Reasons And Persons

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Reasons and Persons

Author : Derek Parfit
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191622443
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasons and Persons by : Derek Parfit

Download or read book Reasons and Persons written by Derek Parfit and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1986-01-23 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges, with several powerful arguments, some of our deepest beliefs about rationality, morality, and personal identity. The author claims that we have a false view of our own nature; that it is often rational to act against our own best interests; that most of us have moral views that are directly self-defeating; and that, when we consider future generations the conclusions will often be disturbing. He concludes that moral non-religious moral philosophy is a young subject, with a promising but unpredictable future.

Derek Parfit's Reasons and Persons

Author : Andrea Sauchelli
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781138595132
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Derek Parfit's Reasons and Persons by : Andrea Sauchelli

Download or read book Derek Parfit's Reasons and Persons written by Andrea Sauchelli and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derek Parfit's Reasons and Persons is an outstanding introduction to and assessment of Parfit's book, with chapters by leading scholars of ethics, metaphysics and of Parfit's work. Ideal for students of ethics, metaethics, metaphysics and anyone interested in Derek Parfit's philosophy.

On What Matters

Author : Derek Parfit
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191084379
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis On What Matters by : Derek Parfit

Download or read book On What Matters written by Derek Parfit and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-09 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derek Parfit presents the third volume of On What Matters, his landmark work of moral philosophy. Parfit develops further his influential treatment of reasons, normativity, the meaning of moral discourse, and the status of morality. He engages with his critics, and shows the way to resolution of their differences. This volume is partly about what it is for things to matter, in the sense that we all have reasons to care about these things. Much of the book discusses three of the main kinds of meta-ethical theory: Normative Naturalism, Quasi-Realist Expressivism, and Non-Metaphysical Non-Naturalism, which Derek Parfit now calls Non-Realist Cognitivism. This third theory claims that, if we use the word 'reality' in an ontologically weighty sense, irreducibly normative truths have no mysterious or incredible ontological implications. If instead we use 'reality' in a wide sense, according to which all truths are truths about reality, this theory claims that some non-empirically discoverable truths-such as logical, mathematical, modal, and some normative truths-raise no difficult ontological questions. Parfit discusses these theories partly by commenting on the views of some of the contributors to Peter Singer's collection Does Anything Really Matter? Parfit on Objectivity. Though Peter Railton is a Naturalist, he has widened his view by accepting some further claims, and he has suggested that this wider version of Naturalism could be combined with Non-Realist Cognitivism. Parfit argues that Railton is right, since these theories no longer deeply disagree. Though Allan Gibbard is a Quasi-Realist Expressivist, he has suggested that the best version of his view could be combined with Non-Realist Cognitivism. Parfit argues that Gibbard is right, since Gibbard and he now accept the other's main meta-ethical claim. It is rare for three such different philosophical theories to be able to be widened in ways that resolve their deepest disagreements. This happy convergence supports the view that these meta-ethical theories are true. Parfit also discusses the views of several other philosophers, and some other meta-ethical and normative questions.

Does Anything Really Matter?

Author : Peter Singer
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191084395
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Does Anything Really Matter? by : Peter Singer

Download or read book Does Anything Really Matter? written by Peter Singer and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-12 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first two volumes of On What Matters Derek Parfit argues that there are objective moral truths, and other normative truths about what we have reasons to believe, and to want, and to do. He thus challenges a view of the role of reason in action that can be traced back to David Hume, and is widely assumed to be correct, not only by philosophers but also by economists. In defending his view, Parfit argues that if there are no objective normative truths, nihilism follows, and nothing matters. He criticizes, often forcefully, many leading contemporary philosophers working on the nature of ethics, including Simon Blackburn, Stephen Darwall, Allen Gibbard, Frank Jackson, Peter Railton, Mark Schroeder, Michael Smith, and Sharon Street. Does Anything Really Matter? gives these philosophers an opportunity to respond to Parfit's criticisms, and includes essays on Parfit's views by Richard Chappell, Andrew Huddleston, Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek and Peter Singer, Bruce Russell, and Larry Temkin. A third volume of On What Matters, in which Parfit engages with his critics and breaks new ground in finding significant agreement between his own views and theirs, is appearing as a separate companion volume.

Reasons Without Persons

Author : Brian Hedden
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198732597
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasons Without Persons by : Brian Hedden

Download or read book Reasons Without Persons written by Brian Hedden and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brian Hedden defends a radical view about rationality, personal identity, and time. He argues that what it is rational to do should not depend on your past beliefs or actions, which are not part of your current perspective on the world. His impersonal approach holds that what rationality demands of you is solely determined by your evidence.

Principles and Persons

Author : Jeff McMahan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019264629X
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles and Persons by : Jeff McMahan

Download or read book Principles and Persons written by Jeff McMahan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derek Parfit, who died in 2017, is widely believed to have been the most significant moral philosopher in well over a century. The twenty-one new essays in this book have all been inspired by his work. They address issues with which he was concerned in his writing, particularly in his seminal contribution to moral philosophy, Reasons and Persons (OUP, 1984). Rather than simply commenting on his work, these essays attempt to make further progress with issues, both moral and prudential, that Parfit believed matter to our lives: issues concerned with how we ought to live, and what we have most reason to do. Topics covered in the book include the nature of personal identity, the basis of self-interested concern about the future, the rationality of our attitudes toward time, what it is for a life to go well or badly, how to evaluate moral theories, the nature of reasons for action, the aggregation of value, how benefits and harms should be distributed among people, and what degree of sacrifice morality requires us to make for the sake of others. These include some of the most important questions of normative ethical theory, as well as fundamental questions about the metaphysics of personhood and personal identity, and the ways in which the answers to these questions bear on what it is rational and moral for us to do.

Ethics and Existence

Author : Jeff McMahan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192894250
Total Pages : 590 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethics and Existence by : Jeff McMahan

Download or read book Ethics and Existence written by Jeff McMahan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derek Parfit, who died in 2017, is widely believed to have been the best moral philosopher in well over a century. The twenty new essays in this book were written in his honour and have all been inspired by his work--in particular, his work in an area of moral philosophy known as 'population ethics', which is concerned with moral issues raised by causing people to exist. Until Parfit began writing about these issues in the 1970s, there was almost no discussion of them in the entire history of philosophy. But his monumental book Reasons and Persons (OUP, 1984) revealed that population ethics abounds in deep and intractable problems and paradoxes that not only challenge all the major moral theories but also threaten to undermine many important common-sense moral beliefs. It is no exaggeration to say that there is a broad range of practical moral issues that cannot be adequately understood until fundamental problems in population ethics are resolved. These issues include abortion, prenatal injury, preconception and prenatal screening for disability, genetic enhancement and eugenics generally, meat eating, climate change, reparations for historical injustice, the threat of human extinction, and even proportionality in war. Although the essays in this book address foundational problems in population ethics that were discovered and first discussed by Parfit, they are not, for the most part, commentaries on his work but instead build on that work in advancing our understanding of the problems themselves. The contributors include many of the most important and influential writers in this burgeoning area of philosophy.

The Point of View of the Universe

Author : Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199603693
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis The Point of View of the Universe by : Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek

Download or read book The Point of View of the Universe written by Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tests the views and metaphor of 19th-century utilitarian philosopher Henry Sidgwick against a variety of contemporary views on ethics, determining that they are defensible and thus providing a defense of objectivism in ethics and of hedonistic utilitarianism.

Personal Identity and Ethics

Author : David Shoemaker
Publisher : Broadview Press
ISBN 13 : 1551118823
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis Personal Identity and Ethics by : David Shoemaker

Download or read book Personal Identity and Ethics written by David Shoemaker and published by Broadview Press. This book was released on 2008-10-07 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between personal identity and ethics remains on of the most intriguing yet vexing issues in philosophy. It is commonplace to hold that moral responsibility for past actions requires that the responsible agent is in some respect identical to the agent who performed the action. Is this true? On the other hand, can ethics constrain our account of personal identity? Do the practical requirements of moral theory commit us to the view that persons do remain identical over time? For example, does the moral status of abortion or stem cell research depend on whether personal identity is based on psychological or biological properties? Or is it the case that personal identity is not, in fact, relevant to ethics? Personal Identity and Ethics provides the first comprehensive examination of these issues. Topics include personal identity and prudential rationality; personal identity’s significance for moral responsibility and ethical theory; and the practical consequences of accounts of personal identity for issues such as abortion, stem cell research, cloning, advance directives, population ethics, multiple personality disorder, and the definition of death.

Reasons and Persons

Author : Derek Parfit
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019824908X
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasons and Persons by : Derek Parfit

Download or read book Reasons and Persons written by Derek Parfit and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part 1 discusses ways in which theories about morality and rationality can be self-defeating and Part 2 the relations between what a single person can rationally want or do at different times, and what different people can rationally want or do. Parts 3 & 4 tackle personal identity and our obligations to future generations.

The Retreat of Reason

Author : Ingmar Persson
Publisher : Oxford University Press on Demand
ISBN 13 : 0199276900
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis The Retreat of Reason by : Ingmar Persson

Download or read book The Retreat of Reason written by Ingmar Persson and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2005-11-03 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main original aims of philosophy was to give us guidance about how to live our lives. The ancient Greeks typically assumed that a life led in accordance with reason, a rational life, would also be the happiest or most fulfilling. Ingmar Persson's book resumes this project, which has been largely neglected in contemporary philosophy. But his conclusions are very different; by exploring the irrationality of our attitudes to time, our identity, and our responsibility,Persson shows that the aim of living rationally conflicts not only with the aim of leading the most fulfilling life, but also with the moral aim of promoting the maximization and just distribution of fulfilment for all. Persson also argues that neither the aim of living rationally nor any of the fulfilmentaims can be rejected as less rational than any other. We thus face a dilemma of either having to enter a retreat of reason, insulated from everyday attitudes, or making reason retreat from its aspiration to be the sole controller of our attitudes.The Retreat of Reason explores three areas in which there is a conflict between the rational life and a life dedicated to maximization of fulfilment. Persson contends that living rationally requires us to give up, first, our temporal biases; secondly, our bias towards ourselves; and, thirdly, our responsibility to the extent that it involves the notion of desert and desert-entailing notions. But giving up these attitudes is so overwhelmingly hard that the effort to do so not only makesour own lives less fulfilling, but also obstructs our efficient pursuit of the moral aim of promoting a maximum of justly distributed fulfilment.Ingmar Persson brings back to philosophy the ambition of offering a broad vision of the human condition. The Retreat of Reason challenges and disturbs some of our most fundamental ideas about ourselves.

How to Win Friends and Influence People

Author : Dale Carnegie
Publisher : Sristhi Publishers & Distributors
ISBN 13 : 8194790891
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (947 download)

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Book Synopsis How to Win Friends and Influence People by : Dale Carnegie

Download or read book How to Win Friends and Influence People written by Dale Carnegie and published by Sristhi Publishers & Distributors. This book was released on 2020-10-12 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do you feel stuck in life, not knowing how to make it more successful? Do you wish to become more popular? Are you craving to earn more? Do you wish to expand your horizon, earn new clients and win people over with your ideas? How to Win Friends and Influence People is a well-researched and comprehensive guide that will help you through these everyday problems and make success look easier. You can learn to expand your social circle, polish your skill set, find ways to put forward your thoughts more clearly, and build mental strength to counter all hurdles that you may come across on the path to success. Having helped millions of readers from the world over achieve their goals, the clearly listed techniques and principles will be the answers to all your questions.

Harming Future Persons

Author : Melinda A. Roberts
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402056974
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Harming Future Persons by : Melinda A. Roberts

Download or read book Harming Future Persons written by Melinda A. Roberts and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-07-31 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Melinda A. Roberts and David T. Wasserman 1 Purpose of this Collection What are our obligations with respect to persons who have not yet, and may not ever, come into existence? Few of us believe that we can wrong those whom we leave out of existence altogether—that is, merely possible persons. We may think as well that the directive to be “fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth” 1 does not hold up to close scrutiny. How can it be wrong to decline to bring ever more people into existence? At the same time, we think we are clearly ob- gated to treat future persons—persons who don’t yet but will exist—in accordance with certain stringent standards. Bringing a person into an existence that is truly awful—not worth having—can be wrong, and so can bringing a person into an existence that is worth having when we had the alternative of bringing that same person into an existence that is substantially better. We may think as well that our obligations with respect to future persons are triggered well before the point at which those persons commence their existence. We think it would be wrong, for example, to choose today to turn the Earth of the future into a miserable place even if the victims of that choice do not yet exist.

Nicomachean Ethics

Author : Aristotle
Publisher : ReadHowYouWant.com
ISBN 13 : 142500086X
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (25 download)

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Book Synopsis Nicomachean Ethics by : Aristotle

Download or read book Nicomachean Ethics written by Aristotle and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2006 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" is considered to be one of the most important treatises on ethics ever written. In an incredibly detailed study of virtue and vice in man, Aristotle examines one of the most central themes to man, the nature of goodness itself. In Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics," he asserts that virtue is essential to happiness and that man must live in accordance with the "doctrine of the mean" (the balance between excess and deficiency) to achieve such happiness.

What We Owe to Each Other

Author : T. M. Scanlon
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 067400423X
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis What We Owe to Each Other by : T. M. Scanlon

Download or read book What We Owe to Each Other written by T. M. Scanlon and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2000-11-15 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do we judge whether an action is morally right or wrong? If an action is wrong, what reason does that give us not to do it? Why should we give such reasons priority over our other concerns and values? In this book, T. M. Scanlon offers new answers to these questions, as they apply to the central part of morality that concerns what we owe to each other. According to his contractualist view, thinking about right and wrong is thinking about what we do in terms that could be justified to others and that they could not reasonably reject. He shows how the special authority of conclusions about right and wrong arises from the value of being related to others in this way, and he shows how familiar moral ideas such as fairness and responsibility can be understood through their role in this process of mutual justification and criticism. Scanlon bases his contractualism on a broader account of reasons, value, and individual well-being that challenges standard views about these crucial notions. He argues that desires do not provide us with reasons, that states of affairs are not the primary bearers of value, and that well-being is not as important for rational decision-making as it is commonly held to be. Scanlon is a pluralist about both moral and non-moral values. He argues that, taking this plurality of values into account, contractualism allows for most of the variability in moral requirements that relativists have claimed, while still accounting for the full force of our judgments of right and wrong.

Philosophical Explanations

Author : Robert Nozick
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674266277
Total Pages : 788 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Philosophical Explanations by : Robert Nozick

Download or read book Philosophical Explanations written by Robert Nozick and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1983-03-17 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this highly original work, Robert Nozick develops new views on philosophy’s central topics and weaves them into a unified philosophical perspective. It is many years since a major work in English has ranged so widely over philosophy’s fundamental concerns: the identity of the self, knowledge and skepticism, free will, the question of why there is something rather than nothing, the foundations of ethics, the meaning of life. Writing in a distinctive and personal philosophical voice, Mr. Nozick presents a new mode of philosophizing. In place of the usual semi-coercive philosophical goals of proof, of forcing people to accept conclusions, this book seeks philosophical explanations and understanding, and thereby stays truer to the original motivations for being interested in philosophy. Combining new concepts, daring hypotheses, rigorous reasoning, and playful exploration, the book exemplifies how philosophy can be part of the humanities.

Identity, Personal Identity, and the Self

Author : John Perry
Publisher : Hackett Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780872205208
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Identity, Personal Identity, and the Self by : John Perry

Download or read book Identity, Personal Identity, and the Self written by John Perry and published by Hackett Publishing. This book was released on 2002-09-13 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume collects a number of Perry's classic works on personal identity as well as four new pieces, 'The Two Faces of Identity', 'Persons and Information', 'Self-Notions and The Self' and 'The Sense of Identity'. Perry's Introduction puts his own work and that of others on the issues of identity and personal identity in the context of philosophical studies of mind and language over the past thirty years.