Religion In Medicine Volume I

Download Religion In Medicine Volume I full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Religion In Medicine Volume I ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Religion in Medicine Volume I

Author : John B. Dawson
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1465368310
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (653 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion in Medicine Volume I by : John B. Dawson

Download or read book Religion in Medicine Volume I written by John B. Dawson and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2011-12 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this treatise is: 1) to draw attention to the presence of situations arising within medical practice in which religious beliefs play an important role. 2) to emphasize the fact that most students and many doctors are given insufficient training in such matters, which are of considerable import to a fair percentage of the public. 3) to provide a few examples of what is meant by a religio-medical situation, and a bibliography for further exploration by the initiate in such matters. The stimulus to think along these lines stemmed from the examples set me by my erstwhile 'chiefs', Sir James Patterson-Ross, Professor Sir E. F. Scowen and Sir Stanley Davidson. Further encouragement came while I was in Edinburgh from the Reverend Dr. H.C. Whitley of St. Giles and his brother counterparts Msgr. Quill and the Reverend A. Brysh-White. In Australia, Bishop E.H. Burgmann of Canberra gave me the benefit of his legendary experience and passed me on to Father Michael Scott of Newman College, Professor D. McCaughey of Ormond College and Mr. Ben Gurewicz in Melbourne. The Reverend Granger Westberg of the Lutheran ministry in the United States infused his enthusiasm into the venture and this, with an intellectual commentary from Professor B. Hamnett of the State University of New York, along with the constructive critique volunteered by members of the local Baha'i community, tidied up many loose ends. In respect to the actual page-by-page construction I must mention my wife and Professor G. Bolton of the University of Western Australia who turned my thoughts into reality. My gratitude to these and many other people of distinction and industry can never be satisfactorily expressed. I hope they will accept my efforts to interpret or to pass on their humane counsel as part payment.

Medicine, Religion, and Health

Author : Harold G Koenig
Publisher : Templeton Foundation Press
ISBN 13 : 1599471418
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (994 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Medicine, Religion, and Health by : Harold G Koenig

Download or read book Medicine, Religion, and Health written by Harold G Koenig and published by Templeton Foundation Press. This book was released on 2008-09-01 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medicine, Religion, and Health: Where Science and Spirituality Meet will be the first title published in the new Templeton Science and Religion Series, in which scientists from a wide range of fields distill their experience and knowledge into brief tours of their respective specialties. In this, the series' maiden volume, Dr. Harold G. Koenig, provides an overview of the relationship between health care and religion that manages to be comprehensive yet concise, factual yet inspirational, and technical yet easily accessible to nonspecialists and general readers. Focusing on the scientific basis for integrating spirituality into medicine, Koenig carefully summarizes major trends, controversies, and the latest research from various disciplines and provides plausible and compelling theoretical explanations for what has thus far emerged in this relatively young field of study. Medicine, Religion, and Health begins by defining the principal terms and then moves on to a brief history of religion's role in medicine before delving into the current state of research. Koenig devotes several chapters to exploring the outcomes of specific studies in fields such as mental health, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. The book concludes with a review of the clinical applications derived from the research. Koenig also supplies several detailed appendices to aid readers of all levels looking for further information. Medicine, Religion, and Health will shed new light on critical contemporary issues. They will whet readers' appetites for more information on this fascinating, complex, and controversial area of research, clinical activity, and widespread discussion. It will find a welcome home on the bookshelves of students, researchers, clinicians, and other health professionals in a variety of disciplines.

Medicine and Religion

Author : Gary B. Ferngren
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421412160
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Medicine and Religion by : Gary B. Ferngren

Download or read book Medicine and Religion written by Gary B. Ferngren and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2014-03-19 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the interplay of medicine and religion in Western societies. Medicine and Religion is the first book to comprehensively examine the relationship between medicine and religion in the Western tradition from ancient times to the modern era. Beginning with the earliest attempts to heal the body and account for the meaning of illness in the ancient Near East, historian Gary B. Ferngren describes how the polytheistic religions of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome and the monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have complemented medicine in the ancient, medieval, and modern periods. Ferngren paints a broad and detailed portrait of how humans throughout the ages have drawn on specific values of diverse religious traditions in caring for the body. Religious perspectives have informed both the treatment of disease and the provision of health care. And, while tensions have sometimes existed, relations between medicine and religion have often been cooperative and mutually beneficial. Religious beliefs provided a framework for explaining disease and suffering that was larger than medicine alone could offer. These beliefs furnished a theological basis for a compassionate care of the sick that led to the creation of the hospital and a long tradition of charitable medicine. Praise for Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity, by Gary B. Ferngren "This fine work looks forward as well as backward; it invites fuller reflection of the many senses in which medicine and religion intersect and merits wide readership."—JAMA "An important book, for students of Christian theology who understand health and healing to be topics of theological interest, and for health care practitioners who seek a historical perspective on the development of the ethos of their vocation."—Journal of Religion and Health

Religion and Medicine

Author : Jeff Levin
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190867361
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion and Medicine by : Jeff Levin

Download or read book Religion and Medicine written by Jeff Levin and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though the current political climate might lead one to suspect that religion and medicine make for uncomfortable bedfellows, the two institutions have a long history of alliance. From religious healers and religious hospitals to religiously informed bioethics and research studies on the impact of religious and spiritual beliefs on physical and mental well-being, religion and medicine have encountered one another from antiquity through the present day. In Religion and Medicine, Dr. Jeff Levin outlines this longstanding history and the multifaceted interconnections between these two institutions. The first book to cover the full breadth of this subject, it documents religion-medicine alliances across religious traditions, throughout the world, and over the course of history. Levin summarizes a wide range of material in the most comprehensive introduction to this emerging field of scholarship to date.

Handbook of Religion and Health

Author : Harold G. Koenig
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190088850
Total Pages : 1113 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Religion and Health by : Harold G. Koenig

Download or read book Handbook of Religion and Health written by Harold G. Koenig and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-05-12 with total page 1113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The 2001 edition (1st) was a comprehensive review of history, research, and discussions on religion and health through the year 2000. The Appendix listed 1,200 separate quantitative studies on religion and health each rated in quality on 0-10 scale, followed by about 2,000 references and an extensive index for rapid topic identification. The 2012 edition (2nd) of the Handbook systematically updated the research from 2000 to 2010, with the number of quantitative studies then reaching the thousands. This 2022 edition (3rd) is the most scientifically rigorous addition to date, covering the best research published through 2021 with an emphasis on prospective studies and randomized controlled trials. Beginning with a Foreword by Dr. Howard K. Koh, former US Assistant Secretary for Health for the Department of Health and Human Services, this nearly 600,000-word volume examines almost every aspect of health, reviewing past and more recent research on the relationship between religion and health outcomes. Furthermore, nearly all of its 34 chapters conclude with clinical and community applications making this text relevant to both health care professionals (physicians, nurses, social workers, rehabilitation therapists, counsellors, psychologists, sociologists, etc.) and clergy (community clergy, chaplains, pastoral counsellors, etc.). The book's extensive Appendix focuses on the best studies, describing each study in a single line, allowing researchers to quickly locate the existing research. It should not be surprising that for Handbook for the past two decades has been the most cited of all references on religion and health"--

The Link between Religion and Health

Author : Harold G. Koenig
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780198032816
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (328 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Link between Religion and Health by : Harold G. Koenig

Download or read book The Link between Religion and Health written by Harold G. Koenig and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2002-01-17 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to present new medical research establishing a connection between religion and health and to examine the implications for Eastern and Western religious traditions and for society and culture. The distinguished list of contributors examine a series of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) topics that relate to religious faith and behavior. PNI studies the relationships between mental states and the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Among the issues it focuses upon are how mental states, in general, and belief states, in particular, affect physical health. The contributors argue that religious involvement and belief can affect certain neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms, and that these mechanisms, in turn, susceptibility to cancer and recovery following surgery. This volume is essential reading for those interested in the relationship between religion and health.

Essential Readings in Medicine and Religion

Author : Gary B. Ferngren
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421422905
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Essential Readings in Medicine and Religion by : Gary B. Ferngren

Download or read book Essential Readings in Medicine and Religion written by Gary B. Ferngren and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2017-09 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ancient Near East -- Greece -- Rome -- Early Christianity -- The Middle Ages -- Islam / by M.A. Mujeeb Khan -- The early modern period -- The nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries

Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine

Author : Michael J. Balboni
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190272430
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine by : Michael J. Balboni

Download or read book Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine written by Michael J. Balboni and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine provides a comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between spirituality, religion, and medicine evaluating current empirical research and academic scholarship. In Part 1, the book examines the relationship of religion, spirituality, and the practice of medicine by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the most recent empirical research of religion/spirituality within twelve distinct fields of medicine including pediatrics, psychiatry, internal medicine, surgery, palliative care, and medical ethics. Written by leading clinician researchers in their fields, contributors provide case examples and highlight best practices when engaging religion/spirituality within clinical practice. This is the first collection that assesses how the medical context interacts with patient spirituality recognizing crucial differences between contexts from obstetrics and family medicine, to nursing, to gerontology and the ICU. Recognizing the interdisciplinary aspects of spirituality, religion, and health, Part 2 of the book turns to academic scholarship outside the field of medicine to consider cultural dimensions that form clinical practice. Social-scientific, practical, and humanity fields include psychology, sociology, anthropology, law, history, philosophy, and theology. This is the first time in a single volume that readers can reflect on these multi-dimensional, complex issues with contributions from leading scholars. In Part III, the book concludes with a synthesis, identifying the best studies in the field of religion and health, ongoing weaknesses in research, and highlighting what can be confidently believed based on prior studies. The synthesis also considers relations between the empirical literature on religion and health and the theological and religious traditions, discussing places of convergence and tension, as well as remainingopen questions for further reflection and research. This book will provide trainees and clinicians with an introduction to the field of spirituality, religion, and medicine, and its multi-disciplinary approach will give researchers and scholars in the field a critical and up-to-date analysis.

Religion, Families, and Health

Author : Christopher G. Ellison
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813547180
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion, Families, and Health by : Christopher G. Ellison

Download or read book Religion, Families, and Health written by Christopher G. Ellison and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of population-based research on the relationships of religion to family life and health.

Religion and Psychiatry

Author : Peter Verhagen
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118378423
Total Pages : 690 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion and Psychiatry by : Peter Verhagen

Download or read book Religion and Psychiatry written by Peter Verhagen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-27 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Religion (and spirituality) is very much alive and shapes the cultural values and aspirations of psychiatrist and patient alike, as does the choice of not identifying with a particular faith. Patients bring their beliefs and convictions into the doctor-patient relationship. The challenge for mental health professionals, whatever their own world view, is to develop and refine their vocabularies such that they truly understand what is communicated to them by their patients. Religion and Psychiatry provides psychiatrists with a framework for this understanding and highlights the importance of religion and spirituality in mental well-being. This book aims to inform and explain, as well as to be thought provoking and even controversial. Patiently and thoroughly, the authors consider why and how, when and where religion (and spirituality) are at stake in the life of psychiatric patients. The interface between psychiatry and religion is explored at different levels, varying from daily clinical practice to conceptual fieldwork. The book covers phenomenology, epidemiology, research data, explanatory models and theories. It also reviews the development of DSM V and its awareness of the importance of religion and spirituality in mental health. What can religious traditions learn from each other to assist the patient? Religion and Psychiatry discusses this, as well as the neurological basis of religious experiences. It describes training programmes that successfully incorporate aspects of religion and demonstrates how different religious and spiritual traditions can be brought together to improve psychiatric training and daily practice. Describes the relationship of the main world religions with psychiatry Considers training, policy and service delivery Provides powerful support for more effective partnerships between psychiatry and religion in day to day clinical care This is the first time that so many psychiatrists, psychologists and theologians from all parts of the world and from so many different religious and spiritual backgrounds have worked together to produce a book like this one. In that sense, it truly is a World Psychiatric Association publication. Religion and Psychiatry is recommended reading for residents in psychiatry, postgraduates in theology, psychology and psychology of religion, researchers in psychiatric epidemiology and trans-cultural psychiatry, as well as professionals in theology, psychiatry and psychology of religion

Medicine, Religion, and the Body

Author : Elizabeth Burns Coleman
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004179704
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Medicine, Religion, and the Body by : Elizabeth Burns Coleman

Download or read book Medicine, Religion, and the Body written by Elizabeth Burns Coleman and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2010 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the ways in which the body is sacred in Western medicine, as well as how this idea is played out in questions of life and death, of the autopsy and of the meanings attributed to illnesses and disease. Ritual and religious modifications to, and limitations on what may be done to the body raise cross cultural issues of great complexity philosophically and theologically, as well as sociologically - within medicine and for health care practitioners, but also, as a matter of primary concern for the patient. The book explores the ways in which medicine organises the moral and the immoral, the sacred and the profane; how it mediates cultural concepts of the sacred of the body, of blood and of life and death.

Paging God

Author : Wendy Cadge
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226922138
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (269 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Paging God by : Wendy Cadge

Download or read book Paging God written by Wendy Cadge and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-01-18 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the modern science of medicine often seems nothing short of miraculous, religion still plays an important role in the past and present of many hospitals. When three-quarters of Americans believe that God can cure people who have been given little or no chance of survival by their doctors, how do today’s technologically sophisticated health care organizations address spirituality and faith? Through a combination of interviews with nurses, doctors, and chaplains across the United States and close observation of their daily routines, Wendy Cadge takes readers inside major academic medical institutions to explore how today’s doctors and hospitals address prayer and other forms of religion and spirituality. From chapels to intensive care units to the morgue, hospital caregivers speak directly in these pages about how religion is part of their daily work in visible and invisible ways. In Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine, Cadge shifts attention away from the ongoing controversy about whether faith and spirituality should play a role in health care and back to the many ways that these powerful forces already function in healthcare today.

Christian Science on Trial

Author : Rennie B. Schoepflin
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780801870576
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Christian Science on Trial by : Rennie B. Schoepflin

Download or read book Christian Science on Trial written by Rennie B. Schoepflin and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracing the movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Schoepflin illuminates its struggle for existence against the efforts of organized American medicine to curtail its activities.".

Religion in Medicine Volume I

Author : John B. Dawson
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1465368329
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (653 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion in Medicine Volume I by : John B. Dawson

Download or read book Religion in Medicine Volume I written by John B. Dawson and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2011-12-20 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this treatise is: 1) to draw attention to the presence of situations arising within medical practice in which religious beliefs play an important role. 2) to emphasize the fact that most students and many doctors are given insufficient training in such matters, which are of considerable import to a fair percentage of the public. 3) to provide a few examples of what is meant by a religio-medical situation, and a bibliography for further exploration by the initiate in such matters. The stimulus to think along these lines stemmed from the examples set me by my erstwhile ‘chiefs', Sir James Patterson-Ross, Professor Sir E. F. Scowen and Sir Stanley Davidson. Further encouragement came while I was in Edinburgh from the Reverend Dr. H.C. Whitley of St. Giles and his brother counterparts Msgr. Quill and the Reverend A. Brysh-White. In Australia, Bishop E.H. Burgmann of Canberra gave me the benefit of his legendary experience and passed me on to Father Michael Scott of Newman College, Professor D. McCaughey of Ormond College and Mr. Ben Gurewicz in Melbourne. The Reverend Granger Westberg of the Lutheran ministry in the United States infused his enthusiasm into the venture and this, with an intellectual commentary from Professor B. Hamnett of the State University of New York, along with the constructive critique volunteered by members of the local Baha'i community, tidied up many loose ends. In respect to the actual page-by-page construction I must mention my wife and Professor G. Bolton of the University of Western Australia who turned my thoughts into reality. My gratitude to these and many other people of distinction and industry can never be satisfactorily expressed. I hope they will accept my efforts to interpret or to pass on their humane counsel as part payment.

Religion in Medicine Volume Ii

Author : John B. Dawson
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1465368361
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (653 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion in Medicine Volume Ii by : John B. Dawson

Download or read book Religion in Medicine Volume Ii written by John B. Dawson and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2011-12-22 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this treatise is: 1) to draw attention to the presence of situations arising within medical practice in which religious beliefs play an important role. 2) to emphasize the fact that most students and many doctors are given insufficient training in such matters, which are of considerable import to a fair percentage of the public. 3) to provide a few examples of what is meant by a religio-medical situation, and a bibliography for further exploration by the initiate in such matters.

Logically Vol. I - The great lies about medicine, energy, politics, religion and more

Author : gaia straus
Publisher : Youcanprint
ISBN 13 : 8831612239
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (316 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Logically Vol. I - The great lies about medicine, energy, politics, religion and more by : gaia straus

Download or read book Logically Vol. I - The great lies about medicine, energy, politics, religion and more written by gaia straus and published by Youcanprint. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Questa raccolta si occupa dell'inganno che le persone ignare sono costrette a sperimentare in tutti i campi in cui è coinvolto il denaro e spiega il modo in cui viene attuato l'inganno. Il primo volume della raccolta, relativo alla medicina, elenca le numerose terapie esistenti per la cura reale di quasi tutte le malattie, anche quelle che "Pharmacine" non può curare (cancro, epatite, sclerosi multipla, ecc.). Ci sono diversi riferimenti a pratiche e medici, quasi sconosciuti al pubblico, che sono molto validi e possono facilmente fare ciò che la medicina allopatica non è in grado di fare: cioè, ristabilire l'equilibrio naturale del corpo e riguadagnare la salute. Trattamenti di personaggi storici come Arnold Erhet, Rudolf Breuss, Max Gerson, Catherine Kousmine, Hulda Regehr Clark e molti altri vengono attentamente esaminati e spiegati. L'autore tratta allo stesso tempo l'inganno energetico e, soprattutto, l'enorme inganno sull'UFO (che rivela la verità) che sarà curato nei seguenti volumi. Ricorda che: "Se è vero che le religioni sono l'oppio dei popoli, è altrettanto vero che l'ignoranza e l'ingenuità del popolo sono la cocaina dei ricchi e dei potenti".

Unique Philosophy Book- Cosmocellular-Hypothesis: A Journey from Meditation to Modern-Medicine (Volume-1-C)

Author : Dr. Kamlesh N Patel
Publisher : Dhruv Publication (Self Publication)
ISBN 13 : 9356029067
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Unique Philosophy Book- Cosmocellular-Hypothesis: A Journey from Meditation to Modern-Medicine (Volume-1-C) by : Dr. Kamlesh N Patel

Download or read book Unique Philosophy Book- Cosmocellular-Hypothesis: A Journey from Meditation to Modern-Medicine (Volume-1-C) written by Dr. Kamlesh N Patel and published by Dhruv Publication (Self Publication). This book was released on with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Welcome to still-unwritten-phenomena showing Nonmolecularly-Molecular Cosmocellular-World. Read a special & unique book (Cosmocellular-Hypothesis). No one would have ever read it before. This same Cosmocellular-Message you had read before 30 billion years, and will also read after 30 billion years,.....How it's possible according to universal Ancient-Vedic-Law of the Time-Replication & Thermodynamics-Laws of the Modern-Science (Waves-physics)? Indeed, all kind of the plant-kingdoms & animal-kingdoms on the earth, had reproduced , are reproducing & will reproduce from their same species only. Thus, our ancestors were not apes, but they were same as we look today. ..... How according to such joint-theory of cosmocellular-ancestory (and waves- &-particles-physics) as well as cytocosmic-ancestory, ---- can trace back us to Vedic-belief or philosophical-belief (which strongly prevailed before Charles Darwin) about the evolution of life on the earth that each living-species evolved separately & that none had changed their forms? That means, how a man evolved from a man only ,not from the ape or other species. In other words, man has descended from man only , & rat from rat only; similarly a banyan tree from banyan-tree only, & mango-tree from mango-tree only etc.etc. ? In short, a babool or banyan tree never never gives mango-fruit. ....... www.cosmocellular.com