Readings In Zoosemiotics

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Readings in Zoosemiotics

Author : Timo Maran
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110253437
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Readings in Zoosemiotics by : Timo Maran

Download or read book Readings in Zoosemiotics written by Timo Maran and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-11-30 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the first annotated reader to focus specifically on the discipline of zoosemiotics. Zoosemiotics can be defined today as the study of signification, communication and representation within and across animal species. The name for the field was proposed in 1963 by the American semiotician Thomas A. Sebeok. He also established the framework for the paradigm by finding and tightening connections to predecessors, describing terminology, developing methodology and setting directions for possible future studies. The volume includes a wide selection of original texts accompanied by editorial introductions. An extensive opening introduction discusses the place of zoosemiotics among other sciences as well as its inner dimensions; the understanding of the concept of communication in zoosemiotics, the heritage of biologist Jakob v. Uexküll; contemporary developments in zoosemiotics and other issues. Chapter introductions discuss the background of the authors and selected texts, as well as other relevant texts. The selected texts cover a wide range of topics, such as semiotic constitution of nature, cognitive capabilities of animals, typology of animal expression and many other issues. The roots of zoosemiotics can be traced back to the works of David Hume and John Locke. Great emphasis is placed on the heritage of Thomas A. Sebeok, and a total of four of his essays are included. The Reader also includes influential studies in animal communication (honey bee dance language, vervet monkey alarm calls) as well as theory elaborations by Gregory Bateson and others. The reader concludes with a section dedicated to contemporary research. Readings in Zoosemiotics is intended as a primary source of information about zoosemiotics, and also provides additional readings for students of cognitive ethology and animal communication studies.

Readings in Zoosemiotics

Author : Timo Maran
Publisher : ISSN
ISBN 13 : 9783110253429
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (534 download)

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Book Synopsis Readings in Zoosemiotics by : Timo Maran

Download or read book Readings in Zoosemiotics written by Timo Maran and published by ISSN. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the first annotated reader to focus specifically on the discipline of zoosemiotics. Zoosemiotics can be defined today as the study of signification, communication and representation within and across animal species. The name for the field was proposed in 1963 by the American semiotician Thomas A. Sebeok. He also established the framework for the paradigm by finding and tightening connections to predecessors, describing terminology, developing methodology and setting directions for possible future studies. The volume includes a wide selection of original texts accompanied by editorial introductions. An extensive opening introduction discusses the place of zoosemiotics among other sciences as well as its inner dimensions; the understanding of the concept of communication in zoosemiotics, the heritage of biologist Jakob v. Uexküll; contemporary developments in zoosemiotics and other issues. Chapter introductions discuss the background of the authors and selected texts, as well as other relevant texts. The selected texts cover a wide range of topics, such as semiotic constitution of nature, cognitive capabilities of animals, typology of animal expression and many other issues. The roots of zoosemiotics can be traced back to the works of David Hume and John Locke. Great emphasis is placed on the heritage of Thomas A. Sebeok, and a total of four of his essays are included. The Reader also includes influential studies in animal communication (honey bee dance language, vervet monkey alarm calls) as well as theory elaborations by Gregory Bateson and others. The reader concludes with a section dedicated to contemporary research. Readings in Zoosemiotics is intended as a primary source of information about zoosemiotics, and also provides additional readings for students of cognitive ethology and animal communication studies.

Theory and Methodology of Semiotics

Author : Alexandros Ph. Lagopoulos
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110616300
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Theory and Methodology of Semiotics by : Alexandros Ph. Lagopoulos

Download or read book Theory and Methodology of Semiotics written by Alexandros Ph. Lagopoulos and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-11-23 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is an in-depth presentation of the European branch of semiotic theory, originating in the work of Ferdinand de Saussure. It has four parts: a historical introduction, the analysis of langue, narrative theory and communication theory. Part I briefly presents all the semiotic schools and their main points of reference. Although this material is accessible in many other Anglophone publications, the presentation is marked by specific choices aiming to display similarities and differences. The analysis of langue in Part II is also available in Anglophone bibliography, but the book presents Saussurean theory according to a new theoretical rationale and enriched with later developments. In addition, it is orientated so as to offer the foundation for the part that follows. Part III is a presentation of Greimasian narrative theory, well documented in Francophone bibliography but poorly represented in Anglophone publications. The presentation extends the theory in both a qualitative and a new quantitative direction, and includes a great number of examples and two extended textual analyses to help the reader understand and apply it. Part IV, communication theory, combines an extension of Greimasian sociosemiotics with other schools of thought. This original theoretical section discusses fourteen consecutive communication models, the synthesis of which results in a holistic, social semiotic theory of communication.

A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics:

Author : Dario Martinelli
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048192498
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics: by : Dario Martinelli

Download or read book A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics: written by Dario Martinelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-30 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical companion of zoosemiotics is the first attempt to systematise the study of animal communication and signification through its most important and/or problematic terms and concepts, and its most representative scholars. It is a companion, in that it attempts to cover the entire range of key terms in the field, and it's critical, in that it aims not only to describe, but also to discuss, problematise and, in some cases, resolve, these terms.

Bloomsbury Semiotics Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences

Author : Jamin Pelkey
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350139343
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Bloomsbury Semiotics Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences by : Jamin Pelkey

Download or read book Bloomsbury Semiotics Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences written by Jamin Pelkey and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-01-12 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bloomsbury Semiotics offers a state-of-the-art overview of the entire field of semiotics by revealing its influence on a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. With four volumes spanning theory, method and practice across the disciplines, this definitive reference work emphasizes and strengthens common bonds shared across intellectual cultures, and facilitates the discovery and recovery of meaning across fields. It comprises: Volume 1: History and Semiosis Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences Volume 3: Semiotics in the Arts and Social Sciences Volume 4: Semiotic Movements Written by leading international experts, the chapters provide comprehensive overviews of the history and status of semiotic inquiry across a diverse range of traditions and disciplines. Together, they highlight key contemporary developments and debates along with ongoing research priorities. Providing the most comprehensive and united overview of the field, Bloomsbury Semiotics enables anyone, from students to seasoned practitioners, to better understand and benefit from semiotic insight and how it relates to their own area of study or research. Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences presents the state-of-the art in semiotic approaches to disciplines ranging from mathematics and biology to neuroscience and medicine, from evolutionary linguistics and animal behaviour studies to computing, finance, law, architecture, and design. Each chapter casts a vision for future research priorities, unanswered questions, and fresh openings for semiotic participation in these and related fields.

Anthrozoology

Author : Michael Charles Tobias
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319459643
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Anthrozoology by : Michael Charles Tobias

Download or read book Anthrozoology written by Michael Charles Tobias and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-20 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking work of both theoretical and experiential thought by two leading ecological philosophers and animal liberation scientists ventures into a new frontier of applied ethical anthrozoological studies. Through lean and elegant text, readers will learn that human interconnections with other species and ecosystems are severely endangered precisely because we lack - by our evolutionary self-confidence - the very coherence that is everywhere around us abundantly demonstrated. What our species has deemed to be superior is, according to Tobias and Morrison, the cumulative result of a tragically tenuous argument predicated on the brink of our species’ self-destruction, giving rise to a most unique proposition: We either recognize the miracle of other sentient intelligence, sophistication, and genius, or risk enshrining the shortest lived epitaph of any known vertebrate in earth’s 4.1 billion years of life. Tobias and Morrison draw on 45 years of research in fields ranging from ecological anthropology, animal protection and comparative ethics to literature and spirituality - and beyond. They deploy research in animal and plant behavior, biocultural heritage contexts from every continent and they bring to bear a deeply metaphysical array of perspectives that set this book apart from any other. The book departs from most work in such fields as animal rights, ecological aesthetics, comparative ethology or traditional animal and plant behaviorist work, and yet it speaks to readers with an interest in those fields. A deeply provocative book of philosophical premises and hypotheses from two of the world’s most influential ecological philosophers, this text is likely to stir uneasiness and debate for many decades to come.

Rhetorics Change / Rhetoric’s Change

Author : Jenny Rice
Publisher : Parlor Press LLC
ISBN 13 : 1602355029
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Rhetorics Change / Rhetoric’s Change by : Jenny Rice

Download or read book Rhetorics Change / Rhetoric’s Change written by Jenny Rice and published by Parlor Press LLC. This book was released on 2018-05-01 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rhetorics Change/Rhetoric’s Change features selected essays, multimedia texts, and audio pieces from the 2016 Rhetoric Society of America biennial conference, which spotlighted the theme “Rhetoric and Change.” The pieces are broadly focused around eight different lines of thought: Aural Rhetorics; Rhetoric and Science; Embodiment; Digital Rhetorics; Languages and Publics; Apologia, Revolution, Reflection; and Intersectionality, Interdisciplinarity, and the Future of Feminist Rhetoric. Simultaneously familiar yet new, the value of this collection can be found in the range of its modes and voices.

The Sensory Modes of Animal Rhetorics

Author : Alex C. Parrish
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030767124
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sensory Modes of Animal Rhetorics by : Alex C. Parrish

Download or read book The Sensory Modes of Animal Rhetorics written by Alex C. Parrish and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-14 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sensory Modes of Animal Rhetorics: A Hoot in the Light presents the latest research in animal perception and cognition in the context of rhetorical theory. Alex C. Parrish explores the science of animal signaling that shows human and nonhuman animals share similar rhetorical strategies—such as communicating to manipulate or persuade—which suggests the vast impact sensory modalities have on communication in nature. The book demonstrates new ways of seeing humans and how we have separated ourselves from, and subjectified, the animal rhetor. This type of cross-species study allows us to trace the origins of our own persuasive behaviors, providing a deeper and more inclusive history of rhetoric than ever before.

The Routledge Handbook of Language and Persuasion

Author : Jeanne Fahnestock
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000573338
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Language and Persuasion by : Jeanne Fahnestock

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Language and Persuasion written by Jeanne Fahnestock and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-09-30 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a wide-ranging, authoritative, and cutting-edge overview of language and persuasion. Featuring a range of international contributors, the handbook outlines the basic materials of linguistic persuasion – sound, words, syntax, and discourse – and the rhetorical basics that they enable, such as appeals, argument schemes, arrangement strategies, and accommodation devices. After a comprehensive introduction that brings together the elements of linguistics and the vectors of rhetoric, the handbook is divided into six parts. Part I covers the basic rhetorical appeals to character, the emotions, argument schemes, and types of issues that constitute persuasion. Part II covers the enduring effects of persuasive language, from humor to polarization, while a special group of chapters in Part III examines figures of speech and their rhetorical uses. In Part IV, contributors focus on different fields and genres of argument as entry points for research into conventions of arguing. Part V examines the evolutionary and developmental roots of persuasive language, and Part VI highlights new computational methods of language analysis. This handbook is essential reading for those researching and studying persuasive language in the fields of linguistics, rhetoric, argumentation, communication, discourse studies, political science, psychology, digital studies, mass media, and journalism.

Material Ecocriticism

Author : Serenella Iovino
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 025301400X
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Material Ecocriticism by : Serenella Iovino

Download or read book Material Ecocriticism written by Serenella Iovino and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-24 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Material Ecocriticism offers new ways to analyze language and reality, human and nonhuman life, mind and matter, without falling into well-worn paths of thinking. Bringing ecocriticism closer to the material turn, the contributions to this landmark volume focus on material forces and substances, the agency of things, processes, narratives and stories, and making meaning out of the world. This broad-ranging reflection on contemporary human experience and expression provokes new understandings of the planet to which we are intimately connected.

Visual Communication

Author : David Machin
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110370522
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Visual Communication by : David Machin

Download or read book Visual Communication written by David Machin and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2014-04-30 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary goal of the volume on "Visual Communication" is to provide a collection of high quality, accessible papers that offer an overview of the different academic approaches to Visual Communication, the different theoretical perspectives on which they are based, the methods of analysis used and the different media and genre that have come under analysis. There is no such existing volume that draws together this range of closely related material generally found in much less related areas of research, including semiotics, art history, design, and new media theory. The volume has a total of 34 individual chapters that are organized into two sections: theories and methods, and areas of visual analysis. The chapters are all written by quality theorists and researchers, with a view that the research should be accessible to non-specialists in their own field while at the same time maintaining a high quality of work. The volume contains an introduction, which plots and locates the different approaches contained in it within broader developments and history of approaches to visual communication across different disciplines as each has attempted to define its terrain sometimes through unique concepts and methods sometimes through those borrowed and modified from others.

The Routledge Companion to Semiotics

Author : Paul Cobley
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135284296
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Companion to Semiotics by : Paul Cobley

Download or read book The Routledge Companion to Semiotics written by Paul Cobley and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-09-11 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ideal introduction to semiotics, containing engaging essays from an impressive range of international leaders in the field. Featuring an extended glossary of key terms and thinkers as well as suggestions for further reading, this is an invaluable reference guide for students of semiotics at all levels.

Reimagining Communication: Meaning

Author : Michael Filimowicz
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351007904
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Reimagining Communication: Meaning by : Michael Filimowicz

Download or read book Reimagining Communication: Meaning written by Michael Filimowicz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reimagining Communication: Meaning surveys the foundational theoretical and methodological approaches that continue to shape communication studies, synthesizing the complex relationship of communication to meaning making in a uniquely accessible and engaging way. The Reimagining Communication series develops a new information architecture for the field of communications studies, grounded in its interdisciplinary origins and looking ahead to emerging trends as researchers take into account new media technologies and their impacts on society and culture. Reimagining Communication: Meaning brings together international authors to provide contemporary perspectives on semiotics, hermeneutics, paralanguage, corpus analysis, critical theory, intercultural communication, global culture, cultural hybridity, postcolonialism, feminism, political economy, propaganda, cultural capital, media literacy, media ecology and media psychology. The volume is designed as a reader for scholars and a textbook for students, offering a new approach for comprehending the vast diversity of communications topics in today’s globally networked world. This will be an essential introductory text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and scholars of communication, broadcast media, and interactive technologies, with an interdisciplinary focus and an emphasis on the integration of new technologies.

The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism

Author : Greg Garrard
Publisher : Oxford Handbooks
ISBN 13 : 0199742928
Total Pages : 601 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism by : Greg Garrard

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism written by Greg Garrard and published by Oxford Handbooks. This book was released on 2014 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism explores a range of critical perspectives used to analyze literature, film, and the visual arts in relation to the natural environment. Since the publication of field-defining works by Lawrence Buell, Jonathan Bate, and Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm in the 1990s, ecocriticism has become a conventional paradigm for critical analysis alongside queer theory, deconstruction, and postcolonial studies. The field includes numerous approaches, genres, movements, and media, as the essays collected here demonstrate. The contributors come from around the globe and, similarly, the literature and media covered originate from several countries and continents. Taken together, the essays consider how literary and other cultural productions have engaged with the natural environment to investigate climate change, environmental justice, sustainability, the nature of "humanity," and more. Featuring thirty-four original chapters, the volume is organized into three major areas. The first, History, addresses topics such as the Renaissance pastoral, Romantic poetry, the modernist novel, and postmodern transgenic art. The second, Theory, considers how traditional critical theories have expanded to include environmental perspectives. Included in this section are essays on queer theory, science studies, deconstruction, and postcolonialism. Genre, the final major section, explores the specific artforms that have animated the field over the past decade, including nature writing, children's literature, animated films, and digital media. A short section entitled Views from Here concludes the handbook by zeroing in on the various transnational perspectives informing the continued dissemination and globalization of the field.

A Biosemiotic Ontology

Author : Felice Cimatti
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319979035
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis A Biosemiotic Ontology by : Felice Cimatti

Download or read book A Biosemiotic Ontology written by Felice Cimatti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Giorgio Prodi (1928-1987) was an important Italian scientist who developed an original philosophy based on two basic assumptions: 1. life is mainly a semiotic phenomenon; 2. matter is somewhat a semiotic phenomenon. Prodi applies Peirce's cenopythagorean categories to all phenomena of life and matter: Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness. They are interconnected meaning that the very ontology of the world, according to Prodi, is somewhat semiotic. In fact, when one describes matter as “made of” Firstness and Secondness, this means that matter ‘intrinsically’ implies semiotics (with Thirdness also being present in the world). At the very heart of Prodi’s theory lies a metaphysical hypothesis which is an ambitious theoretical gesture that places Prodi in an awkward position with respect to the customary philosophical tradition. In fact, his own ontology is neither dualistic nor monistic. Such a conclusion is unusual and weird, but much less unusual in present time than it was when it was first introduced. The actual resurgence of various “realisms” make Prodi’s semiotic realism much more interesting than when he first proposed his philosophical approach. What is uncommon, in Prodi perspective, is that he never separated semiotics from the materiality of the world. Prodi does not agree with the “standard” structuralist view of semiosis as an artificial and unnatural activity. On the contrary, Prodi believed semiosis (that is, the interconnection between Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness) lies at the very bottom of life. On one hand, Prodi maintains a strong realist stance; on the other, a realism that includes semiosis as ‘natural’ phenomena. This last view is very unusual because all forms, more or less, of realism exclude semiosis from nature but they frequently “reduce” semiosis to non-semiotic elements. According to Prodi, semiosis is a completely natural phenomenon.

Essential Readings in Biosemiotics

Author : Donald Favareau
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 140209650X
Total Pages : 882 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Essential Readings in Biosemiotics by : Donald Favareau

Download or read book Essential Readings in Biosemiotics written by Donald Favareau and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesizing the findings from a wide range of disciplines – from biology and anthropology to philosophy and linguistics – the emerging field of Biosemiotics explores the highly complex phenomenon of sign processing in living systems. Seeking to advance a naturalistic understanding of the evolution and development of sign-dependent life processes, contemporary biosemiotic theory offers important new conceptual tools for the scientific understanding of mind and meaning, for the development of artificial intelligence, and for the ongoing research into the rich diversity of non-verbal human, animal and biological communication processes. Donald Favareau’s Essential Readings in Biosemiotics has been designed as a single-source overview of the major works informing this new interdiscipline, and provides scholarly historical and analytical commentary on each of the texts presented. The first of its kind, this book constitutes a valuable resource to both bioscientists and to semioticians interested in this emerging new discipline, and can function as a primary textbook for students in biosemiotics, as well. Moreover, because of its inherently interdisciplinary nature and its focus on the ‘big questions’ of cognition, meaning and evolutionary biology, this volume should be of interest to anyone working in the fields of cognitive science, theoretical biology, philosophy of mind, evolutionary psychology, communication studies or the history and philosophy of science.

Signs in the Dust

Author : Nathan Lyons
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190941278
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Signs in the Dust by : Nathan Lyons

Download or read book Signs in the Dust written by Nathan Lyons and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-28 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern thought is characterized by a dichotomy of meaningful culture and unmeaning nature. Signs in the Dust uses medieval semiotics to develop a new theory of nature and culture that resists this familiar picture of things. Through readings of Thomas Aquinas, Nicholas of Cusa, and John Poinsot (John of St. Thomas), it offers a semiotic analysis of human culture in both its anthropological breadth as an enterprise of creaturely sign-making, and its theological height as a finite participation in the Trinity, which can be understood as an absolute 'cultural nature'. Signs in the Dust then extends this account of human culture backwards into the natural depth of biological and physical nature. It puts the biosemiotics of its medieval sources, along with Félix Ravaisson's philosophy of habit, into dialogue with the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis that is emerging in contemporary biology, to show how all living things participate in semiosis, so that that a cultural dimension is present through the whole order of nature and the whole of natural history. It also retrieves Aquinas' doctrine of intentions in the medium to show how signification can be attributed in a diminished way to even inanimate nature, with the ontological implication that being as such should be reconceived in semiotic terms. The phenomena of human culture are therefore to be understood not as breaks with a meaningless nature, but instead as heightenings and deepenings of natural movements of meaning that long precede and far exceed us. Against the modern divorce of nature and culture, Signs in the Dust argues that culture is natural and nature is cultural, through and through.