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Regeneration Of Spent Catalyst And Impregnation Of Catalyst By Supercritical Fluid
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Book Synopsis Regeneration of Spent Catalyst and Impregnation of Catalyst by Supercritical Fluid by : Farid M. Gumerov
Download or read book Regeneration of Spent Catalyst and Impregnation of Catalyst by Supercritical Fluid written by Farid M. Gumerov and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2016 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A catalyst is a material of constant composition, which accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction by providing a suitable reaction pathway with the lowest activation energy. As the activation energy is lower, more reaction products are formed in the same period of time. Most catalytic reactions encountered in hydrocarbon processing are carried out with porous catalysts to provide a sufficient surface area for the metal dispersion and the ensuing reaction. These catalysts gradually lose their catalytic activity, usually through structural changes, poisoning, or the deposit of extraneous material. A catalyst which can no longer exhibit the necessary activity and/or is specificity required by the user is referred to as a "spent catalyst". Catalysts are critical to the chemical industry and are now used in most industrial chemical processes. Along with the rapid development and wide application of catalysis technology, the amounts of different spent catalysts are increased from year to year. The physical properties of spent catalysts, as well as their composition, are generally different from those of fresh catalysts. For example, spent hydrotreating catalysts contain metal sulfides and coke, and may have additional contaminants that were not present in the fresh catalyst. Catalyst regeneration involves the processing of spent catalysts in order to make them reusable. This is done by restoring the initial properties of spent catalysts and thus restoring their efficiency through a process called regeneration of catalysts. Traditional methods of vapor-air regeneration are energy-consuming and severely limit the number of regeneration cycles. Using supercritical fluid CO2-extraction process, according to some estimates, provides a two-fold energy savings and an increasing number of regeneration cycles possible. This book gathers a series of studies describing new methods for the regeneration of heterogeneous catalysts for important industrial chemical processes. In this book we propose new extraction techniques using supercritical fluid extraction (SFC), which seems to be one of the most promising as a green reaction medium. The feasibility of using supercritical fluid ?2 extraction process was investigated in particular for spent catalyst regeneration. The low regeneration temperature of supercritical carbon dioxide eliminates the risk of thermal deterioration of the catalyst (namely the collapse of the pores), prevents the reduction of the surface area and the sintering, and allows regeneration of catalysts with an activity close to that of fresh catalysts. The results of the implementation of the supercritical fluid ?2 extraction process with respect to samples of industrial deactivated catalysts are provided. A comparison of the characteristics of the regenerated catalyst samples by traditional approaches and the SC-CO2 extraction process is carried out. The possibility of using a supercritical fluid CO2 impregnation technique in the synthesis of a palladium catalyst is also studied.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts by : Meena Marafi
Download or read book Handbook of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts written by Meena Marafi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-06-07 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook serves scientists and researchers interested in any aspect of spent hydroprocessing catalysts. Its aim is to assist in the analysis and assessment of refined catalyst byproducts and processing options, to determine whether spent catalysts can be processed into productive resources. For non-regenerable spent catalysts, the book takes into consideration both safety and ecological implications of utilizing landfill and other waste options. Provides comprehensive guidance and assistance to those making decisions on the fate of spent catalysts, radically improving strategic options for refining organisations Offers solutions that maximize procedural, regulatory, safety, and preparedness benefits Contains detailed information on hazardous characteristics of spent and regenerated catalysts with deployment recommendations, and acts as a benchmark document for establishing threshold limits of regulated species as well as for developing procedures for handling spent catalysts to ensure environmental acceptance
Book Synopsis Handbook of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts by : Meena Marafi
Download or read book Handbook of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts written by Meena Marafi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-01-18 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts, Second Edition, covers all aspects of spent hydroprocessing catalysts, both regenerable and non-regenerable. It contains detailed information on hazardous characteristics of spent and regenerated catalysts. The information forms a basis for determining processing options to make decisions on whether spent catalysts can be either reused on refinery site after regeneration or used as the source of new materials. For non-regenerable spent catalysts, attention is paid to safety and ecological implications of utilizing landfill and other waste handling and storage options to ensure environmental acceptance. As such, this handbook can be used as a benchmark document to develop threshold limits of regulated species. Includes experimental results and testing protocols which serve as a basis for the development of methodologies for the characterization of solid wastes Presents a database which assists researchers in selecting/designing research projects on spent catalysts, i.e., regeneration vs. rejuvenation and metal reclamation Provides the environmental laws, acts, and liabilities to raise awareness in safety and health issues in all aspects of spent catalysts Contains solid waste management procedures specific to hydroprocessing that serve as a model for designing research projects in other solid waste areas
Book Synopsis Catalysts Deactivation, Poisoning and Regeneration by : Luciana Lisi
Download or read book Catalysts Deactivation, Poisoning and Regeneration written by Luciana Lisi and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalyst lifetime represents one of the most crucial economic aspects in industrial catalytic processes, due to costly shutdowns, catalyst replacements, and proper disposal of spent materials. Not surprisingly, there is considerable motivation to understand and treat catalyst deactivation, poisoning, and regeneration, which causes this research topic to continue to grow. The complexity of catalyst poisoning obviously increases along with the increasing use of biomass/waste-derived/residual feedstocks and with requirements for cleaner and novel sustainable processes. This book collects 15 research papers providing insights into several scientific and technical aspects of catalyst poisoning and deactivation, proposing more tolerant catalyst formulations, and exploring possible regeneration strategies.
Book Synopsis Regeneration of Spent Catalyst by : Daniel M. Schaeffer
Download or read book Regeneration of Spent Catalyst written by Daniel M. Schaeffer and published by . This book was released on 1948 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Advancements in Supercritical Fluids Applications for Sustainable Energy Systems by : Chen, Lin
Download or read book Handbook of Research on Advancements in Supercritical Fluids Applications for Sustainable Energy Systems written by Chen, Lin and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-08-28 with total page 821 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical fluids are increasingly being used in energy conversion and fluid dynamics studies for energy-related systems and applications. These new applications are contributing to both the increase of energy efficiency as well as greenhouse gas reduction. Such research is critical for scientific advancement and industrial innovations that can support environmentally friendly strategies for sustainable energy systems. The Handbook of Research on Advancements in Supercritical Fluids Applications for Sustainable Energy Systems is a comprehensive two-volume reference that covers the most recent and challenging issues and outlooks for the applications and innovations of supercritical fluids. The book first converts basic thermo-dynamic behaviors and “abnormal” properties from a thermophysical aspect, then basic heat transfer and flow properties, recent new findings of its physical aspect and indications, chemical engineering properties, micro-nano-scale phenomena, and transient behaviors in fast and critical environments. It is ideal for engineers, energy companies, environmentalists, researchers, academicians, and students studying supercritical fluids and their applications for creating sustainable energy systems.
Book Synopsis European Workshop Spent Catalysts: Recycling, Regeneration and Reuse by : European Workshop Spent Catalysts: Recycling, Regeneration and Reuse 2002, Frankfurt, Main
Download or read book European Workshop Spent Catalysts: Recycling, Regeneration and Reuse written by European Workshop Spent Catalysts: Recycling, Regeneration and Reuse 2002, Frankfurt, Main and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Deactivation and Poisoning of Catalysts by : J. Oudar
Download or read book Deactivation and Poisoning of Catalysts written by J. Oudar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1985-07-02 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deactivation and Poisoning of Catalysts presents the most current research in the area of heterogeneous catalysis. It focuses on the chemically induced effects associated with bonded surface species that cause catalyst activity decline -- and in some cases a change in catalyst specificity. In addition, this volume examines poisoning of dispersed metal catalysts ... the thermodynamics of sulfur-metal and carbon-metal interactions ... model poisoning reactions on single crystals ... deactivation in petroleum refining and petrochemical processes ... coking of metal catalysts ... and more. The new approaches and solutions to catalyst deactivation and poisoning presented in this guide are invaluable to all heterogeneous catalysis specialists, including chemical and petroleum engineers, and surface, synthetic, physical, and industrial chemists. Book jacket.
Book Synopsis Enhancement of Alkylation Catalysts for Improved Supercritical Fluid Regeneration by :
Download or read book Enhancement of Alkylation Catalysts for Improved Supercritical Fluid Regeneration written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A method of modifying an alkylation catalyst to reduce the formation of condensed hydrocarbon species thereon. The method comprises providing an alkylation catalyst comprising a plurality of active sites. The plurality of active sites on the alkylation catalyst may include a plurality of weakly acidic active sites, intermediate acidity active sites, and strongly acidic active sites. A base is adsorbed to a portion of the plurality of active sites, such as the strongly acidic active sites, selectively poisoning the strongly acidic active sites. A method of modifying the alkylation catalyst by providing an alkylation catalyst comprising a pore size distribution that sterically constrains formation of the condensed hydrocarbon species on the alkylation catalyst or by synthesizing the alkylation catalyst to comprise a decreased number of strongly acidic active sites is also disclosed, as is a method of improving a regeneration efficiency of the alkylation catalyst.
Book Synopsis Fluid Catalytic Cracking by : J.S. Magee
Download or read book Fluid Catalytic Cracking written by J.S. Magee and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1993-07-23 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary focus of this book as a whole is on performance - performance of the catalyst, of its surface, of the FCC unit, of the feedstocks employed, of the analytical methods used to characterize the catalysts, and of environmentally directed regulations that govern the production of transportation fuels from petroleum. The emphasis on catalyst performance, particularly commercial performance, essentially dictated that the chapter authors be experienced industrial catalytic chemists and engineers. However, each author approached the task with a clear-cut obligation to connect the roots of the science of FCC catalysis with the technology. Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Science and Technology has been written for workers in industrial catalysis and academia, including graduate students in chemistry or chemical engineering who are interested in acquiring an overall knowledge of one of the world's most important areas of catalysis. The book is concise, each topic is treated briefly; complete, all aspects of FCC catalysis are covered; and clear, anyone involved in this field will find topics of interest.
Book Synopsis Method of Catalyst Regeneration by : M. Tojo
Download or read book Method of Catalyst Regeneration written by M. Tojo and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regeneration of a Spent Catalyst Using a Spouted Bed by : Saad Younis Jasim
Download or read book Regeneration of a Spent Catalyst Using a Spouted Bed written by Saad Younis Jasim and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Catalyst Regeneration Process Including Metal Contaminants Removal by :
Download or read book Catalyst Regeneration Process Including Metal Contaminants Removal written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spent catalysts removed from a catalytic hydrogenation process for hydrocarbon feedstocks, and containing undesired metals contaminants deposits, are regenerated. Following solvent washing to remove process oils, the catalyst is treated either with chemicals which form sulfate or oxysulfate compounds with the metals contaminants, or with acids which remove the metal contaminants, such as 5-50 W % sulfuric acid in aqueous solution and 0-10 W % ammonium ion solutions to substantially remove the metals deposits. The acid treating occurs within the temperature range of 60.degree.-250.degree. F. for 5-120 minutes at substantially atmospheric pressure. Carbon deposits are removed from the treated catalyst by carbon burnoff at 800.degree.-900.degree. F. temperature, using 1-6 V % oxygen in an inert gas mixture, after which the regenerated catalyst can be effectively reused in the catalytic process.
Download or read book Catalyst Regeneration Method written by and published by . This book was released on 1984* with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Catalysts Deactivation, Poisoning and Regeneration by : Luciana Lisi
Download or read book Catalysts Deactivation, Poisoning and Regeneration written by Luciana Lisi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalyst lifetime represents one of the most crucial economic aspects in industrial catalytic processes, due to costly shutdowns, catalyst replacements, and proper disposal of spent materials. Not surprisingly, there is considerable motivation to understand and treat catalyst deactivation, poisoning, and regeneration, which causes this research topic to continue to grow. The complexity of catalyst poisoning obviously increases along with the increasing use of biomass/waste-derived/residual feedstocks and with requirements for cleaner and novel sustainable processes. This book collects 15 research papers providing insights into several scientific and technical aspects of catalyst poisoning and deactivation, proposing more tolerant catalyst formulations, and exploring possible regeneration strategies.
Book Synopsis Spent Catalyst Processing with Electrochemistry by :
Download or read book Spent Catalyst Processing with Electrochemistry written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing concern for pollution prevention and waste disposal has created a need for clean alternatives for spent catalyst processing. In addition, expanded use of catalysts for the production of fuels and chemical feedstocks will continue in response to (1) economic pressure to upgrade heavier crudes and other feeds having high levels of impurities; (2) competitive pressure to achieve higher conversions using less energy; and (3) pressure to increase reaction selectivities to minimize waste production. While the incentives for using catalysts are great, all catalysts gradually lose activity through coking; poisoning by metals, sulfur, or halides; or loss of surface area from sintering at high process temperatures. Regeneration is possible where the catalyst deactivation can easily be reversed. Electrochemical dissolution is a new technique to oxidize catalyst contaminants and dissolve catalyst metals in an aqueous solution for further recovery of the raw materials. The key to this process is adding spent catalyst to a solution containing small amounts of species that form kinetically active, strongly oxidizing ions such as cerium(IV) or silver(II). The oxidizing ions are regenerated at the anode; they act in a catalytic manner carrying electrons from the solid surface to the anode of the electrochemical cell. A cerium oxidizer was used for the experiments described in this paper. For this procedure, solution is added to the anode side of an electrochemical cell. At the anode, aqueous cerium(III) is oxidized to cerium(IV). The cerium(IV), in turn, oxidizes organic material adhered to the catalyst to carbon dioxide and water. Many spent catalysts used in hydrogenations contain metal sulfides that have contaminated the catalyst surface during processing. Metal sulfides are oxidized to dissolved metal ions and sulfur species. Because cerium is continuously reoxidized to cerium(IV) at the anode, a small amount of cerium is needed to oxidize the spent catalyst.
Book Synopsis Catalyst Regeneration Method by : H. Nagahara
Download or read book Catalyst Regeneration Method written by H. Nagahara and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
