoms remain beyond the current modernization agenda or are postponed to a distant future. Why did Russia (unlike many countries of post-Communist Europe) pursue authoritarian modernization after the Soviet collapse? What is the ideational agenda behind this project and why does it dominate Russia’s post-Communist political landscape? What are the mechanisms of political governance, which maintain this project and how have they adopted and absorbed various democratic institutions and practices? Why has this project brought such diverse results in various policy arenas, and why have the consequences of certain policies become so controversial? Why, despite so many controversies, shortcomings and flaws, has this project remained attractive in the eyes of a large proportion of the Russian elite and ordinary citizens? This volume intended to place some of these questions on the research agenda and propose several answers, encouraging further discussions about the logic and mechanisms of the authoritarian modernization project in post-Communist Russia and its effects on Russia’s politics, economy, and society.

Benefits and Risks of Political Modernization in Russia

Author : Irina Busygina
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Benefits and Risks of Political Modernization in Russia by : Irina Busygina

Download or read book Benefits and Risks of Political Modernization in Russia written by Irina Busygina and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Government-proclaimed desire to promote technological innovations and boost economic growth in Russia implies the need for the state to take an active role in economy and to provide the right stimuli and guarantees for investors. Since the Russian state under the current political regime lacks trust and credibility, and since the actions of the state to promote innovative economic development as well as its likelihood to succeed would depend on its type and characteristics, the economic agenda would demand its democratization. For entrepreneurs and investors, the Russian state in its current form is inefficient, ridden by corruption, lacks accountability and is unpredictable. Most importantly, it cannot credibly commit to respect property rights and sustain the rules. The democratic reform, in ideal, could modernize the Russian state and make it simultaneously strong, limited, accountable, conducive to good governance, and, thus, an effective agent of economic modernization. Yet the same Russian leadership that sees and proclaims the vital importance of economic and technological innovations is reluctant to engage in political modernization, attempting instead to improve the existing model of governance by administrative methods. We explain such reluctance with the heightened political risks from the democratic reform for the stability of the current political regime. In what follows we show that 1) high uncertainty and significant costs of the political reforms accrue before one could expect their positive effects on the economy, and 2) due to the specifics of the Russian political system, the transitional period is expected to last longer and, therefore, be on the whole even riskier and costlier. Thus, we are quite pessimistic about the short and medium term perspectives of the economic innovations program in Russia. On one hand, the current political regime cannot provide “good governance” and credible commitment to form and sustain incentives for domestic and international businesses to invest into technological innovations in Russia. The existing political regime is more suitable for the status-quo economy based on natural monopolies exporting raw materials, metals and energy. On the other hand, anticipation of high costs and risks of political reforms make the choice to pursue them rather unlikely, and even less so during the forthcoming electoral cycle of 2011-12. In any case, political reforms would not have their desirable positive effect on the economy for a number of years.

Modernisation in Russia since 1900

Author : Markku Kangaspuro
Publisher : Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura
ISBN 13 : 9518580219
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (185 download)

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Book Synopsis Modernisation in Russia since 1900 by : Markku Kangaspuro

Download or read book Modernisation in Russia since 1900 written by Markku Kangaspuro and published by Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. This book was released on 2006-12-27 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modernisation has been a constant theme in Russian history at least since Peter the Great launched a series of initiatives aimed at closing the economic, technical and cultural gap between Russia and the more ‘advanced’ countries of Europe. All of the leaders of the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia have been intensely aware of this gap, and have pursued a number of strategies, some more successful than others, in order to modernise the country. But it would be wrong to view modernisation as a unilinear process which was the exclusive preserve of the state. Modernisation has had profound effects on Russian society, and the attitudes of different social groups have been crucial to the success and failure of modernisation. This volume examines the broad theme of modernisation in late imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet Russia both through general overviews of particular topics, and specific case studies of modernisation projects and their impact. Modernisation is seen not just as an economic policy, but as a cultural and social phenomenon reflected through such diverse themes as ideology, welfare, education, gender relations, transport, political reform, and the Internet. The result is the most up to date and comprehensive survey of modernisation in Russia available, which highlights both one of the perennial problems and the challenges and prospects for contemporary Russia.

Russian Economic Development Since the Revolution

Author : Maurice Dobb
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Russian Economic Development Since the Revolution by : Maurice Dobb

Download or read book Russian Economic Development Since the Revolution written by Maurice Dobb and published by . This book was released on 1928 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

History of Economic Relations between Russia and China

Author : M.I. Sladkovskii
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351515551
Total Pages : 551 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis History of Economic Relations between Russia and China by : M.I. Sladkovskii

Download or read book History of Economic Relations between Russia and China written by M.I. Sladkovskii and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was originally written as a historical treatise to demonstrate -that the development of economic ties between Russia and China is the logical outcome of a centuries old friendship between these neighboring peoples, a friendship which accords with their fundamental interests and is of general benefit to all mankind.- In the post-Soviet and post-Maoist era, these consensual tendencies are even stronger. The original publication of this translation in 1966, when its central thesis had long been abandoned and refuted by both sides, is still of value and not just as an ironic comment on the theorists and systemizers of history. For this, better examples are already available in every book shop and on the shelves of every library. Rather, the work demonstrates that sharing a common socialist ideology is insufficient to overcome animosities of history and national rivalries. The student of Sino-Soviet relations will find much of interest here. The book still represents a work of considerable scholarship, even though its ostensible raison d'I1/2tre has been abolished. Armed with the knowledge that the protagonists have accepted some of the author's reservations and have reversed their positions on a number of points objectionable to him, the reader will be able to achieve a clear and comprehensive understanding of the subject. Partisanship was never particularly subtle in debates within Marxist or Maoist circles. The virulence of the language in some sections of the book, which have been rendered accurately, with no toning down, provides the reader with an insight into the background of China's continuing intransigence in international policies.

Russia's 2020 Strategic Economic Goals and the Role of International Integration

Author : Andrew Kuchins
Publisher : CSIS
ISBN 13 : 9780892065479
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (654 download)

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Book Synopsis Russia's 2020 Strategic Economic Goals and the Role of International Integration by : Andrew Kuchins

Download or read book Russia's 2020 Strategic Economic Goals and the Role of International Integration written by Andrew Kuchins and published by CSIS. This book was released on 2008 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper, the authors assess how efforts to implement the Concept may affect Russia's ongoing integration into the global economy and, in particular, how trade and investment ties with Europe and the United States are envisioned to facilitate modernization and diversification of the Russian economy. The roles of the United States and Europe are also contrasted with those China and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the two other key vectors of Russian economic development to 2020.