Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico Coloring Book

Download Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico Coloring Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Maverick Books
ISBN 13 : 9781595349651
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (496 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico Coloring Book by : Kathy Sosa

Download or read book Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico Coloring Book written by Kathy Sosa and published by Maverick Books. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The only coloring book celebrating revolutionary women of Texas and Mexico

Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico

Download Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Trinity University Press
ISBN 13 : 159534926X
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico by : Kathy Sosa

Download or read book Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico written by Kathy Sosa and published by Trinity University Press. This book was released on 2020-12-01 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much ink has been spilled over the men of the Mexican Revolution, but far less has been written about its women. Kathy Sosa, Ellen Riojas Clark, and Jennifer Speed set out to right this wrong in Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico, which celebrates the women of early Texas and Mexico who refused to walk a traditional path. The anthology embraces an expansive definition of the word revolutionary by looking at female role models from decades ago and subversives who continue to stand up for their visions and ideals. Eighteen portraits introduce readers to these rebels by providing glimpses into their lives and places in history. At the heart of the portraits are the women of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)⁠—women like the soldaderas who shadowed the Mexican armies, tasked with caring for and treating the wounded troops. Filling in the gaps are iconic godmothers⁠ like the Virgin of Guadalupe and La Malinche whose stories are seamlessly woven into the collective history of Texas and Mexico. Portraits of artists Frida Kahlo and Nahui Olin and activists Emma Tenayuca and Genoveva Morales take readers from postrevolutionary Mexico into the present. Portraits include a biography, an original pen-and-ink illustration, and a historical or literary piece by a contemporary writer who was inspired by their subject’s legacy. Sandra Cisneros, Laura Esquivel, Elena Poniatowska, Carmen Tafolla, and other contributors bring their experience to bear in their pieces, and historian Jennifer Speed’s introduction contextualizes each woman in her cultural-historical moment. A foreword by civil rights activist Dolores Huerta and an afterword by scholar Norma Elia Cantú bookend this powerful celebration of women who revolutionized their worlds.

Finish the Fight!

Download Finish the Fight! PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Versify
ISBN 13 : 035840830X
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (584 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Finish the Fight! by : Veronica Chambers

Download or read book Finish the Fight! written by Veronica Chambers and published by Versify. This book was released on 2020 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exciting collaboration with the New York Times will reveal the untold stories of the diverse heroines who fought for the 19th amendment. On the 100th anniversary of the historic win for women's rights, it's time to celebrate the names and stories of the women whose courage helped change the fabric of America.

Fodor's San Antonio, Austin & the Texas Hill Country

Download Fodor's San Antonio, Austin & the Texas Hill Country PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fodor's Travel
ISBN 13 : 1640974938
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (49 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fodor's San Antonio, Austin & the Texas Hill Country by : Fodor's Travel Guides

Download or read book Fodor's San Antonio, Austin & the Texas Hill Country written by Fodor's Travel Guides and published by Fodor's Travel. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether you want to visit the Alamo, attend South by Southwest, or explore the Texas wine country, the local Fodor’s travel experts in Texas are here to help! Fodor’s San Antonio, Austin & the Hill Country guidebook is packed with maps, carefully curated recommendations, and everything else you need to simplify your trip-planning process and make the most of your time. This new edition has been fully-redesigned with an easy-to-read layout, fresh information, and beautiful color photos. Fodor’s San Antonio, Austin & the Hill Country includes: AN ILLUSTRATED ULTIMATE EXPERIENCES GUIDE to the top things to see and do MULTIPLE ITINERARIES to effectively organize your days and maximize your time MORE THAN 15 DETAILED MAPS to help you navigate confidently COLOR PHOTOS throughout to spark your wanderlust! HONEST RECOMMENDATIONS for the best sights, tours, nightlife, shopping, activities, and more PHOTO-FILLED “BEST OF” FEATURES on ”What to Eat and Drink”, “What to Buy”, “The Best Live Music Venues in Austin”, and more TRIP-PLANNING TOOLS AND PRACTICAL TIPS including when to go, getting around, beating the crowds, and saving time and money HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL INSIGHTS providing rich context on the local people, politics, art, architecture, cuisine, music, and more SPECIAL FEATURES on What to Watch and Read Before You Visit,” “San Antonio’s Missions”, and more LOCAL WRITERS to help you find the under-the-radar gems UP-TO-DATE COVERAGE ON: The Alamo, San Antonio RiverWalk, San Antonio Museum of Art, Barton Springs, Blanton Museum of Art, the Texas State Capitol, Sixth Street, Enchanted Rock State Park, Fredericksburg, the Texas Wine Trail, Natural Bridge Caverns, and more. Planning on visiting the rest of the American South? Check out Fodor’s New Orleans and Fodor’s Inside Nashville. *Important note for digital editions: The digital edition of this guide does not contain all the images or text included in the physical edition. ABOUT FODOR'S AUTHORS: Each Fodor's Travel Guide is researched and written by local experts. Fodor’s has been offering expert advice for all tastes and budgets for over 80 years. For more travel inspiration, you can sign up for our travel newsletter at fodors.com/newsletter/signup, or follow us @FodorsTravel on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. We invite you to join our friendly community of travel experts at fodors.com/community to ask any other questions and share your experience with us!

Catarino Garza's Revolution on the Texas-Mexico Border

Download Catarino Garza's Revolution on the Texas-Mexico Border PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822386402
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Catarino Garza's Revolution on the Texas-Mexico Border by : Elliott Young

Download or read book Catarino Garza's Revolution on the Texas-Mexico Border written by Elliott Young and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2004-07-26 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catarino Garza’s Revolution on the Texas-Mexico Border rescues an understudied episode from the footnotes of history. On September 15, 1891, Garza, a Mexican journalist and political activist, led a band of Mexican rebels out of South Texas and across the Rio Grande, declaring a revolution against Mexico’s dictator, Porfirio Díaz. Made up of a broad cross-border alliance of ranchers, merchants, peasants, and disgruntled military men, Garza’s revolution was the largest and longest lasting threat to the Díaz regime up to that point. After two years of sporadic fighting, the combined efforts of the U.S. and Mexican armies, Texas Rangers, and local police finally succeeded in crushing the rebellion. Garza went into exile and was killed in Panama in 1895. Elliott Young provides the first full-length analysis of the revolt and its significance, arguing that Garza’s rebellion is an important and telling chapter in the formation of the border between Mexico and the United States and in the histories of both countries. Throughout the nineteenth century, the borderlands were a relatively coherent region. Young analyzes archival materials, newspapers, travel accounts, and autobiographies from both countries to show that Garza’s revolution was more than just an effort to overthrow Díaz. It was part of the long struggle of borderlands people to maintain their autonomy in the face of two powerful and encroaching nation-states and of Mexicans in particular to protect themselves from being economically and socially displaced by Anglo Americans. By critically examining the different perspectives of military officers, journalists, diplomats, and the Garzistas themselves, Young exposes how nationalism and its preeminent symbol, the border, were manufactured and resisted along the Rio Grande.

Ringside Seat to a Revolution

Download Ringside Seat to a Revolution PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ringside Seat to a Revolution by : David Romo

Download or read book Ringside Seat to a Revolution written by David Romo and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a comprehensive history of the Mexican Revolution of 1911 and the cities of El Paso and Juarez, and contains essays and archival photographs about Pancho Villa and other revolutionaries of the time.

The Mexican American Experience in Texas

Download The Mexican American Experience in Texas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477324372
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Mexican American Experience in Texas by : Martha Menchaca

Download or read book The Mexican American Experience in Texas written by Martha Menchaca and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A historical overview of Mexican Americans' social and economic experiences in Texas For hundreds of years, Mexican Americans in Texas have fought against political oppression and exclusion—in courtrooms, in schools, at the ballot box, and beyond. Through a detailed exploration of this long battle for equality, this book illuminates critical moments of both struggle and triumph in the Mexican American experience. Martha Menchaca begins with the Spanish settlement of Texas, exploring how Mexican Americans’ racial heritage limited their incorporation into society after the territory’s annexation. She then illustrates their political struggles in the nineteenth century as they tried to assert their legal rights of citizenship and retain possession of their land, and goes on to explore their fight, in the twentieth century, against educational segregation, jury exclusion, and housing covenants. It was only in 1967, she shows, that the collective pressure placed on the state government by Mexican American and African American activists led to the beginning of desegregation. Menchaca concludes with a look at the crucial roles that Mexican Americans have played in national politics, education, philanthropy, and culture, while acknowledging the important work remaining to be done in the struggle for equality.

Last Train from Cuernavaca

Download Last Train from Cuernavaca PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forge Books
ISBN 13 : 1429996048
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Last Train from Cuernavaca by : Lucia St. Clair Robson

Download or read book Last Train from Cuernavaca written by Lucia St. Clair Robson and published by Forge Books. This book was released on 2010-04-27 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Christmas season of 1913, Grace Knight's elegant old hotel on Cuernavaca's main plaza is the place to see and be seen. Mexico's landed aristocracy, members of the foreign community, wealthy tourists, and young army officers with their wives flock to the Colonial. Under the ballroom's hundreds of twinkling electric lights, they dance to old Spanish tunes and to the new beat of ragtime. Outside the city, in the shadows of the valley's two volcanoes, a company of federal soldiers raids the hacienda of Don Miguel Sanche, hunting for men sympathetic to the cause of the charismatic rebel leader, Emiliano Zapata. In a hailstorm of rifle fire, sixteen-year-old Angela Sanchez's life takes a horrifying turn. After the soldiers leave, she returns to the ruins of her family's home. She collects her father's old Winchester carbine, gathers the survivors among his workers, and rides off in search of Zapata's Liberating Army of the South. Last Train from Cuernavaca is the story of two strong and ambitious women. For the sake of love, honor, and survival, they become swept up in a Revolution that almost destroys them and their country. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.

U.S. History

Download U.S. History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1886 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis U.S. History by : P. Scott Corbett

Download or read book U.S. History written by P. Scott Corbett and published by . This book was released on 2024-09-10 with total page 1886 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. History is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory courses. The text provides a balanced approach to U.S. history, considering the people, events, and ideas that have shaped the United States from both the top down (politics, economics, diplomacy) and bottom up (eyewitness accounts, lived experience). U.S. History covers key forces that form the American experience, with particular attention to issues of race, class, and gender.

Reading, Writing, and Revolution

Download Reading, Writing, and Revolution PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477320911
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reading, Writing, and Revolution by : Philis Barrágan Goetz

Download or read book Reading, Writing, and Revolution written by Philis Barrágan Goetz and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language has long functioned as a signifier of power in the United States. In Texas, as elsewhere in the Southwest, ethnic Mexicans’ relationship to education—including their enrollment in the Spanish-language community schools called escuelitas—served as a vehicle to negotiate that power. Situating the history of escuelitas within the contexts of modernization, progressivism, public education, the Mexican Revolution, and immigration, Reading, Writing, and Revolution traces how the proliferation and decline of these community schools helped shape Mexican American identity. Philis Barragán Goetz argues that the history of escuelitas is not only a story of resistance in the face of Anglo hegemony but also a complex and nuanced chronicle of ethnic Mexican cultural negotiation. She shows how escuelitas emerged and thrived to meet a diverse set of unfulfilled needs, then dwindled as later generations of Mexican Americans campaigned for educational integration. Drawing on extensive archival, genealogical, and oral history research, Barragán Goetz unravels a forgotten narrative at the crossroads of language and education as well as race and identity.

Woman Hollering Creek

Download Woman Hollering Creek PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0804150885
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Woman Hollering Creek by : Sandra Cisneros

Download or read book Woman Hollering Creek written by Sandra Cisneros and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of stories by Sandra Cisneros, the celebrated bestselling author of The House on Mango Street and the winner of the 2019 PEN/Nabokov Award for Achievement in International Literature. The lovingly drawn characters of these stories give voice to the vibrant and varied life on both sides of the Mexican border with tales of pure discovery, filled with moments of infinite and intimate wisdom.

Promised Lands

Download Promised Lands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Doubleday
ISBN 13 : 0307833836
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Promised Lands by : Elizabeth Crook

Download or read book Promised Lands written by Elizabeth Crook and published by Doubleday. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elizabeth Crook's vast yet intimate novel of the Texas Revolution takes us beyond the traditional setpieces of the Alamo and San Jacinto to the other places where the war was fought—to the forest traces and prairies and Gulf Coast beaches, and to the hearts of the novel's vibrant characters. Among them: Domingo de la Rosa—the great Tejano ranchero, implacable and devout, for whom the fight against the Anglo "heretics" is nothing less than a holy war. Hugh Kenner—a physician whose son has run away to the war. Hugh will discover the heroic strength of his compassion, and also its brutal cost. Katie Kenner—Hugh's restless daughter, a refugee caught up in the massive human stampede known as The Runaway Scrape, who finds herself in love with a foreigner and responsible for the life of an orphan baby. Adelaido Pacheco—a dashing tobacco smuggler loyal to no cause but his own, a man without a country and in peril of becoming a man without a soul. Crucita Pacheco—Adelaido's beautiful sister who has lost her family, all but Adelaido, in the cholera epidemic of 1832. Feeling that God has forsaken her, she enters Domingo de la Rosa's employ as a spy against the Anglo rebels, and discovers an improbable love. Through these people and others, Promised Lands brings a myth-encrusted chapter of American history to authentic life. Elizabeth Crook demonstrates once again a stunning command of her period and a passionate regard for her characters. Promised Lands bears the hallmark of a master novelist: a grand vision, rendered on an unforgettably human scale.

Evangelina Takes Flight

Download Evangelina Takes Flight PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Arte Público Press
ISBN 13 : 1518501346
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evangelina Takes Flight by : Diana J. Noble

Download or read book Evangelina Takes Flight written by Diana J. Noble and published by Arte Público Press. This book was released on 2017-05-31 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “If they do come here, they’ll show us no mercy,” thirteen-year-old Evangelina overhears her father say as she gathers eggs in the chicken pen. Back at the house, Mamá brushes away her fears of revolutionaries. There are even more chores than usual to be done at Rancho Encantado because her sister’s quinceañera celebration is rapidly approaching! It’s the summer of 1911 in northern Mexico, and soon the de León family learns that the rumors of soldiers in the region are true. Evangelina’s father decides they must leave their home to avoid the violence. The trip north to a small town on the U.S. side of the border is filled with fear and anxiety as they worry about loved ones left behind and the uncertain future ahead. Life in Texas is confusing, though the signs in shop windows that say “No Mexicans” and some people’s reactions to them are all-too clear. At school, she encounters the same puzzling resentment. The teacher wants to give the Mexican children lessons on basic hygiene! And one girl in particular delights in taunting the foreign-born students. Why can’t people understand that—even though she’s only starting to learn English—she’s just like them? With the help and encouragement of the town’s doctor and the attentions of a handsome boy, Evangelina begins to imagine a new future for herself. This moving historical novel introduces teens to the tumultuous times of the Mexican Revolution and the experiences of immigrants, especially Mexican Americans, as they adjust to a new way of life.

Unsettled Land

Download Unsettled Land PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hachette UK
ISBN 13 : 1541645405
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Unsettled Land by : Sam W. Haynes

Download or read book Unsettled Land written by Sam W. Haynes and published by Hachette UK. This book was released on 2022-05-03 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bold new history of the origins and aftermath of the Texas Revolution, revealing how Indians, Mexicans, and Americans battled for survival in one of the continent’s most diverse regions The Texas Revolution has long been cast as an epic episode in the origins of the American West. As the story goes, larger-than-life figures like Sam Houston, David Crockett, and William Barret Travis fought to free Texas from repressive Mexican rule. In Unsettled Land, historian Sam Haynes reveals the reality beneath this powerful creation myth. He shows how the lives of ordinary people—white Americans, Mexicans, Native Americans, and those of African descent—were upended by extraordinary events over twenty-five years. After the battle of San Jacinto, racial lines snapped taut as a new nation, the Lone Star republic, sought to expel Indians, marginalize Mexicans, and tighten its grip on the enslaved. This is a revelatory and essential new narrative of a major turning point in the history of North America.

Agent of Change

Download Agent of Change PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477319867
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Agent of Change by : Cynthia E. Orozco

Download or read book Agent of Change written by Cynthia E. Orozco and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2020-01-10 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essayist Adela Sloss-Vento (1901–1998) was a powerhouse of activism in South Texas’s Lower Rio Grande Valley throughout the Mexican American civil rights movement beginning in 1920 and the subsequent Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s. At last presenting the full story of Sloss-Vento’s achievements, Agent of Change revives a forgotten history of a major female Latina leader. Bringing to light the economic and political transformations that swept through South Texas in the 1920s as ranching declined and agribusiness proliferated, Cynthia E. Orozco situates Sloss-Vento’s early years within the context of the Jim Crow/Juan Crow era. Recounting Sloss-Vento’s rise to prominence as a public intellectual, Orozco highlights a partnership with Alonso S. Perales, the principal founder of the League of United Latin American Citizens. Agent of Change explores such contradictions as Sloss-Vento’s tolerance of LULAC’s gender-segregated chapters, even though the activist was an outspoken critic of male privilege in the home and a decidedly progressive wife and mother. Inspiring and illuminating, this is a complete portrait of a savvy, brazen critic who demanded reform on both sides of the US-Mexico border.

Picturing the Proletariat

Download Picturing the Proletariat PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477311505
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Picturing the Proletariat by : John Lear

Download or read book Picturing the Proletariat written by John Lear and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2017-01-10 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the wake of Mexico’s revolution, artists played a fundamental role in constructing a national identity centered on working people and were hailed for their contributions to modern art. Picturing the Proletariat examines three aspects of this artistic legacy: the parallel paths of organized labor and artists’ collectives, the relations among these groups and the state, and visual narratives of the worker. Showcasing forgotten works and neglected media, John Lear explores how artists and labor unions participated in a cycle of revolutionary transformation from 1908 through the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–1940). Lear shows how middle-class artists, radicalized by the revolution and the Communist Party, fortified the legacy of the prerevolutionary print artisan José Guadalupe Posada by incorporating modernist, avant-garde, and nationalist elements in ways that supported and challenged unions and the state. By 1940, the state undermined the autonomy of radical artists and unions, while preserving the image of both as partners of the “institutionalized revolution.” This interdisciplinary book explores the gendered representations of workers; the interplay of prints, photographs, and murals in journals, in posters, and on walls; the role of labor leaders; and the discursive impact of the Spanish Civil War. It considers “los tres grandes”—Rivera, Siquieros, and Orozco—while featuring lesser-known artists and their collectives, including Saturnino Herrán, Leopoldo Méndez, Santos Balmori, and the League of Revolutionary Writers and Artists (LEAR). The result is a new perspective on the art and politics of the revolution.

South to Freedom

Download South to Freedom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 1541617770
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis South to Freedom by : Alice L Baumgartner

Download or read book South to Freedom written by Alice L Baumgartner and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A brilliant and surprising account of the coming of the American Civil War, showing the crucial role of slaves who escaped to Mexico. The Underground Railroad to the North promised salvation to many American slaves before the Civil War. But thousands of people in the south-central United States escaped slavery not by heading north but by crossing the southern border into Mexico, where slavery was abolished in 1837. In South to Freedom, historianAlice L. Baumgartner tells the story of why Mexico abolished slavery and how its increasingly radical antislavery policies fueled the sectional crisis in the United States. Southerners hoped that annexing Texas and invading Mexico in the 1840s would stop runaways and secure slavery's future. Instead, the seizure of Alta California and Nuevo México upset the delicate political balance between free and slave states. This is a revelatory and essential new perspective on antebellum America and the causes of the Civil War.