Roman Defeat, Christian Response, and the Literary Construction of the Jew

Download Roman Defeat, Christian Response, and the Literary Construction of the Jew PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 1512809551
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (128 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Roman Defeat, Christian Response, and the Literary Construction of the Jew by : David M. Olster

Download or read book Roman Defeat, Christian Response, and the Literary Construction of the Jew written by David M. Olster and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Olster explores Byzantine Christian reactions to the catastrophic Persian and Arab invasions, challenging long-held assumptions that divided "religious" from "secular" literature and exempted religion from contemporary social, political, and intellectual discourse.

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period

Download The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521772488
Total Pages : 1178 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (724 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period by : William David Davies

Download or read book The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period written by William David Davies and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 1178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Ntroduction Steven J. Katz; 1. Social, political and economic life in the land of Israel, 70-c.235 Seth Schwartz; 2. The Diaspora from 66-c.235: (a) The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66-c.235 Allen Kerkeslager; (b) Jews in Carthage and western north Africa, 70-c.235 Claudia Setzer; (c) The Jews in Asia Minor, 70-c.235 Paul Trebilco; (d) The Jews in Babylonia, 70-c.235 David Goldblatt; 3. The uprising in the Jewish Diaspora, 115-117 Miriam Pucci Ben Zeev; 4. The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132-135 Hanan Eshel; 5. The legal status of Jews in the Roman empire Amnon Linder; 6. Jewish art and architecture in the land of Israel, 70-c.235 Eric M. Meyers; 7. The destruction of the Jerusalem temple: its meaning and its consequences Robert Goldenberg; 8. The origins and development of the rabbinic movement in the land of Israel Hayim Lapin; 9. The canonical process James A. Sanders; 10. The beginnings of Christian anti-Judaism, 70-c.235 Peter Richardson; 11. The rabbinic response to Christianity Steven T. Katz; 12. The Mishnah David Kraemer; 13. The Tosefta Paul Mandel; 14. Midrash Halachah Jay M. Harris; 15. Mishnaic Hebrew Moshe Bar-Asher; 16. The political and social history of the Jewish community in the land of Israel, c.235-638 David Goldblatt; 17. The material realities of Jewish life in the land of Israel, 235-c.638 Joshua J. Schwartz; 18. Aramaic in late antiquity Yochanan Breuer; 19. The Diaspora c.235-638: (a) The Jews of Italy, c.235-638 Leonard Victor Rutgers; (b) The Jews of Spain, c.235-638 Scott Bradbury; 20. Jewish archaeology in late antiquity: art, architecture and inscriptions Lee Levine; 21. Jewish festivals in late antiquity Joseph Tabory; 22. Rabbinic prayer in late antiquity Reuven Kimelman; 23. Rabbinic views on marriage, sexuality and the family Michael L. Satlow; 24. Women in Jewish life and law Tal Ilan; 25. Gentiles in rabbinic thought David Novak; 26. The formation and character of the Jerusalem Talmud Leib Moscovitz; 27. Late Midrashic Paytanic and Targumic literature Avigdor Shinan; 28. Jewish magic in late antiquity Michael D. Swartz; 29. Jewish folk literature in late antiquity Eli Yassif; 30. Early forms of Jewish mysticism Rachel Elior; 31. The political, social and economic history of Babylonian Jewry, c.235-638 Isaiah M. Gafni; 32. The history of Babylonian academics David Goldblatt; 33. The formation and character of the Babylonian Talmud Richard Kalmin; 34. Talmudic law: a jurisprudential perspective Hanina Ben Menahem; 35. Torah in rabbinic thought: the theology of learning Marc Hirshman; 36. Man, sin and redemption in rabbinic thought Steven T. Katz; 37. The rabbinic theology of the physical: blessings, body and soul, resurrection, covenant and election Reuven Kimelman; 38. Christian anti-Judaism: polemics and politics Paula Fredriksen and Oded Irshai; 39. Jews in Byzantium Steven Bowman; Appendix A: Justinian and the revision of Jewish legal status Alfredo Mordechai Rabello; 40. Messianism and apocalypticism in rabbinic texts Lawrence H. Schiffma.

The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque

Download The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400834023
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque by : Sidney H. Griffith

Download or read book The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque written by Sidney H. Griffith and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amid so much twenty-first-century talk of a "Christian-Muslim divide"--and the attendant controversy in some Western countries over policies toward minority Muslim communities--a historical fact has gone unnoticed: for more than four hundred years beginning in the mid-seventh century, some 50 percent of the world's Christians lived and worshipped under Muslim rule. Just who were the Christians in the Arabic-speaking milieu of Mohammed and the Qur'an? The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque is the first book-length discussion in English of the cultural and intellectual life of such Christians indigenous to the Islamic world. Sidney Griffith offers an engaging overview of their initial reactions to the religious challenges they faced, the development of a new mode of presenting Christian doctrine as liturgical texts in their own languages gave way to Arabic, the Christian role in the philosophical life of early Baghdad, and the maturing of distinctive Oriental Christian denominations in this context. Offering a fuller understanding of the rise of Islam in its early years from the perspective of contemporary non-Muslims, this book reminds us that there is much to learn from the works of people who seriously engaged Muslims in their own world so long ago. Some images inside the book are unavailable due to digital copyright restrictions.

Augustine and the Jews

Download Augustine and the Jews PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300166281
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Augustine and the Jews by : Paula Fredriksen

Download or read book Augustine and the Jews written by Paula Fredriksen and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2010-10-12 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Augustine and the Jews, Fredriksen draws us into the life, times, and thought of Augustine of Hippo (396–430). Focusing on the period of astounding creativity that led to his new understanding of Paul and to his great classic, The Confessions, she shows how Augustine’s struggle to read the Bible led him to a new theological vision, one that countered the anti-Judaism not only of his Manichaean opponents but also of his own church. The Christian Empire, Augustine held, was right to ban paganism and to coerce heretics. But the source of ancient Jewish scripture and current Jewish practice, he argued, was the very same as that of the New Testament and of the church—namely, God himself. Accordingly, he urged, Jews were to be left alone. Conceived as a vividly original way to defend Christian ideas about Jesus and about the Old Testament, Augustine’s theological innovation survived the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, and it ultimately served to protect Jewish lives against the brutality of medieval crusades. Augustine and the Jews sheds new light on the origins of Christian anti-Semitism and, through Augustine, opens a path toward better understanding between two of the world’s great religions.

Remains of the Jews

Download Remains of the Jews PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780804747059
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Remains of the Jews by : Andrew S. Jacobs

Download or read book Remains of the Jews written by Andrew S. Jacobs and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remains of the Jews studies the rise of Christian Empire in late antiquity (300-550 C.E.) through the dense and complex manner in which Christian authors wrote about Jews in the charged space of the “holy land.” The book employs contemporary cultural studies, particularly postcolonial criticism, to read Christian writings about holy land Jews as colonial writings. These writings created a cultural context in which Christians viewed themselves as powerful—and in which, perhaps, Jews were able to construct a posture of resistance to this new Christian Empire. Remains of the Jews reexamines familiar types of literature—biblical interpretation, histories, sermons, letters—from a new perspective in order to understand how power and resistance shaped religious identities in the later Roman Empire.

The Routledge Handbook of Jews and Judaism in Late Antiquity

Download The Routledge Handbook of Jews and Judaism in Late Antiquity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1315280957
Total Pages : 746 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (152 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Jews and Judaism in Late Antiquity by : Catherine Hezser

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Jews and Judaism in Late Antiquity written by Catherine Hezser and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-01-24 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on the major issues and debates in the study of Jews and Judaism in late antiquity (third to seventh century C.E.), providing cutting-edge surveys of the state of scholarship, main topics and research questions, methodological approaches, and avenues for future research. Based on both Jewish and non-Jewish literary and material sources, this volume takes an interdisciplinary approach involving historians of ancient Judaism, scholars of rabbinic literature, archaeologists, epigraphers, art historians, and Byzantinists. Developments within Jewish society and culture are viewed within the respective regional, political, cultural, and socioeconomic contexts in which they took place. Special focus is given to the impact of the Christianization of the Roman Empire on Jews, from administrative, legal, social, and cultural points of view. The contributors examine how the confrontation with Christianity changed Jewish practices, perceptions, and organizational structures, such as, for example, the emergence of local Jewish communities around synagogues as central religious spaces. Special chapters are devoted to the eastern and western Jewish Diaspora in Late Antiquity, especially Sasanian Persia but also Roman Italy, Egypt, Syria and Arabia, North Africa, and Asia Minor, to provide a comprehensive assessment of the situation and life experiences of Jews and Judaism during this period. The Routledge Handbook of Jews and Judaism in Late Antiquity is a critical and methodologically sophisticated survey of current scholarship aimed primarily at students and scholars of Jewish Studies, Study of Religions, Patristics, Classics, Roman and Byzantine Studies, Iranology, History of Art, and Archaeology. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in Judaism and Jewish history.

The Unknown Neighbour

Download The Unknown Neighbour PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047408926
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Unknown Neighbour by : Wolfram Drews

Download or read book The Unknown Neighbour written by Wolfram Drews and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2006-02-01 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed analysis of Isidore of Seville's attitude towards Jews and Judaism. Starting out from his anti-Jewish work De fide catholica contra Iudaeos, the author puts Isidore's argument into the context of his entire literary production. Furthermore, he explores the place of Isidore's thinking within the contemporary situation of Visigothic Spain, investigating the political functionalization of religion, most particularly the forced baptisms ordered by King Sisebut, whose advisor Isidore was thought to have been. It becomes clear that Isidore's primary goal is to produce a new "Gothic" identity for the recently established Catholic "nation" of Visigothic Spain; to this end he uses anti-Jewish stereotypes inherited from the tradition of Catholic anti-Judaism.

Why This New Race

Download Why This New Race PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231133359
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Why This New Race by : Denise Buell

Download or read book Why This New Race written by Denise Buell and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2008-08-28 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Denise Kimber Buell radically rethinks the origins of Christian identity, arguing that race and ethnicity played a central role in early Christian theology. Focusing on texts written before the legalization of Christianity in 313 C.E., including Greek apologetic treatises, martyr narratives, and works by Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Justin Martyr, and Tertullian, Buell shows how philosophers and theologians defined Christians as a distinct group within the Roman world, characterizing Christianness as something both fixed in its essence and fluid in its acquisition through conversion. Buell demonstrates how this view allowed Christians to establish boundaries around the meaning of Christianness and to develop the kind of universalizing claims aimed at uniting all members of the faith. Her arguments challenge generations of scholars who have refused to acknowledge ethnic reasoning in early Christian discourses. They also provide crucial insight into the historical legacy of Christian anti-Semitism and contemporary issues of race.

Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, C.680-850

Download Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, C.680-850 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford Studies in Byzantium
ISBN 13 : 0198701578
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, C.680-850 by : M. T. G. Humphreys

Download or read book Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, C.680-850 written by M. T. G. Humphreys and published by Oxford Studies in Byzantium. This book was released on 2015 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Law was central to the ancient Roman conception of themselves and their empire. Yet what happened to Roman law and the position it occupied ideologically during the turbulent years of the Iconoclast era, c.680-850, is seldom explored and little understood. This volume uses Roman law and canon law to chart the various responses to these changing times - especially the rise of Islam, from Justinian II's Christocentric monarchy to the Old Testament-inspired Isauriandynasty - and the transformation from the late antique Roman Empire to medieval Byzantium.

Jews in Byzantium

Download Jews in Byzantium PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004203559
Total Pages : 1059 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Jews in Byzantium by : Robert Bonfil

Download or read book Jews in Byzantium written by Robert Bonfil and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2011-10-14 with total page 1059 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Byzantine Jews: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures is the collective product of a three year research group convened under the auspices of Scholion: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Jewish Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The volume provides both a survey and an analysis of the social and cultural history of Byzantine Jewry from its inception until the fifteenth century, within the wider context of the Byzantine world.

The Chronicle of Seert

Download The Chronicle of Seert PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press (UK)
ISBN 13 : 0199670676
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Chronicle of Seert by : Philip Wood

Download or read book The Chronicle of Seert written by Philip Wood and published by Oxford University Press (UK). This book was released on 2013-08-29 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the cultural and political history of the Church of the East, the main Christian church in Iraq and Iran. Philip Wood uses medieval Arabic sources to examine history-writing by Christians in the fifth to ninth centuries AD.

The Ways That Never Parted

Download The Ways That Never Parted PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fortress Press
ISBN 13 : 1451403437
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (514 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ways That Never Parted by : Adam H. Becker

Download or read book The Ways That Never Parted written by Adam H. Becker and published by Fortress Press. This book was released on with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: * The first paperback edition of the hardcover published by Mohr Siebeck in 2003 * Startling, state-of-the-art essays on Jewish-Christian relations in antiquity * Includes a new preface by the editors discussing scholarships since 2003

Talmuda de-Eretz Israel

Download Talmuda de-Eretz Israel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 1614512876
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (145 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Talmuda de-Eretz Israel by : Steven Fine

Download or read book Talmuda de-Eretz Israel written by Steven Fine and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2014-07-28 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: Archaeology and the Rabbis in Late Antique Palestine brings together an international community of historians, literature scholars and archaeologists to explore how the integrated study of rabbinic texts and archaeology increases our understanding of both types of evidence, and of the complex culture which they together reflect. This volume reflects a growing consensus that rabbinic culture was an “embodied” culture, presenting a series of case studies that demonstrate the value of archaeology for the contextualization of rabbinic literature. It steers away from later twentieth-century trends, particularly in North America, that stressed disjunction between archaeology and rabbinic literature, and seeks a more holistic approach.

Living Letters of the Law

Download Living Letters of the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520922913
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Living Letters of the Law by : Jeremy Cohen

Download or read book Living Letters of the Law written by Jeremy Cohen and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1999-11-11 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Living Letters of the Law, Jeremy Cohen investigates the images of Jews and Judaism in the works of medieval Christian theologians from Augustine to Thomas Aquinas. He reveals how—and why—medieval Christianity fashioned a Jew on the basis of its reading of the Bible, and how this hermeneutically crafted Jew assumed distinctive character and power in Christian thought and culture. Augustine's doctrine of Jewish witness, which constructed the Jews so as to mandate their survival in a properly ordered Christian world, is the starting point for this illuminating study. Cohen demonstrates how adaptations of this doctrine reflected change in the self-consciousness of early medieval civilization. After exploring the effect of twelfth-century Europe's encounter with Islam on the value of Augustine's Jewish witnesses, he concludes with a new assessment of the reception of Augustine's ideas among thirteenth-century popes and friars. Consistently linking the medieval idea of the Jew with broader issues of textual criticism, anthropology, and the philosophy of history, this book demonstrates the complex significance of Christianity's "hermeneutical Jew" not only in the history of antisemitism but also in the broad scope of Western intellectual history.

Cultures of Eschatology

Download Cultures of Eschatology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110593580
Total Pages : 1181 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cultures of Eschatology by : Veronika Wieser

Download or read book Cultures of Eschatology written by Veronika Wieser and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-07-20 with total page 1181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In all religions, in the medieval West as in the East, ideas about the past, the present and the future were shaped by expectations related to the End. The volumes Cultures of Eschatology explore the many ways apocalyptic thought and visions of the end intersected with the development of pre-modern religio-political communities, with social changes and with the emergence of new intellectual and literary traditions. The two volumes present a wide variety of case studies from the early Christian communities of Antiquity, through the times of the Islamic invasion and the Crusades and up to modern receptions, from the Latin West to the Byzantine Empire, from South Yemen to the Hidden Lands of Tibetan Buddhism. Examining apocalypticism, messianism and eschatology in medieval Christian, Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist communities, the contributions paint a multi-faceted picture of End-Time scenarios and provide their readers with a broad array of source material from different historical contexts. The first volume, Empires and Scriptural Authorities, examines the formation of literary and visual apocalyptic traditions, and the role they played as vehicles for defining a community’s religious and political enemies. The second volume, Time, Death and Afterlife, focuses on key topics of eschatology: death, judgment, afterlife and the perception of time and its end. It also analyses modern readings and interpretations of eschatological concepts.

The War of the Three Gods

Download The War of the Three Gods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 163220178X
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (322 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The War of the Three Gods by : Peter Crawford

Download or read book The War of the Three Gods written by Peter Crawford and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2014-09-16 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The War of the Three Gods is a military history of the Near and Middle East in the seventh century—with its chief focus on the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius (AD 610–641)—a pivotal and dramatic time in world history. The Eastern Roman Empire was brought to the very brink of extinction by the Sassanid Persians before Heraclius managed to inflict a crushing defeat on the Sassanids with a desperate, final gambit. His conquests were short-lived, however, for the newly converted adherents of Islam burst upon the region, administering the coup de grace to Sassanid power and laying siege to Constantinople itself, ushering in a new era. Peter Crawford skillfully narrates the three-way struggle between the Christian Roman, Zoroastrian Persian, and Islamic Arab empires, a period of conflict peopled with fascinating characters, including Heraclius, Khusro II, and the Prophet Muhammad himself. Many of the epic battles of the period—Nineveh, Yarmuk, Qadisiyyah and Nahavand—and sieges such as those of Jerusalem and Constantinople are described in as rich detail. The strategies and tactics of these very different armies are discussed and analyzed, while plentiful maps allow the reader to follow the events and varying fortunes of the contending empires. This is an exciting and important study of a conflict that reshaped the map of the world. Skyhorse Publishing, as well as our Arcade imprint, are proud to publish a broad range of books for readers interested in history--books about World War II, the Third Reich, Hitler and his henchmen, the JFK assassination, conspiracies, the American Civil War, the American Revolution, gladiators, Vikings, ancient Rome, medieval times, the old West, and much more. While not every title we publish becomes a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are committed to books on subjects that are sometimes overlooked and to authors whose work might not otherwise find a home.

Christ Circumcised

Download Christ Circumcised PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812206517
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Christ Circumcised by : Andrew S. Jacobs

Download or read book Christ Circumcised written by Andrew S. Jacobs and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2012-05-28 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first full-length study of the circumcision of Jesus, Andrew S. Jacobs turns to an unexpected symbol—the stereotypical mark of the Jewish covenant on the body of the Christian savior—to explore how and why we think about difference and identity in early Christianity. Jacobs explores the subject of Christ's circumcision in texts dating from the first through seventh centuries of the Common Era. Using a diverse toolkit of approaches, including the psychoanalytic, postcolonial, and poststructuralist, he posits that while seeming to desire fixed borders and a clear distinction between self (Christian) and other (Jew, pagan, and heretic), early Christians consistently blurred and destabilized their own religious boundaries. He further argues that in this doubled approach to others, Christians mimicked the imperial discourse of the Roman Empire, which exerted its power through the management, not the erasure, of difference. For Jacobs, the circumcision of Christ vividly illustrates a deep-seated Christian duality: the fear of and longing for an other, at once reviled and internalized. From his earliest appearance in the Gospel of Luke to the full-blown Feast of the Divine Circumcision in the medieval period, Christ circumcised represents a new way of imagining Christians and their creation of a new religious culture.