Reciprocity

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Reciprocity (Routledge Revivals)

Author : Lawrence C. Becker
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317703324
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity (Routledge Revivals) by : Lawrence C. Becker

Download or read book Reciprocity (Routledge Revivals) written by Lawrence C. Becker and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-17 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The tendency to reciprocate – to return good for good and evil for evil – is a potent force in human life, and the concept of reciprocity is closely connected to fundamental notions of ‘justice’, ‘obligation’ or ‘duty’, ‘gratitude’ and ‘equality’. In Reciprocity, first published in 1986, Lawrence Becker presents a sustained argument about reciprocity, beginning with the strategy for developing a moral theory of the virtues. He considers the concept of reciprocity in detail, contending that it is a basic virtue that provides the basis for parental authority, obligations to future generations, and obedience to law. Throughout the first two parts of the book, Becker intersperses short pieces of his own narrative fiction to enrich reflection on the philosophical arguments. The final part is devoted to extensive bibliographical essays, ranging over anthropology, psychology, political theory and law, as well as the relevant ethics and political philosophy.

Trust and Reciprocity

Author : Elinor Ostrom
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610444345
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Trust and Reciprocity by : Elinor Ostrom

Download or read book Trust and Reciprocity written by Elinor Ostrom and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2003-02-27 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trust is essential to economic and social transactions of all kinds, from choosing a marriage partner, to taking a job, and even buying a used car. The benefits to be gained from such transactions originate in the willingness of individuals to take risks by placing trust in others to behave in cooperative and non-exploitative ways. But how do humans decide whether or not to trust someone? Using findings from evolutionary psychology, game theory, and laboratory experiments, Trust and Reciprocity examines the importance of reciprocal relationships in explaining the origins of trust and trustworthy behavior. In Part I, contributor Russell Hardin argues that before one can understand trust one must account for the conditions that make someone trustworthy. Elinor Ostrom discusses evidence that individuals achieve outcomes better than those predicted by models of game theory based on purely selfish motivations. In Part II, the book takes on the biological foundations of trust. Frans de Waal illustrates the deep evolutionary roots of trust and reciprocity with examples from the animal world, such as the way chimpanzees exchange social services like grooming and sharing. Other contributors look at the links between evolution, cognition, and behavior. Kevin McCabe examines how the human mind processes the complex commitments that reciprocal relationships require, summarizing brain imaging experiments that suggest the frontal lobe region is activated when humans try to cooperate with their fellow humans. Acknowledging the importance of game theory as a theoretical model for examining strategic relationships, in Part III the contributors tackle the question of how simple game theoretic models must be extended to explain behavior in situations involving trust and reciprocity. Reviewing a range of experimental studies, Karen Cook and Robin Cooper conclude that trust is dependent on the complex relationships between incentives and individual characteristics, and must be examined in light of the social contexts which promote or erode trust. As an example, Catherine Eckel and Rick Wilson explore how people's cues, such as facial expressions and body language, affect whether others will trust them. The divergent views in this volume are unified by the basic conviction that humans gain through the development of trusting relationships. Trust and Reciprocity advances our understanding of what makes people willing or unwilling to take the risks involved in building such relationships and why. A Volume in the Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust

The Reciprocity Advantage

Author : Bob Johansen
Publisher : Berrett-Koehler Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1626561087
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis The Reciprocity Advantage by : Bob Johansen

Download or read book The Reciprocity Advantage written by Bob Johansen and published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers. This book was released on 2014-09-15 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A powerful new kind of competitive advantage is now possible thanks to technological and social disruptions that are already occurring. These disruptions revolutionize how companies can partner to create new growth. The Reciprocity Advantage shares a model for creating that growth: define your right-of-way (the underutilized resources you already own that you can share with others), partner to do what you can’t do alone, experiment to learn, and scale the new business at low risk. Reciprocity and advantage are words that are not normally seen together, but reciprocity—giving now to get later—will become a normal part of winning in the future. The Reciprocity Advantage shows you how to leverage new forces like digital natives and cloud-served supercomputing now into massively scalable, profitable, incremental growth for your business. Provocative and pragmatic, leading ten-year forecaster Bob Johansen and experienced business developer Karl Ronn describe how to lean in to disruptions to create new growth for your business. They include actual cases showing early successes for a range of companies and nonprofits like IBM, Microsoft, Google, Apple, and TED. They then provide key exercises to define your promising new ideas and nurture them into healthy new businesses. Their recommendations are based on practical experience in managing the problems of new business creation and many years of helping others see the future more clearly. Distilled from hands-on work, this book gets you started today on creating your own reciprocity advantage.

Combinatorial Reciprocity Theorems: An Invitation to Enumerative Geometric Combinatorics

Author : Matthias Beck
Publisher : American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN 13 : 147042200X
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Combinatorial Reciprocity Theorems: An Invitation to Enumerative Geometric Combinatorics by : Matthias Beck

Download or read book Combinatorial Reciprocity Theorems: An Invitation to Enumerative Geometric Combinatorics written by Matthias Beck and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2018-12-12 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combinatorial reciprocity is a very interesting phenomenon, which can be described as follows: A polynomial, whose values at positive integers count combinatorial objects of some sort, may give the number of combinatorial objects of a different sort when evaluated at negative integers (and suitably normalized). Such combinatorial reciprocity theorems occur in connections with graphs, partially ordered sets, polyhedra, and more. Using the combinatorial reciprocity theorems as a leitmotif, this book unfolds central ideas and techniques in enumerative and geometric combinatorics. Written in a friendly writing style, this is an accessible graduate textbook with almost 300 exercises, numerous illustrations, and pointers to the research literature. Topics include concise introductions to partially ordered sets, polyhedral geometry, and rational generating functions, followed by highly original chapters on subdivisions, geometric realizations of partially ordered sets, and hyperplane arrangements.

Reciprocity in Elastodynamics

Author : J. D. Achenbach
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521817349
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity in Elastodynamics by : J. D. Achenbach

Download or read book Reciprocity in Elastodynamics written by J. D. Achenbach and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Important monograph by international authority who presents new methods/applications of a classical technique in elasticity.

Reciprocity and Redistribution in Andean Civilizations

Author : John V. Murra
Publisher : Hau
ISBN 13 : 9780997367553
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (675 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity and Redistribution in Andean Civilizations by : John V. Murra

Download or read book Reciprocity and Redistribution in Andean Civilizations written by John V. Murra and published by Hau. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John V. Murra's Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures, originally given in 1969, are the only major study of the Andean "avenue towards civilization." Collected and published for the first time here, they offer a powerful and insistent perspective on the Andean region as one of the few places in which a so-called "pristine civilization" developed. Murra sheds light not only on the way civilization was achieved here--which followed a fundamentally different process than that of Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica--he uses that study to shed new light on the general problems of achieving civilization in any world region. Murra intermixes a study of Andean ecology with an exploration of the ideal of economic self-sufficiency, stressing two foundational socioeconomic forces: reciprocity and redistribution. He shows how both enabled Andean communities to realize direct control of a maximum number of vertically ordered ecological floors and the resources they offered. He famously called this arrangement a "vertical archipelago," a revolutionary model that is still examined and debated almost fifty years after it was first presented in these lecture. Written in a crisp and elegant style and inspired by decades of ethnographic fieldwork, this set of lectures is nothing less than a lost classic, and it will be sure to inspire new generations of anthropologists and historians working in South America and beyond.

A Cooperative Species

Author : Samuel Bowles
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691158169
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis A Cooperative Species by : Samuel Bowles

Download or read book A Cooperative Species written by Samuel Bowles and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-21 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do humans, uniquely among animals, cooperate in large numbers to advance projects for the common good? Contrary to the conventional wisdom in biology and economics, this generous and civic-minded behavior is widespread and cannot be explained simply by far-sighted self-interest or a desire to help close genealogical kin. In A Cooperative Species, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis--pioneers in the new experimental and evolutionary science of human behavior--show that the central issue is not why selfish people act generously, but instead how genetic and cultural evolution has produced a species in which substantial numbers make sacrifices to uphold ethical norms and to help even total strangers. The authors describe how, for thousands of generations, cooperation with fellow group members has been essential to survival. Groups that created institutions to protect the civic-minded from exploitation by the selfish flourished and prevailed in conflicts with less cooperative groups. Key to this process was the evolution of social emotions such as shame and guilt, and our capacity to internalize social norms so that acting ethically became a personal goal rather than simply a prudent way to avoid punishment. Using experimental, archaeological, genetic, and ethnographic data to calibrate models of the coevolution of genes and culture as well as prehistoric warfare and other forms of group competition, A Cooperative Species provides a compelling and novel account of how humans came to be moral and cooperative.

Reciprocity in International Law

Author : Shahrad Nasrolahi Fard
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131731218X
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity in International Law by : Shahrad Nasrolahi Fard

Download or read book Reciprocity in International Law written by Shahrad Nasrolahi Fard and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-12-22 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In international relations, reciprocity describes an environment in which States support one another for short- or long-term advantage through the balancing of rights, duties and interests. This book examines reciprocity in the context of international law. It considers the role reciprocity plays in the creation and development of international law as well as in the interpretation and application of international law. The book illuminates the reciprocal framework of international law and international relations by examining the role reciprocity plays in different types of States’ obligations, including bilateral, bilateralisable multilateral, non-bilateralisable multilateral and obligations erga omnes. The book examines how reciprocity is intertwined with the principle of equality, as the rights and obligations of States are equal irrespective of size and economic or military strength, and the beneficial effects of reciprocity in creating stability and cooperation amongst States.

Reciprocity Laws

Author : Franz Lemmermeyer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662128934
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (621 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity Laws by : Franz Lemmermeyer

Download or read book Reciprocity Laws written by Franz Lemmermeyer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the development of reciprocity laws, starting from conjectures of Euler and discussing the contributions of Legendre, Gauss, Dirichlet, Jacobi, and Eisenstein. Readers knowledgeable in basic algebraic number theory and Galois theory will find detailed discussions of the reciprocity laws for quadratic, cubic, quartic, sextic and octic residues, rational reciprocity laws, and Eisensteins reciprocity law. An extensive bibliography will be of interest to readers interested in the history of reciprocity laws or in the current research in this area.

Reciprocity Rules

Author : Michelle C. Johnson
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1498592953
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity Rules by : Michelle C. Johnson

Download or read book Reciprocity Rules written by Michelle C. Johnson and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-12-16 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reciprocity Rules explores the rich and complicated relationships that develop between anthropologists and research participants over time. Focusing on compensation and the creation of friendship and “family” relationships, contributors discuss what, when, and how researchers and the people with whom they work give to each other in and beyond fieldwork. Through reflexivity and narrative, the contributors to this edited collection, who are in various stages in their professional careers and whose research spans three continents and eight countries, reflect on the ways in which they have compensated their research participants and given back to host communities, as well as the varied responses to their efforts. The contributors consider both material and non-material forms of reciprocity, stories of successes and failures, and the taken-for-granted notions of compensation, friendship, and “helping.” In so doing, they address the interpersonal dynamics of power and agency in the field, examine cultural misunderstandings, and highlight the challenges that anthropologists face as they strive to maintain good relations with their hosts even when separated by time and space. The contributors argue that while learning, following, openly discussing, and writing about the local rules of reciprocity are always challenging, they are essential to responsible research practice and ongoing efforts to decolonize anthropology.

The NP-strategy for Expressing Reciprocity

Author : Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027261687
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis The NP-strategy for Expressing Reciprocity by : Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal

Download or read book The NP-strategy for Expressing Reciprocity written by Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2020-03-15 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the syntax and semantics of a single linguistic phenomenon – the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity – in synchronic, diachronic, and typological perspectives. It challenges the assumption common in the typological, syntactic, and semantic literature, namely that so-called reciprocal constructions encode symmetric relations. Instead, they are analyzed as constructions encoding unspecified relations. In effect, it provides a new proposal for the truth-conditional semantics of these constructions. More broadly, this book introduces new ways of bringing together historical linguistics and formal semantics, demonstrating how, on the one hand, the inclusion of historical data concerning the sources of reciprocal constructions enriches their synchronic analysis; and how, on the other hand, an analysis of the syntax and the semantics of these constructions serves as a key for understanding their historical origins.

Ecological Reciprocity

Author : Michael Tobias
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781536199574
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecological Reciprocity by : Michael Tobias

Download or read book Ecological Reciprocity written by Michael Tobias and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This elegant treatise examines the nature of kindness through the fascinating lenses and contexts of ancient, medieval and contemporary philosophy, natural history, theories of mind, of natural selection, eco-psychology and sociobiology. It challenges the reader to consider the myriad potential consequences of human behavior, examining various iconographic moments from the history of art and science as a precursor to the concept and vital potentials for ecological conversion. Focusing on the fundamental mechanisms of reciprocity among humans, other species, communities and nations, Tobias and Morrison lead readers on a remarkable journey whose itinerary, and the provocative questions explored, seek to affirm a pattern in evolution and in human thought that is emphatically oriented towards benevolence, not tyranny. Prosociality in all species - making others happy, kind gestures at any and every juncture of life - has, as a discipline of enquiry, enjoyed a social scientific renaissance during the last decade. Can natural selection move rapidly enough to meet that ultimate challenge? Can our species re-evolve in real time, moving from the ideas, to the ideals, to their applied engineering in a real world that is ecologically hemorrhaging? Which all the critical moral and cognitive changes in social communion such new human nature, as the Authors suggest, clearly requires? This groundbreaking work of ecological philosophy, with its roots in ancient Greek thought, represents a radical break with nearly every traditional scientific paradigm, in exploring the intuitive geography and dramatic questions of ourselves - each and every one of us - that will prove crucial to the survival of our species, and all those we co-habit this miraculous planet with"--

The Persistence of Reciprocity in International Humanitarian Law

Author : Bryan Peeler
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110877587X
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis The Persistence of Reciprocity in International Humanitarian Law by : Bryan Peeler

Download or read book The Persistence of Reciprocity in International Humanitarian Law written by Bryan Peeler and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expectation of reciprocity continues to be an important factor when states' consider their legal obligations in armed conflicts. In this monograph, Peeler looks at the text and negotiations around the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions from 1977 to demonstrate the many places where international humanitarian law maintains expectations of reciprocity. This complements an examination of US policy regarding its Prisoner of War obligations in both the Vietnam War and the Global War on Terror, demonstrating how states make use of the expectation of reciprocity found in international humanitarian law to respond to continued non-compliance by an enemy.

Reciprocity in Ancient Greece

Author : Christopher Gill
Publisher : Clarendon Press
ISBN 13 : 9780198149972
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (499 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity in Ancient Greece by : Christopher Gill

Download or read book Reciprocity in Ancient Greece written by Christopher Gill and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reciprocity has been seen as an important notion for anthropologists studying economic and social relations, and this volume examines it in connection with Greek culture from Homer to the Hellenistic period.

Reciprocity

Author : Lawrence C. Becker
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226041063
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity by : Lawrence C. Becker

Download or read book Reciprocity written by Lawrence C. Becker and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1990-08-15 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Reciprocity is an exciting book—it forces its readers to rethink some important issues in recent moral philosophy."—Ruth Anna Putnam, Ethics "By reciprocity Becker understands a complex disposition to make suitable return for the benefit we receive from others, to resist the harm others inflict on us rather than retaliate for it, and to make restitution for the harm we ourselves cause. . . . This is a clearly written book which makes fresh contributions to a number of topics."—A. D. M. Walker, Philosophical Books

Three-way Street

Author : Joshua S. Goldstein
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226301594
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Three-way Street by : Joshua S. Goldstein

Download or read book Three-way Street written by Joshua S. Goldstein and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can the world's most powerful nations cooperate despite their conflicting interests? In Three-Way Street, Joshua S. Goldstein and John R. Freeman analyze the complex intersection defined by relations among the United States, the Soviet Union, and China over the past forty years. The authors demonstrate that three major schools of international relations theory--all game-theoretic, psychological, and quantitative-empirical approaches--have all advocated a strategy that employs cooperative initiatives and reciprocal responses in order to elicit cooperation from other countries. Critics have questioned whether such approaches can model how countries actually behave, but Goldstein and Freeman provide a wealth of detailed empirical evidence showing the existence and effectiveness of strategic reciprocity among the three countries between 1948 and 1989. Specifically, they establish that relations among the three countries have improved in recent decades through a "two steps forward, one step back" pattern. Their innovative and remarkably accessible synthesis of leading theoretical perspectives brilliantly illuminates the nature and workings of international cooperation.

Reciprocity

Author : Lark Voorhies
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 1450200664
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Reciprocity by : Lark Voorhies

Download or read book Reciprocity written by Lark Voorhies and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2010 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shifting interests, he glances over to Cheri's direction. This sweet face that has graced his coveted presence for so many years. He recalls to mind a series of their firsts. Their first glance, first dance, first kiss. The first time he had ever introduced a meaningful female to his mother, his beloved parents. And so soon into their relationship. Their first date, where he looked at her that way, vowing to make an honest woman of her someday. The night that he did. It made his heart sail to remember these moments that were special to his life. He had developed a keen affection for her. There was just something about her way that forced his hand in that manner. She was exceptional to him. And, though most days he kept this close chested, he knew it. Didn't even mind allowing it to shine through on occasion. She deserved it, he confirmed. "You ready to go?" He finally confessed through the gritted teeth of his hard won, and, well worn articulation. "I'd like to be early. And, I know how you like to be in time, and, not on time. Well, I need this to go well tonight. So, do you think that you can do that for me?"