Religious Actors And International Law

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Religious Actors and International Law

Author : Ioana Cismas
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198712820
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious Actors and International Law by : Ioana Cismas

Download or read book Religious Actors and International Law written by Ioana Cismas and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assesses whether a new category of actors-religious actors-has been constructed within international law. Religious actors, through their interpretations of the religion(s) they are associated with, uphold and promote, or indeed may transform, potentially oppressive structures or discriminatory patterns. This study moves beyond the concern that religious texts and practices may be incompatible with international law, to provide an innovative analysis of how religious actors themselves are accountable under international law for the interpretations they choose to put forward. The book defines religious actors as comprising religious states, international organizations, and non-state entities that assume the role of interpreting religion and so claim a 'special' legitimacy anchored in tradition or charisma. Cutting across the state / non-state divide, this definition allows the full remit of religious bodies to be investigated. It analyses the crucial question of whether religious actors do in fact operate under different international legal norms to non-religious states, international organizations, or companies. To that end, the Holy See-Vatican, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and churches and religious organizations under the European Convention on Human Rights regime are examined in detail as case studies. The study ultimately establishes that religious actors cannot be seen to form an autonomous legal category under international law: they do not enjoy special or exclusive rights, nor incur lesser obligations, when compared to their respective non-religious peers. Going forward, it concludes that a process of two-sided legitimation may be at stake: religious actors will need to provide evidence for the legality of their religious interpretations to strengthen their legitimacy, and international law itself may benefit from religious actors fostering its legitimacy in different cultural contexts.

Religious Actors and International Law

Author : Ioana Cismas
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191021881
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious Actors and International Law by : Ioana Cismas

Download or read book Religious Actors and International Law written by Ioana Cismas and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-07-17 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assesses whether a new category of religious actors has been constructed within international law. Religious actors, through their interpretations of the religion(s) they are associated with, uphold and promote, or indeed may transform, potentially oppressive structures or discriminatory patterns. This study moves beyond the concern that religious texts and practices may be incompatible with international law, to provide an innovative analysis of how religious actors themselves are accountable under international law for the interpretations they choose to put forward. The book defines religious actors as comprising religious states, international organizations, and non-state entities that assume the role of interpreting religion and so claim a 'special' legitimacy anchored in tradition or charisma. Cutting across the state / non-state divide, this definition allows the full remit of religious bodies to be investigated. It analyses the crucial question of whether religious actors do in fact operate under different international legal norms to non-religious states, international organizations, or companies. To that end, the Holy See-Vatican, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and churches and religious organizations under the European Convention on Human Rights regime are examined in detail as case studies. The study ultimately establishes that religious actors cannot be seen to form an autonomous legal category under international law: they do not enjoy special or exclusive rights, nor incur lesser obligations, when compared to their respective non-religious peers. Going forward, it concludes that a process of two-sided legitimation may be at stake: religious actors will need to provide evidence for the legality of their religious interpretations to strengthen their legitimacy, and international law itself may benefit from religious actors fostering its legitimacy in different cultural contexts.

Religious Actors in the Public Sphere

Author : Jeff Haynes
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136661719
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious Actors in the Public Sphere by : Jeff Haynes

Download or read book Religious Actors in the Public Sphere written by Jeff Haynes and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-03 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book seeks to argue that religious actors play a crucial role in the complex processes of entering or re-entering the public spheres of state, political, and civil society. Seeking to ameliorate the analytical lacuna and concentrating on both the meso and micro levels of religious public involvement, the contributors explain how representatives from religious and political institutions act and interact in a variety of ways for various purposes. Analysing empirical examples from both Europe and beyond, and including a variety of religions, including multi-faith platforms, the volume examines selected religious actors’ objectives, means and strategies and effects in order to address the following questions: • What are selected religious actors’ public and/or political activities and objectives? • In what ways and with what results do selected religious actors operate in various public spheres? • What are the consequences of religious actors’ political involvement, and which factors condition the degree to which they are successful? Whilst focusing mainly on Europe, the book also utilizes examples from Egypt, Turkey and the USA to provide a valuable and unique comparative focus. The contributors demonstrate that various religious actors, whether functioning as interest groups or social movements, and almost irrespective of the religious tradition to which they belong and the culture from which they emanate, do not necessarily differ markedly in terms of strategies. This important study will be of great interest to all scholars of International Politics, Religion, and Public Policy.

Legal Code of Religious Minority Rights

Author : Daniele Ferrari
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000424006
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Code of Religious Minority Rights by : Daniele Ferrari

Download or read book Legal Code of Religious Minority Rights written by Daniele Ferrari and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-08-12 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a systematic collection of the various international legal sources that define the rights of religious minorities. In a time of increasing tensions around religious minorities, this volume presents a systematic collection of international and European documents on the protection and promotion of religious minorities’ rights. The code includes documents from the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the European Union. An index system connects the various sources and norms, and emphasizes the strengths and the weaknesses in the legal frameworks of international and European institutions. While allowing for further research on the historical and conceptual development in the area, the code provides the reader with a new, easily accessible tool facilitating experts and actors who wish to improve the knowledge and protection of religious minorities. This book will be an invaluable resource for students, academics and researchers interested in law and religion, international law, public law and human rights law, the code is also a powerful tool for minorities themselves, and for advocates of their rights.

Changing Actors in International Law

Author : Karen Nadine Scott
Publisher : Developments in International
ISBN 13 : 9789004424142
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Changing Actors in International Law by : Karen Nadine Scott

Download or read book Changing Actors in International Law written by Karen Nadine Scott and published by Developments in International. This book was released on 2020-11-05 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The 15 essays in this book began as papers presented at the Seventh Four Societies Conference hosted at Waseda University, Tokyo, in June 2018, by the Japanese Society of International Law (JSIL). The 'Four Societies' conferences are a collaborative initiative of the American Society of International Law (asil), the Australian New Zealand Society of International Law (ANZSIL), the Canadian Council on International Law (CCIL) and JSIL. The biannual conferences, which began in 2006, provide an opportunity for emerging scholars to foster a collaborative network around a common theme"--

Religion and International Law

Author : Mark W. Janis
Publisher : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9789041111746
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (117 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion and International Law by : Mark W. Janis

Download or read book Religion and International Law written by Mark W. Janis and published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. This book was released on 1999-07-13 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the great tasks, perhaps the greatest, weighing on modern international lawyers is to craft a universal law and legal process capable of ordering relations among diverse people with differing religions, histories, cultures, laws, and languages. In so doing, we need to take the world's peoples as we find them and not pretend out of existence their wide variety. This volume builds on the eleven essaysedited by Mark Janis in 1991 in The Influence of Religion and the Development of International Law, more than doubling its authors and essays and covering more religious traditions. Now included are studies of the interface between international law and ancient religions, Confucianism, Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as essays addressing the impact of religious thought on the literature and sources of international law, international courts, and human rights law.

The Changing Nature of Religious Rights under International Law

Author : Malcolm Evans
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191509426
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing Nature of Religious Rights under International Law by : Malcolm Evans

Download or read book The Changing Nature of Religious Rights under International Law written by Malcolm Evans and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, as proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1981, is the only universal human rights instrument specifically focusing on religious intolerance and discrimination. However, recent years have seen increasing controversy surrounding this right, in both political and legal contexts. The European Court of Human Rights has experienced a vast expansion in the number of cases it has had brought before it concerning religious freedom, and politically the boundaries of the right have been much disputed. This book provides a systematic analysis of the different approaches to religious rights which exist in public international law. The book explores how particular institutional perspectives emerge in the context of these differing approaches. It examines, and challenges, these institutional perspectives. It identifies new directions for approaching religious rights through international law by examining existing legal tools, and assesses their achievements and shortcomings. It studies religious organisations' support for international human rights protection, as well as religious critique of international human rights and the development of an alternative religious 'Bills of Rights'. It investigates whether expressions of members belonging to religious minorities can be considered under the minority right to culture, rather than the right to religion, and discusses the benefits and shortcomings of such a route. It analyses the reach and limits of the provisions in the 1981 Declaration, identifies ways in which the right is being eroded as a concept, and suggests new ways in which the right can be reinforced and protected.

The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law

Author : Bardo Fassbender
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191632511
Total Pages : 1272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law by : Bardo Fassbender

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law written by Bardo Fassbender and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-11-01 with total page 1272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law provides an authoritative and original overview of the origins, concepts, and core issues of international law. The first comprehensive Handbook on the history of international law, it is a truly unique contribution to the literature of international law and relations. Pursuing both a global and an interdisciplinary approach, the Handbook brings together some sixty eminent scholars of international law, legal history, and global history from all parts of the world. Covering international legal developments from the 15th century until the end of World War II, the Handbook consists of over sixty individual chapters which are arranged in six parts. The book opens with an analysis of the principal actors in the history of international law, namely states, peoples and nations, international organisations and courts, and civil society actors. Part Two is devoted to a number of key themes of the history of international law, such as peace and war, the sovereignty of states, hegemony, religion, and the protection of the individual person. Part Three addresses the history of international law in the different regions of the world (Africa and Arabia, Asia, the Americas and the Caribbean, Europe), as well as 'encounters' between non-European legal cultures (like those of China, Japan, and India) and Europe which had a lasting impact on the body of international law. Part Four examines certain forms of 'interaction or imposition' in international law, such as diplomacy (as an example of interaction) or colonization and domination (as an example of imposition of law). The classical juxtaposition of the civilized and the uncivilized is also critically studied. Part Five is concerned with problems of the method and theory of history writing in international law, for instance the periodisation of international law, or Eurocentrism in the traditional historiography of international law. The Handbook concludes with a Part Six, entitled "People in Portrait", which explores the life and work of twenty prominent scholars and thinkers of international law, ranging from Muhammad al-Shaybani to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht. The Handbook will be an invaluable resource for students and scholars of international law. It provides historians with new perspectives on international law, and increases the historical and cultural awareness of scholars of international law. It is the standard reference work for the global history of international law.

International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors

Author : Ezequiel Heffes
Publisher : T.M.C. Asser Press
ISBN 13 : 9789462653412
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (534 download)

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Book Synopsis International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors by : Ezequiel Heffes

Download or read book International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors written by Ezequiel Heffes and published by T.M.C. Asser Press. This book was released on 2021-01-06 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges the traditional approach to international law by concentrating on international hThis book challenges the traditional approach to international law by concentrating on international humanitarian law and placing the focus beyond States: it reflects on current legal, policy and practical issues that concern non-State actors in and around situations of armed conflict. With the emergence of the nation-State, international law was almost entirely focused on inter-State relations, thus excluding - for the most part - non-State entities. In the modern era, such a focus needs to be adjusted, in order to encompass the various types of functions and interactions that those entities perform throughout numerous international decision-making processes. The contributions that comprise this volume are oriented towards a broad readership audience in the academic and professional fields related to international humanitarian law, international criminal law, international human rights law and general public international law. Ezequiel Heffes, LLM, is a Thematic Legal Adviser in the Policy and Legal Unit at Geneva Call in Geneva, Switzerland, Marcos D. Kotlik, LLM, is Academic Coordinator at the Observatory of International Humanitarian Law of the University of Buenos Aires, School of Law and was a Judicial Fellow at the International Court of Justice between 2018-2019, and Manuel J. Ventura, LLM (Hons), is an Associate Legal Officer in the Office of the Prosecutor at the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, an Adjunct Fellow at the School of Law at Western Sydney University, and a Director of The Peace and Justice Initiative.

Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 22 (2019)

Author : Terry D. Gill
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9462653992
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 22 (2019) by : Terry D. Gill

Download or read book Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 22 (2019) written by Terry D. Gill and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-28 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main theme of this volume of the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law is the 70th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions. The evolution of these crucial treaties and international humanitarian law more generally comes back in six chapters addressing topics such as sieges, compliance, indiscriminate attacks and non-state armed groups. The second part of the book contains a chapter on the acquittal on appeal of Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo by the International Criminal Court on the basis of command responsibility for war crimes, as well as an extensive Year in Review describing the most important events and legal developments in the area of international humanitarian law that took place in 2019. The Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law is the world’s only annual publication devoted to the study of the laws governing armed conflict. It provides a truly international forum for high-quality, peer-reviewed academic articles focusing on this crucial branch of international law. Distinguished by contemporary relevance, the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law bridges the gap between theory and practice and serves as a useful reference tool for scholars, practitioners, military personnel, civil servants, diplomats, human rights workers and students.

Protecting the Religious Freedom of New Minorities in International Law

Author : Fabienne Bretscher
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429559178
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Protecting the Religious Freedom of New Minorities in International Law by : Fabienne Bretscher

Download or read book Protecting the Religious Freedom of New Minorities in International Law written by Fabienne Bretscher and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-09-19 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the interpretation and application of the right to freedom of religion and belief of new minorities formed by recent migration by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC). New minorities are increasingly confronted with restrictions of their religious practices and have addressed their rights claims both to the ECtHR and the HRC through their individual complaint procedures, which resulted in several contradicting decisions. Based on a quantitative and qualitative empirical analysis of the relevant case law, focusing in particular on the reasoning adopted by the two bodies, this book finds that the HRC in its practice offers a significantly higher level of protection to new minorities than the ECtHR. Such divergence may be explained by various institutional and conceptual differences, of which the concept of the margin of appreciation is the most influential. It is contended that the extensive use of the concept of the margin of appreciation by the ECtHR in the case law regarding new minorities’ right to freedom of religion and belief, and the absence of such concept in the HRC’s case law, could be explained by different understandings of the role of an international human rights body in conflicts between the majority and minorities. This book argues that such divergence could be mitigated with various tools, such as the inclusion of cross-references to the case law of other relevant bodies as well as to instruments specifically established for the protection of minorities. The book will be of interest to academics, researchers and practitioners in the area of international human rights law, international public law in general and law and religion.

Islamic Law and International Law

Author : Emilia Justyna Powell
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190064633
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Islamic Law and International Law by : Emilia Justyna Powell

Download or read book Islamic Law and International Law written by Emilia Justyna Powell and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Islamic Law and International Law is a comprehensive examination of differences and similarities between the Islamic legal tradition and international law, especially in the context of dispute settlement. Sharia embraces a unique logic and culture of justice--based on nonconfrontational dispute resolution--as taught by the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad. This book explains how the creeds of Islamic dispute resolution shape the Islamic milieu's views of international law. Is the Islamic legal tradition ab initio incompatible with international law, and how do states of the Islamic milieu view international courts, mediation, and arbitration? Islamic law constitutes an important part of the domestic legal system in many states of the Islamic milieu--Islamic law states--displacing secular law in state governance and affecting these states' contemporary international dealings. The book analyzes constitutional and subconstitutional laws in Islamic law states. The answer to the "Islamic law-international law nexus puzzle" lies in the diversity of how secular laws and religious laws fuse in domestic legal systems across the Islamic milieu. These states are not Islamic to the same degree or in the same way. Thus, different international conflict management methods appeal to different states, depending on each one's domestic legal system. The main claim of the book is that in many instances the Islamic legal tradition points in one direction while Western-based, secularized international law points in another direction. This conflict is partially softened by the reality that the Islamic legal tradition itself has elements fundamentally compatible with modern international law. Islamic legal tradition, international law, sharia settlement, peaceful dispute resolution"--

Religion, Politics and International Relations

Author : Jeff Haynes
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136737529
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (367 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion, Politics and International Relations by : Jeff Haynes

Download or read book Religion, Politics and International Relations written by Jeff Haynes and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-04-07 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A leading authority in the discipline, Jeffrey Haynes has contributed to many of the most significant debates in the fields of religion & politics and religion & international relations in the last twenty years. This book brings together many of his most influential essays, offering a comprehensive analysis of religious actors and their political goals. In recent years, scholars have identified a range of religious actors with a variety of political goals. The aim of this collection is to identify and examine political activities of selected religious actors in both domestic and international contexts. The introductory chapter sets the scene for the collection, providing a clear understanding of why, how and when religious actors act politically both within and between countries. Over the course of 15 essays, Jeffrey Haynes presents a survey of the interaction of religion and politics, both domestically and internationally, in relation to a variety of issues, and draws the findings together in a new conclusion written for the volume. This work will be of great interest to the growing number of scholars and students and practitioners internationally who work on religion and politics, in both domestic and international contexts.

The European Union under Transnational Law

Author : Matej Avbelj
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509911510
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The European Union under Transnational Law by : Matej Avbelj

Download or read book The European Union under Transnational Law written by Matej Avbelj and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-01-11 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For almost a decade the European Union has been stuck in a permanent crisis. Starting with domestic constitutional crises, followed by an imported financial crisis, it has evolved into a fully formed political crisis. This book argues that none of the crises are exclusively internal to the EU and the responses to date, which have taken inward looking approaches, are simply inadequate. Resolution can only come when the EU engages more fully with transnational law. This highly topical book offers an innovative dual focus on both transnational and EU law together. It sets out the relationship between the two frameworks by exploring practical concrete problems that transnational law has posed to the EU. These problems are explored from the perspective of four key tenets of both systems, namely the rule of law, democracy, the protection of human rights, and justice. It does this by advancing the theoretical framework of principled legal pluralism. In so doing it offers clear normative guidance as to how the relationship between EU and transnational law should be developed and fostered.

International Conflict and Security Law

Author : Sergey Sayapin
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9462655154
Total Pages : 1488 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis International Conflict and Security Law by : Sergey Sayapin

Download or read book International Conflict and Security Law written by Sergey Sayapin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-07-21 with total page 1488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique two-volume book covers virtually the whole spectrum of international conflict and security law. It proceeds from values protected by international law (Part I), through substantive rules in which these values are embodied (Part II), to international and domestic institutions that enforce the law (Part III). It subsequently deals with current challenges in the application of rules of international conflict and security law (Part IV), and crimes as the most serious violations of those rules (Part V). Finally, in the section on case studies (Part VI), lessons learnt from a number of conflict situations are discussed. Written by an international team of experts representing all the major legal systems of the world, the book is intended as a reference work for students and researchers, domestic and international judges, as well as for legal advisers to governments and international and non-governmental organisations. Sergey Sayapin is Associate Professor and Associate Dean at KIMEP University, School of Law in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Rustam Atadjanov is Assistant Professor at KIMEP University, School of Law in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Umesh Kadam is formerly Additional Professor at the National Law School of India University, Bangalore, India and Legal Adviser with the International Committee of the Red Cross. Gerhard Kemp is Professor of Law at the University of Derby in the United Kingdom. Nicolás Zambrana-Tévar is Associate Professor at KIMEP University, School of Law in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Noëlle Quénivet is Professor in International Law at the University of the West of England, Bristol Law School in the United Kingdom.

Non-State Actors and International Obligations

Author : James Summers
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004340254
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-State Actors and International Obligations by : James Summers

Download or read book Non-State Actors and International Obligations written by James Summers and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-10-02 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-State Actors and International Obligations examines the contribution and relevance of non-state actors in the creation and implementation of international obligations. These actors have traditionally been marginalised within international law and ambiguities remain over their precise role. Nonetheless, they have become increasingly important in legal regimes as participants in their implementation and enforcement, and as potential holders of duties themselves. Chapters from academics and practitioners investigate different aspects of this relationship, including the sources of obligations, their implementation, human rights aspects, dispute settlement, responsibility and legal accountability.

Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law

Author : Kubo Macak
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192551787
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law by : Kubo Macak

Download or read book Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law written by Kubo Macak and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-12 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of factors that transform a prima facie non-international armed conflict (NIAC) into an international armed conflict (IAC) and the consequences that follow from this process of internationalization. It examines in detail the historical development as well as the current state of the relevant rules of international humanitarian law. The discussion is grounded in general international law, complemented with abundant references to case law, and illustrated by examples from twentieth and twenty-first century armed conflicts. In Part I, the book puts forward a thorough catalogue of modalities of conflict internationalization that includes outside intervention, State dissolution, and recognition of belligerency. It then specifically considers the legal qualification of complex situations that feature more than two conflict parties and contrasts the mechanism of internationalization of armed conflicts with the reverse process of de-internationalization. Part II of the book challenges the conventional wisdom that members of non-State armed groups do not normally benefit from combatant status. It argues that the majority of fighters belonging to non-State armed groups in most types of internationalized armed conflicts are in fact eligible for combatant status. Finally, Part III turns to belligerent occupation, traditionally understood as a leading example of a notion that cannot be transposed to armed conflicts occurring in the territory of a single State. By contrast, the book argues in favour of the applicability of the law of belligerent occupation to internationalized armed conflicts.