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Rationality Persons And The Moral Context
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Book Synopsis From Rationality to Equality by : James P. Sterba
Download or read book From Rationality to Equality written by James P. Sterba and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-14 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: James P. Sterba offers something that philosophers have long sought: an argument showing that morality is rationally required. Furthermore he argues that morality requires substantial equality. Even libertarian perspectives, which would seem to require minimal enforcement of morality, are shown to lead to a requirement of equality.
Book Synopsis Kantian Ethics, Dignity and Perfection by : Paul Formosa
Download or read book Kantian Ethics, Dignity and Perfection written by Paul Formosa and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-10 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A clear and original perspective on Kantian ethics that focuses on the dignity, vulnerability and perfectibility of human rational agency.
Book Synopsis Reasons and Persons by : Derek Parfit
Download or read book Reasons and Persons written by Derek Parfit and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1986-01-23 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges, with several powerful arguments, some of our deepest beliefs about rationality, morality, and personal identity. The author claims that we have a false view of our own nature; that it is often rational to act against our own best interests; that most of us have moral views that are directly self-defeating; and that, when we consider future generations the conclusions will often be disturbing. He concludes that moral non-religious moral philosophy is a young subject, with a promising but unpredictable future.
Book Synopsis Autonomy, Rationality, and Contemporary Bioethics by : Jonathan Pugh
Download or read book Autonomy, Rationality, and Contemporary Bioethics written by Jonathan Pugh and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Personal autonomy is often lauded as a key value in contemporary Western bioethics, and the claim that there is an important relationship between autonomy and rationality is often treated as an uncontroversial claim in this sphere. Yet, there is also considerable disagreement about how we should cash out the relationship between rationality and autonomy. In particular, it is unclear whether a rationalist view of autonomy can be compatible with legal judgments that enshrine a patient's right to refuse medical treatment, regardless of whether ". . . the reasons for making the choice are rational, irrational, unknown or even non-existent". In this book, I bring recent philosophical work on the nature of rationality to bear on the question of how we should understand autonomy in contemporary bioethics. In doing so, I develop a new framework for thinking about the concept, one that is grounded in an understanding of the different roles that rational beliefs and rational desires have to play in personal autonomy. Furthermore, the account outlined here allows for a deeper understanding of different form of controlling influence, and the relationship between our freedom to act, and our capacity to decide autonomously. I contrast my rationalist with other prominent accounts of autonomy in bioethics, and outline the revisionary implications it has for various practical questions in bioethics in which autonomy is a salient concern, including questions about the nature of informed consent and decision-making capacity.
Book Synopsis An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals by : David Hume
Download or read book An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals written by David Hume and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Rationality, Rules, and Ideals by : Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Download or read book Rationality, Rules, and Ideals written by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2002 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bernard Gert's moral theory is among the clearest and most comprehensive on the contemporary scene. It touches on elements of the dominant ethical orientations---utilitarianism, Kantianism, contractionism, and virtue ethics--without fitting neatly into any of those categories. For that reason, Gert's moral theory appeals to many ethicists dissatisfied with each of the dominant formulations. Rationality, Rules, and Ideals presents Gert's Morality, the reactions by a number of prominent scholars, and Gert's response. All told, it is a remarkably wide-ranging study of ethical theory. The work is broken down into six parts, making Rationality, Rules, and Ideals perfect for a broad-ranging course on ethical theory, following Gert's critiques of utilitariansim, Kantianism, and virtue ethics. Both students and professionals will find much material to work with in this volume. The papers contribute not only to the understanding of Gert's wide-ranging theory but to a number of important topics in ethic theory, the theory of rationality, and applied ethics.
Download or read book Persons in Context written by Roger Frie and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-01-19 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contemporary forms of psychoanalysis, particularly intersubjective systems theory, the turn towards contextualism has permitted the development of new ways of thinking and practicing that have dispensed with the notion of isolated individuality. For many who embrace this "post-subjectivist" way of thinking and practicing, the recognition that all human experience is fundamentally immersed in the world makes the question of individuality seem confusing, even anachronistic. Yet the challenge of individuality remains an important and pressing issue for contemporary theory and practice; many clinicians are left to wonder about the role of "individual" experience and how to approach it conceptually or clinically. This volume of original essays gives the problem of individuality its due, without losing sight of the importance of contextualized experience. Drawing on a variety of disciplinary backgrounds - philosophical, developmental, biological, and neuroscientific - the contributors address the tension that exists between individuality and the emergence of contextualism as a dominant mode of psychoanalytic theory and practice, thereby providing unique insights into the role and place of individuality both in and out of the clinical setting. Ultimately, these essays demonstrate that individuality, no matter how it may be defined, always occurs within a contextual web that forms the basis of human experience. Contributors: William J. Coburn, Philip Cushman, James L. Fosshage, Roger Frie, Frank M. Lachmann, Jack Martin, Donna Orange, Robert D. Stolorow, Jeff Sugarman
Book Synopsis Readings in Political Philosophy by : Diane Jeske
Download or read book Readings in Political Philosophy written by Diane Jeske and published by Broadview Press. This book was released on 2011-12-20 with total page 1134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology surveys important issues in Western political philosophy from Plato to the present day. Its aim is to show both the continuity and the development of political thought over time. Each unit begins with readings on the fundamental theoretical principles underlying political discourse. Theory is then connected to practice in readings on contemporary issues as well as court cases and other political documents.
Book Synopsis Intuitively Rational: How We Think and How We Should by : Andrew McGee
Download or read book Intuitively Rational: How We Think and How We Should written by Andrew McGee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Reader in Moral Philosophy by : Daniel R. DeNicola
Download or read book A Reader in Moral Philosophy written by Daniel R. DeNicola and published by Broadview Press. This book was released on 2022-02-23 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This lively anthology provides classic and contemporary defenses and critiques of the central ethical theories, along with readings on a selection of moral issues such as freedom of expression, immigration, and the treatment of non-human animals. Generous excerpts of canonical texts are included alongside contemporary works, all carefully selected and thoughtfully edited for student use. Readings on the ethical theories are organized intuitively, by implicit source of value: god, human nature, culture, reason, consent, character, emotion, care, particulars, and intuitions. The interconnections among readings amplify teaching possibilities and create a vigorous conversation about morality.
Book Synopsis Morals by Agreement by : David Gauthier
Download or read book Morals by Agreement written by David Gauthier and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 1987-05-21 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the author argues that moral principles are principles of rational choice. According to the usual view of choice, a rational person selects what is likely to give the greatest expectation of value or utility. But in many situations, if each person chooses in this way, everyone will be worse off than need be. Instead, Professor Gauthier proposes a principle whereby choice is made on an agreed basis of co-operation, rather than according to what would give the individual the greatest expectation of value. He shows that such a principle not only ensures mutual benefit and fairness, thus satisfying the standards of morality, but also that each person may actually expect greater utility by adhering to morality, even though the choice did not have that end primarily in view. In resolving what may appear to be a paradox, the author establishes morals on the firm foundation of reason.
Book Synopsis Contexts of Justice by : Rainer Forst
Download or read book Contexts of Justice written by Rainer Forst and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2002-02-27 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text offers an intervention into the debate between communitarianism and liberalism. It argues for a theory of "contexts of justice" that leads beyond the confines of the debate as it has been understood and posits the possibility of a new conception of social and political justice.
Book Synopsis Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics by : Christoph Luetge
Download or read book Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics written by Christoph Luetge and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-10-18 with total page 1582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Business Ethics: Philosophical Foundations is a standard interdisciplinary reference handbook in the field of business ethics. Articles by notable philosophers and economists examine fundamental concepts, theories and questions of business ethics: Are morality and self-interest compatible? What is meant by a just price? What did the Scholastic philosophers think about business? The handbook will cover the entire philosophical basis of business ethics. Articles range from historical positions such as Aristotelianism, Kantianism and Marxism to systematic issues like justice, religious issues, rights and globalisation or gender. The book is intended as a reference work for academics, students (esp. graduate), and professionals.
Book Synopsis Journal of Education Culture and Society 2016_2 by :
Download or read book Journal of Education Culture and Society 2016_2 written by and published by Aleksander Kobylarek. This book was released on 2016-09-10 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International scientific journal
Book Synopsis Ethical Relativism and Universalism by : Saral Jhingran
Download or read book Ethical Relativism and Universalism written by Saral Jhingran and published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. This book was released on 2001 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present work addresses itself to one of the most hotly debated issues in contemporary ethics-relativism. Relativism has become a formidable argument in Western socio-moral thought under the impact of postmodern writings. The author presents a detailed critique of various relativist and postmodernist theses, without rejecting some of their empirically justified observations. She underscores the fact that the intercultural communication which has been going on since time immemorial puts a question mark to the postmodernist theories of indeterminacy of translation, incommensurability of various conceptual frameworks etc. The author supports cognitivism in ethics according to which the moral properties of the object of moral judgement do in some way determine or `cause` that judgment. This view is not to be confused with any realist ontological commitment. She asserts that universalizability is the necessary condition of all rational judgments, including the moral ones. The author also discusses the relationship between self and others; and in this context she draws upon the insights of ancient Indian thinkers. She proposes that minimum moral principles and maxims can be agreed upon through reasoning and intercultural discourse.
Book Synopsis Oppression and Responsibility by : Peg O’Connor
Download or read book Oppression and Responsibility written by Peg O’Connor and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2015-11-05 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combating homophobia, racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination and violence in our society requires more than just focusing on the overt acts of prejudiced and abusive individuals. The very intelligibility of such acts, in fact, depends upon a background of shared beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that together form the context of social practices in which these acts come to have the meaning they do. This book, inspired by Wittgenstein as well as feminist and critical race theory, shines a critical light on this background in order to show that we all share more responsibility for the persistence of oppressive social practices than we commonly suppose—or than traditional moral theories that connect responsibility just with the actions, rights, and liberties of individuals would lead us to believe. First sketching a nonessentialist view of rationality, and emphasizing the role of power relations, Peg O’Connor then examines in subsequent chapters the relationship between a variety of "foreground" actions and "background" practices: burnings of African American churches, hate speech, child sexual abuse, coming out as a gay or lesbian teenager, and racial integration of public and private spaces. These examples serve to illuminate when our "language games" reinforce oppression and when they allow possibilities for resistance. Attending to the background, O’Connor argues, can give us insight into ways of transforming the nature and meaning of foreground actions.
Book Synopsis Persons, Moral Worth, and Embryos by : Stephen Napier
Download or read book Persons, Moral Worth, and Embryos written by Stephen Napier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-21 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Bioethicists have achieved consensus on two ideas pertaining to beginning of life issues: (1) persons are those beings capable of higher-order cognition, or self-consciousness, and (2) it is impermissible to kill only persons. As a consequence, a consensus is reached regarding the permissibility of both destroying human embryos for research purposes and abortion. The present collection aims to interact critically with this consensus. Authors address various aspects of this ‘orthodoxy’. Issues discussed include: theories of personhood and in particular the role of thought experiments used in support of such theories; the notion of an intrinsic potential and the moral relevance of having one; new formulations of the virtue argument against abortion rights; four-dimensionalism and abortion; the notion of moral status and who (or what) has it; scientific accounts of what a human being is, as well as addressing empirical evidence of fetal consciousness; and analysis of the public policy implications given the epistemic status of pro-choice arguments. Given the issues discussed and that the arguments in critical focus are fairly new, the collection provides a novel, comprehensive, and rigorous analysis of contemporary pro-choice arguments.”
