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Regulatory Rnas In The Nervous System
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Book Synopsis Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System, 2nd Edition by : Tommaso Pizzorusso
Download or read book Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System, 2nd Edition written by Tommaso Pizzorusso and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until about a decade ago, the non-coding part of the genome was considered without function. RNA sequencing studies have shown, however, that a considerable part of the non-coding genome is transcribed and that these non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) can regulate gene expression. Almost on weekly basis, new findings reveal the regulatory role of nc-RNAs exert in many biological processes. Overall, these studies are making increasingly clear that, both in model organisms and in humans, complexity is not a function of the number of protein-coding genes, but results from the possibility of using combinations of genetic programs and controlling their spatial and temporal regulation during development, senescence and in disease by regulatory RNAs. This has generated a novel picture of gene regulatory networks where regulatory nc-RNAs represent novel layers of regulation. Particularly well-characterized is the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), small nc-RNAs, that bind to mRNAs and regulate gene expression after transcritpion. This message is particularly clear in the nervous system, where miRNAs have been involved in regulating cellular pathways controlling fundamental functions during development, synaptic plasticity and in neurodegenerative disease. It has also been shown that neuronal miRNAs are tightly regulated by electrical activity at the level of transcription, biogenesis, stability and specifically targeted to dendrites and synapses. Deregulation of expression of miRNAs is proposed not only as potential disease biomarker, but it has been implicated directly in the pathogenesis of complex neurodegenerative disease. This so-called RNA revolution also lead to the exploitation of RNA interference and the development of related tools as potential treatment of a vast array of CNS disease that could benefit from regulation of disease-associated genes. In spite of these advancements, the relatively young age of this field together with the inherent high molecular complexity of RNA regulation of biological processes have somewhat hindered its communication to the whole of the neuroscience community. This Research Topic aims at improving this aspect by putting around the same virtual table scientists covering aspects ranging from basic molecular mechanisms of regulatory RNAs in the nervous system to the analysis of the role of specific regulatory RNAs in neurobiological processes of development, plasticity and aging. Furthermore, we included papers analyzing the role of regulatory RNAs in disease models from neuromuscular to higher cognitive functions, and more technically oriented papers dealing with new methodologies to study regulatory RNA biology and its translational potential.
Book Synopsis Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System, 2nd Edition by :
Download or read book Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System, 2nd Edition written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until about a decade ago, the non-coding part of the genome was considered without function. RNA sequencing studies have shown, however, that a considerable part of the non-coding genome is transcribed and that these non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) can regulate gene expression. Almost on weekly basis, new findings reveal the regulatory role of nc-RNAs exert in many biological processes. Overall, these studies are making increasingly clear that, both in model organisms and in humans, complexity is not a function of the number of protein-coding genes, but results from the possibility of using combinations of genetic programs and controlling their spatial and temporal regulation during development, senescence and in disease by regulatory RNAs. This has generated a novel picture of gene regulatory networks where regulatory nc-RNAs represent novel layers of regulation. Particularly well-characterized is the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), small nc-RNAs, that bind to mRNAs and regulate gene expression after transcritpion. This message is particularly clear in the nervous system, where miRNAs have been involved in regulating cellular pathways controlling fundamental functions during development, synaptic plasticity and in neurodegenerative disease. It has also been shown that neuronal miRNAs are tightly regulated by electrical activity at the level of transcription, biogenesis, stability and specifically targeted to dendrites and synapses. Deregulation of expression of miRNAs is proposed not only as potential disease biomarker, but it has been implicated directly in the pathogenesis of complex neurodegenerative disease. This so-called RNA revolution also lead to the exploitation of RNA interference and the development of related tools as potential treatment of a vast array of CNS disease that could benefit from regulation of disease-associated genes. In spite of these advancements, the relatively young age of this field together with the inherent high molecular complexity of RNA regulation of biological processes have somewhat hindered its communication to the whole of the neuroscience community. This Research Topic aims at improving this aspect by putting around the same virtual table scientists covering aspects ranging from basic molecular mechanisms of regulatory RNAs in the nervous system to the analysis of the role of specific regulatory RNAs in neurobiological processes of development, plasticity and aging. Furthermore, we included papers analyzing the role of regulatory RNAs in disease models from neuromuscular to higher cognitive functions, and more technically oriented papers dealing with new methodologies to study regulatory RNA biology and its translational potential.
Book Synopsis Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System by :
Download or read book Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regulation of Gene Expression in the Nervous System by : Anna Maria Giuffrida Stella
Download or read book Regulation of Gene Expression in the Nervous System written by Anna Maria Giuffrida Stella and published by . This book was released on 1990-07-19 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers an up-to-date account of the latest research findings concerned with the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in neuronal and glial cells under different conditions. The book explores the cellular and neurobiological aspects of important phenomena of the nervous system and its role in health, disease and injury. Contributions from prominent scientists in the field address a variety of specific topics concerned with gene expression in the nervous system--from growth, hormonal and trophic factors to neural tissue reactions in injury or aging.
Book Synopsis Regulatory RNAs in the Nucleus by : Xiao Li
Download or read book Regulatory RNAs in the Nucleus written by Xiao Li and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Topic Editors Xiao Li, Bing Zhou, and Wenbo Li hold patents related to the Research Topic subject. All other Topic Editors declare no competing interests.
Book Synopsis MicroRNA Regulation of Central Nervous System Development and Their Species-specific Role in Evolution by : Hayley Sarah McLoughlin
Download or read book MicroRNA Regulation of Central Nervous System Development and Their Species-specific Role in Evolution written by Hayley Sarah McLoughlin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic dissection of loci important in the control of neurogenesis has improved our understanding of both the evolutionarily conserved and divergent processes in neurodevelopment. These loci include not only protein coding genes [1, 2], but also noncoding RNAs [3-5]. One important family of non-coding RNAs is miRNAs, which control gene expression fundamental in developmental regulation and mature cell maintenance [3, 5-9]. Here, we will first focus our efforts by surveying miRNA regulation in the developing brain. We hypothesize a strong regulatory role of miRNAs during proliferation, cell death, migration and differentiation in the developing mammalian forebrain that has yet to be adequately described in the literature. Second, we will assess miRNA's role in the evolutionary divergence of brain-related gene expression. We hypothesize that a human specific single nucleotide change(s) in the miRNA recognition element of transcription factors 3' untranslated regions contributes to species-specific differences in transcription factor expression and ultimately alters regulatory function.
Book Synopsis Regulation of Gene Expression by Small RNAs by : Rajesh K. Gaur
Download or read book Regulation of Gene Expression by Small RNAs written by Rajesh K. Gaur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Findings Revolutionize Concepts of Gene FunctionEndogenous small RNAs have been found in various organisms, including humans, mice, flies, worms, fungi, and bacteria. Furthermore, it's been shown that microRNAs acting as cellular rheostats have the ability to modulate gene expression. In higher eukaryotes, microRNAs may regulate as much as 50 p
Book Synopsis RNA Motifs and Regulatory Elements by : Thomas Dandekar
Download or read book RNA Motifs and Regulatory Elements written by Thomas Dandekar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA Motifs and Regulatory Elements is the new edition of the successful book, "Regulatory RNA". It alerts the reader to the importance of regulatory RNA elements for the many different areas of cellular life. The computational and experimental methods and tools to search for new interesting regulatory RNA structures are explained and compared. The knowledge on regulatory RNA structures and elements already available is concisely summarized as well as catalogued. In addition, interesting RNA elements are analyzed in detail regarding their dynamics, regulation, and as a dominant topic of current resarch in molecular biology, including areas such as RNA mediated regulation of gene-expression, DNA/RNA chip data, and ribozymes, splicing, or telomerases in aging. Medical implications are also covered. Future progress and research are finally outlined.
Book Synopsis RNA Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases by : Rita Sattler
Download or read book RNA Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases written by Rita Sattler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-18 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has become evident over the last years that abnormalities in RNA processing play a fundamental part in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular viability depends on proper regulation of RNA metabolism and subsequent protein synthesis, which requires the interplay of many processes including transcription, pre--‐mRNA splicing, mRNA editing as well as mRNA stability, transport and translation. Dysfunction in any of these processes, often caused by mutations in the coding and non--‐ coding RNAs, can be very destructive to the cellular environment and consequently impair neural viability. The result of this RNA toxicity can lead to a toxic gain of function or a loss of function, depending on the nature of the mutation. For example, in repeat expansion disorders, such as the newly discovered hexanucleotide repeat expansion in theC9orf72 gene found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a toxic gain of function leads to the formation of RNA foci and the sequestration of RNA binding proteins (RBPs). This in return leads to a loss of function of those RBPs, which is hypothesized to play a significant part in the disease progression of ALS and FTD. Other toxicities arising from repeat expansions are the formation of RNA foci, bi--‐directional transcription and production of repeat associated non--‐ATG (RAN) translation products. This book will touch upon most of these disease mechanisms triggered by aberrant RNA metabolism and will therefore provide a broad perspective of the role of RNA processing and its dysfunction in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS, FTD, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, spinal muscular atrophy, myotonic dystrophy and ataxias. The proposed authors are leading scientists in the field and are expected to not only discuss their own work, but to be inclusive of historic as well as late breaking discoveries. The compiled chapters will therefore provide a unique collection of novel studies and hypotheses aimed to describe the consequences of altered RNA processing events and its newest molecular players and pathways.
Book Synopsis Epigenetic Regulation in the Nervous System by : J. David Sweatt
Download or read book Epigenetic Regulation in the Nervous System written by J. David Sweatt and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetic Regulation in the Nervous System addresses current understanding of the roles of epigenetic processes at the molecular/cellular level, their impact on neural development and behavior, and the potential roles of these mechanisms in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This award-winning volume spans molecular epigenetics, development, cellular physiology and biochemistry, synaptic and neural plasticity, and behavioral models, and is unique in covering epigenetically based disorders of the central nervous system.Behavioral epigenetics is the study of how environmental factors alter behavior, addressing the fundamental mechanisms that shape development and individual vulnerability/resilience to adverse behavioral outcomes. By understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in epigenetic modulation, researchers may be able to develop targeted therapies for those individuals in whom it malfunctions.Edited by the most highly regarded leaders in the field, this book offers a comprehensive review of behavioral epigenetics and a balanced treatment of the strengths and weaknesses in experimentation in this area. Covering background material as well as topics of current interest, it serves both as a cutting-edge resource and a foundational reference. The book will benefit neuroscience researchers and graduate students with an interest in the links between gene regulation and behavior, as will clinicians dealing with disorders such as addiction, depression, and schizophrenia. - BMA Medical Book Awards 2014 - Highly Commended, Neurology, British Medical Association - BMA Medical Book Awards 2014 - First Prize, Neurology, British Medical Association - 2013 PROSE Award winner for Best in Reference Works and Best Single Volume Reference in Science from the Association of American Publishers - Presents a unified view of epigenetic mechanisms from behavior to genes and everything in between - Discusses clinically relevant disorders in the context of epigenetics research, making the volume appealing to clinicians as well as basic scientists - Provides numerous practical examples for the new investigator to facilitate implementation of research in neuroepigenetics
Book Synopsis Identifying Regulatory Elements of MRNA Stability and Translation in the Nervous System by : Panid Sharifnia
Download or read book Identifying Regulatory Elements of MRNA Stability and Translation in the Nervous System written by Panid Sharifnia and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanism from gene to protein, also known as the central dogma, has been one of the fundamental principles of biology. From the start of transcription, to the production of a mature RNA transcript, and to the translation of RNA into protein, regulatory steps control the entire process. Studies have revealed many layers of quality control, especially in regards to mRNA stability, decay, localization and translation. In the nervous system, the idea of mRNA regulation is tempting in regards to certain events, such as those that require quick responses to stimuli. Key experiments have identified ribosomes in dendrites of neurons. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that localize cytoplasmically and sequences within the untranslated regions of mRNA that mediate binding of these RBPs that regulate its localization and stability. It has become apparent that both cis and trans elements contribute to this tightly controlled network of biology but few studies have examined this interaction in the nervous system of C. elegans. In the following chapters I will describe my studies using the model organism C. elegans to examine RBPs in the nervous system with specific regard to a transcription factor, cebp-1, whose 3'UTR has important roles in controlling its expression during development and adult stages, and two trans factors that may regulate cebp-1 through cebp-1's 3'UTR.
Book Synopsis Epigenetic Regulation in the Nervous System by : Quan Lin
Download or read book Epigenetic Regulation in the Nervous System written by Quan Lin and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Emerging Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Neuronal Function and Dysfunction by : Shona Pfeiffer
Download or read book Emerging Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Neuronal Function and Dysfunction written by Shona Pfeiffer and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancements in RNA sequencing technologies in recent years have contributed greatly to our understanding of the transcriptome and the now widely recognized multifaceted functions of RNA. The discovery and functional analysis of an increasing number of novel small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has highlighted their importance as critical regulators of gene expression and brain function. In particular, two diverse classes of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), are especially abundant in the nervous system and play roles in regulation of gene expression and protein translation, cellular stress responses and complex underlying pathophysiology of neurological diseases. This chapter will discuss the most recent findings highlighting the dysregulation, functions and regulatory roles of ncRNAs in the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders and their relevance as novel biomarkers of injury and therapeutic agents.
Book Synopsis Cell Type-specific RNA Metabolism in the Drosophila Nervous System by : Mohamed Aboukilila
Download or read book Cell Type-specific RNA Metabolism in the Drosophila Nervous System written by Mohamed Aboukilila and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hight-throughput technologies of functional genomics have revolutionized the dissection of gene expression regulation during development & pathology. However, most of the available genome-wide approaches have traditionally been focusing on the steady-state snapshot of gene expression, which overlooks the dynamic complexity of gene expression regulation that is achieved via different layers of post-transcriptional regulation. Through a set of overlapping processes, post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression achieves an essential spatiotemporal control of protein abundance & functionality, not only through synthesis but also through localization & decay. The structural & functional architecture of the Drosophila central & peripheral nervous systems provide a unique opportunity to model the events & processes of post-transcriptional regulation. While candidate-based studies have revealed important mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via RNA processing, localization and decay, a more global genome-wide view of such events is still scarce. This is mostly due to the lack of availability of techniques that allow in vivo isolation of cell type-specific RNA for downstream analysis in combination with other approaches addressing the different aspects of post-transcriptional regulation. A method that has been employed to address some of those limitations over the past two decades is called TU-tagging. This method depends on the metabolic tagging of nascent transcripts by a uridine analogue in a cell type-specific manner by exposing UPRT-expressing-cell(s) of interest to 4-thiouracil (4TU). TU-tagging suffers from major specificity limitations due to endogenous pathways of 4-thiouracil (4TU) incorporation. We developed an alternative method, named EC-tagging, to overcome such limitations, which yielded more robust & highly specific isolation of cell type-specific RNA. The sensitivity and specificity of EC-tagging are demonstrated by obtaining cell type-specific gene expression data from intact Drosophila larvae, including transcriptome data from a small population of central brain neurons. This has led to the identification of previously uncharacterized ppk-expressing neurons in the Drosophila mushroom bodies without any need to enrich for such neurons via physical dissection. We also used EC-tagging to profile the transcriptome of the multidendritic (md) sensory neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system. Traditionally, it has been a technical challenge to isolate RNA from these neurons without potentially altering gene expression due to their complex morphology and interconnected microenvironments. In addition to the fact that we further confirmed the sensitivity of EC-tagging in purifying cell type-specific RNA, we were able to identify two genes that encode RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that play a role in regulating the arborization of dendrites in the multidendritic (md) sensory neurons. Knocking down the poly(A) polymerase Hiiragi and the translation regulator Hephaestus caused significant defects in dendrite arborization. This work provides a technical framework in which combining efficient & specific metabolic tagging of nascent transcripts with high-throughput genomic technologies can be used to profile RNA regulation & metabolism in small subpopulation of cells, including those whose structures render them not amenable to physical isolation.
Book Synopsis Kaufman’s Atlas of Mouse Development Supplement by : Richard Baldock
Download or read book Kaufman’s Atlas of Mouse Development Supplement written by Richard Baldock and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-23 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kaufman's Atlas of Mouse Development: With Coronal Sections continues the stellar reputation of the original Atlas by providing updated, in-depth anatomical content and morphological views of organ systems.The publication offers written descriptions of the developmental origins of the organ systems alongside high-resolution images for needed visualization of developmental processes. Matt Kaufman himself has annotated the coronal images in the same clear, meticulous style of the original Atlas. Kaufman's Atlas of Mouse Development: With Coronal Sections follows the original Atlas as a continuation of the standard in the field for developmental biologists and researchers across biological and biomedical sciences studying mouse development. Provides high-resolution images for best visualization of key developmental processes and structures Offers in-depth anatomy and morphological views of organ systems Written descriptions convey developmental origins of the organ systems
Book Synopsis From Molecules to Networks by : Ruth Heidelberger
Download or read book From Molecules to Networks written by Ruth Heidelberger and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-01-27 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An understanding of the nervous system at virtually any level of analysis requires an understanding of its basic building block, the neuron. From Molecules to Networks provides the solid foundation of the morphologic, biochemical, and biophysical properties of nerve cells. All chapters have been thoroughly revised for this second edition to reflect the significant advances of the past 5 years. The new edition expands on the network aspects of cellular neurobiology by adding a new chapter, Information Processing in Neural Networks, and on the relation of cell biological processes to various neurological diseases. The new concluding chapter illustrates how the great strides in understanding the biochemical and biophysical properties of nerve cells have led to fundamental insights into important aspects of neurodegenerative disease. - Written and edited by leading experts in the field, the second edition completely and comprehensively updates all chapters of this unique textbook - Discusses emerging new understanding of non-classical molecules that affect neuronal signaling - Full colour, professional graphics throughout - Includes two new chapters: Information Processing in Neural Networks - describes the principles of operation of neural networks and the key circuit motifs that are common to many networks in the nervous system. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Disease - introduces the progress made in the last 20 years in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying brain disorders, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer's disease
Book Synopsis Dynamic Regulation of RNA Stability During Drosophila Neurogenesis by :
Download or read book Dynamic Regulation of RNA Stability During Drosophila Neurogenesis written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-throughput gene expression and functional genomics technologies have revolutionized the study of gene expression during development. Yet traditional genome-wide approaches fail to address complex patterns of gene expression, which include both synthesis and decay. Post-transcriptional regulation is essential for temporal and spatial control of protein expression. Although candidate studies have revealed important mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via mRNA decay, there is a lack of global information on mRNA decay during development. TU-decay technology allows measurement of genome-wide mRNA decay in intact Drosophila embryos, across all tissues and specifically in the nervous system. Using this approach neural-specific decay kinetics were observed, including stabilization of transcripts encoding regulators of axonogenesis and destabilization of transcripts encoding ribosomal proteins and histones. These data also demonstrate mRNA stability is correlated to physiologic properties of mRNAs; mRNAs that are predicted to be translated within axon growth cones or dendrites have long half-lives while mRNAs encoding transcription factors that regulate neurogenesis have short half-lives. Searches for candidate cis-regulatory elements identified enrichment of the Pumilio recognition element (PRE) in mRNAs encoding regulators of neurogenesis. Decreased expression of the RNA-binding protein, Pumilio, stabilizes predicted neural mRNA targets and presence of a 3'UTR PRE is sufficient to trigger mRNA decay in the nervous system. Clustering of mRNAs by codon content reveals a bias in codon usage related to physiological function and neural-specific mRNA decay kinetics; ribosomal proteins and histones have higher fractions of optimal codons while transcriptional regulators and mRNAs predicted to be localized to synapses have lower fractions of optimal codons. In Drosophila whole embryos, codon optimality is correlated with mRNA decay, while in the nervous system, codon-mediated effects on mRNA decay are attenuated. This work demonstrates a dynamic post-transcriptional program including mRNA decay allows fine-tuning of gene expression during neural development.
