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Signal Processing VI

Author : J. Vandewalle
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444600361
Total Pages : 681 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Signal Processing VI by : J. Vandewalle

Download or read book Signal Processing VI written by J. Vandewalle and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This was the sixth in the sequence of the international conferences promoted and organized by the European Association for Signal Processing. The conference has established itself as one of the world's largest and most important meetings on the subject. The 444 papers (in three volumes) are organized under 7 themes, containing the following topics:1. Theory of Signals and Systems:a) Detection, b) Estimation, c) Filtering, d)Spectral estimation, e) Adaptive systems, f) Modeling, g) Digital transforms, h) Digital filtering.2. Image Processing and Multidimensional Signal Processing:a) Coding, b) Enhancement, c) Restoration, d) Medical image processing.3. Speech Processing:a) Coding, b) Synthesis, c) Recognition and understanding, d) Enhancement.4. Implementations:a) Hardware, b) Software, c) VLSI, d) Novel Architectures, e) Array processing.5. Knowledge Engineering and Signal Processing:a) Expert systems, b) Pattern recognition, c) Signal interpretation, d) Image understanding.6. Neural Networks for Signal Processing:a) Theory, b) Speech, c) Vision, d) Implementations. 7. Applications:a) Radar, b) Sonar, c) Communications, d) Geophysics, e) Digital audio, f) Biomedics, g) Sensing, h) Robotics, i) Astrophysics, j) Mechanics, k) other. The diversity of topics in this 3-volume set, as well as the extraordinary tempo at which Signal Processing has progressed, attest to the permanent vitality of this area of research and development. Workers in signal processing will find in these papers the latest advances and results, as well as indications on future research and analysis in this rapidly developing field.

Future Generation Information Technology

Author : Young Hoon Lee
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642105092
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Future Generation Information Technology by : Young Hoon Lee

Download or read book Future Generation Information Technology written by Young Hoon Lee and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-11-16 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As future generation information technology (FGIT) becomes specialized and fr- mented, it is easy to lose sight that many topics in FGIT have common threads and, because of this, advances in one discipline may be transmitted to others. Presentation of recent results obtained in different disciplines encourages this interchange for the advancement of FGIT as a whole. Of particular interest are hybrid solutions that c- bine ideas taken from multiple disciplines in order to achieve something more signi- cant than the sum of the individual parts. Through such hybrid philosophy, a new principle can be discovered, which has the propensity to propagate throughout mul- faceted disciplines. FGIT 2009 was the first mega-conference that attempted to follow the above idea of hybridization in FGIT in a form of multiple events related to particular disciplines of IT, conducted by separate scientific committees, but coordinated in order to expose the most important contributions. It included the following international conferences: Advanced Software Engineering and Its Applications (ASEA), Bio-Science and Bio-Technology (BSBT), Control and Automation (CA), Database Theory and Application (DTA), D- aster Recovery and Business Continuity (DRBC; published independently), Future G- eration Communication and Networking (FGCN) that was combined with Advanced Communication and Networking (ACN), Grid and Distributed Computing (GDC), M- timedia, Computer Graphics and Broadcasting (MulGraB), Security Technology (SecTech), Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition (SIP), and- and e-Service, Science and Technology (UNESST).

Signal Processing of HDTV, VI

Author : Yuichi Ninomiya
Publisher : Elsevier Science & Technology
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Signal Processing of HDTV, VI by : Yuichi Ninomiya

Download or read book Signal Processing of HDTV, VI written by Yuichi Ninomiya and published by Elsevier Science & Technology. This book was released on 1995 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Workshop on HDTV held in Italy in 1994 had a considerably wider scope than those of previous years. Topics covered include Program Content Generation, Encoding Multiplexing, Delivery, Receivers and Technical Aspects of Delivery Services, not only in connection with HDTV but also for many advanced systems such as digital television broadcasting.The volume will assist in the progress of technology in relation to HDTV as well as in other advanced television systems.

Experimental Robotics VI

Author : Peter I. Corke
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781852332105
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Robotics VI by : Peter I. Corke

Download or read book Experimental Robotics VI written by Peter I. Corke and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-10-22 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics held in Sydney in March 1999. The editors and contributors represent the leading robotics research efforts from around the world. Micro-machines, interplanetary exploration, minimally invasive surgery and emerging humanoid robots are among the most obvious attainments of leading robotics research teams reported in this volume. Less obvious but equally significant are the fundamental advances in robot map-building and methods of communication between humans and machines that are demonstrated through experimental results. This collection of papers will provide the reader with a concise report on the current achievements and future trends in robotics research across the world.

Algorithms for Next Generation Networks

Author : Graham Cormode
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1848827652
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (488 download)

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Book Synopsis Algorithms for Next Generation Networks by : Graham Cormode

Download or read book Algorithms for Next Generation Networks written by Graham Cormode and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-02-06 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data networking now plays a major role in everyday life and new applications continue to appear at a blinding pace. Yet we still do not have a sound foundation for designing, evaluating and managing these networks. This book covers topics at the intersection of algorithms and networking. It builds a complete picture of the current state of research on Next Generation Networks and the challenges for the years ahead. Particular focus is given to evolving research initiatives and the architecture they propose and implications for networking. Topics: Network design and provisioning, hardware issues, layer-3 algorithms and MPLS, BGP and Inter AS routing, packet processing for routing, security and network management, load balancing, oblivious routing and stochastic algorithms, network coding for multicast, overlay routing for P2P networking and content delivery. This timely volume will be of interest to a broad readership from graduate students to researchers looking to survey recent research its open questions.

The Control Handbook (three volume set)

Author : William S. Levine
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420073672
Total Pages : 3379 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Control Handbook (three volume set) by : William S. Levine

Download or read book The Control Handbook (three volume set) written by William S. Levine and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 3379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At publication, The Control Handbook immediately became the definitive resource that engineers working with modern control systems required. Among its many accolades, that first edition was cited by the AAP as the Best Engineering Handbook of 1996. Now, 15 years later, William Levine has once again compiled the most comprehensive and authoritative resource on control engineering. He has fully reorganized the text to reflect the technical advances achieved since the last edition and has expanded its contents to include the multidisciplinary perspective that is making control engineering a critical component in so many fields. Now expanded from one to three volumes, The Control Handbook, Second Edition brilliantly organizes cutting-edge contributions from more than 200 leading experts representing every corner of the globe. They cover everything from basic closed-loop systems to multi-agent adaptive systems and from the control of electric motors to the control of complex networks. Progressively organized, the three volume set includes: Control System Fundamentals Control System Applications Control System Advanced Methods Any practicing engineer, student, or researcher working in fields as diverse as electronics, aeronautics, or biomedicine will find this handbook to be a time-saving resource filled with invaluable formulas, models, methods, and innovative thinking. In fact, any physicist, biologist, mathematician, or researcher in any number of fields developing or improving products and systems will find the answers and ideas they need. As with the first edition, the new edition not only stands as a record of accomplishment in control engineering but provides researchers with the means to make further advances.

Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN VI

Author : Marc Schoenauer
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540453563
Total Pages : 920 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN VI by : Marc Schoenauer

Download or read book Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN VI written by Marc Schoenauer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-12-07 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are proud to introduce the proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN VI, held in Paris, Prance, on 18-20 September 2000. PPSN VI was organized in association with the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference (GECCO'2000) and the Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC'2000), reflecting the beneficial interaction between the conference activities in Europe and in the USA in the field of natural computation. Starting in 1990 in Dortmund, Germany (Proceedings, LNCS vol. 496, Sprin ger, 1991), this biannual meeting has been held in Brussels, Belgium (Procee dings, Elsevier, 1992), Jerusalem, Israel (Proceedings, LNCS vol. 866, Springer, 1994), Berlin, Germany (Proceedings, LNCS vol. 1141, Springer, 1996), and Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Proceedings, LNCS vol. 1498, Springer, 1998), where it was decided that Paris would be the location of the 2000 conference with Marc Schoenauer as the general chair. The scientific content of the PPSN conference focuses on problem solving pa radigms gleaned from a natural models. Characteristic for Natural Computing is the metaphorical use of concepts, principles and mechanisms underlying natural systems, such as evolutionary processes involving mutation, recombination, and selection in natural evolution, annealing or punctuated equilibrium processes of many-particle systems in physics, growth processes in nature and economics, collective intelligence in biology, DNA-based computing in molecular chemistry, and multi-cellular behavioral processes in neural and immune networks.

Handbook of Research on Driving STEM Learning With Educational Technologies

Author : Ramírez-Montoya, María-Soledad
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522520279
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Driving STEM Learning With Educational Technologies by : Ramírez-Montoya, María-Soledad

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Driving STEM Learning With Educational Technologies written by Ramírez-Montoya, María-Soledad and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-02-01 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educational strategies have evolved over the years, due to research breakthroughs and the application of technology. By using the latest learning innovations, curriculum and instructional design can be enhanced and strengthened. The Handbook of Research on Driving STEM Learning With Educational Technologies is an authoritative reference source for the latest scholarly research on the implementation and use of different techniques of instruction in modern classroom settings. Featuring exhaustive coverage on a variety of topics including data literacy, student motivation, and computer-aided assessment, this resource is an essential reference publication ideally designed for academicians, researchers, and professionals seeking current research on emerging uses of technology for STEM education.

State Estimation and Control for Low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Author : Chingiz Hajiyev
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319164171
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis State Estimation and Control for Low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by : Chingiz Hajiyev

Download or read book State Estimation and Control for Low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles written by Chingiz Hajiyev and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-10 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses state estimation and control procedures for a low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The authors consider the use of robust adaptive Kalman filter algorithms and demonstrate their advantages over the optimal Kalman filter in the context of the difficult and varied environments in which UAVs may be employed. Fault detection and isolation (FDI) and data fusion for UAV air-data systems are also investigated, and control algorithms, including the classical, optimal, and fuzzy controllers, are given for the UAV. The performance of different control methods is investigated and the results compared. State Estimation and Control of Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles covers all the important issues for designing a guidance, navigation and control (GNC) system of a low-cost UAV. It proposes significant new approaches that can be exploited by GNC system designers in the future and also reviews the current literature. The state estimation, control and FDI methods are illustrated by examples and MATLAB® simulations. State Estimation and Control of Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles will be of interest to both researchers in academia and professional engineers in the aerospace industry. Graduate students may also find it useful, and some sections are suitable for an undergraduate readership.

Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks Vol 1

Author : Maksym Spiryagin
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351057251
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks Vol 1 by : Maksym Spiryagin

Download or read book Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks Vol 1 written by Maksym Spiryagin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks is the leading international gathering of scientists and engineers from academia and industry in the field of ground vehicle dynamics to present and exchange their latest innovations and breakthroughs. Established in Vienna in 1977, the International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics (IAVSD) has since held its biennial symposia throughout Europe and in the USA, Canada, Japan, South Africa and China. The main objectives of IAVSD are to promote the development of the science of vehicle dynamics and to encourage engineering applications of this field of science, to inform scientists and engineers on the current state-of-the-art in the field of vehicle dynamics and to broaden contacts among persons and organisations of the various countries engaged in scientific research and development in the field of vehicle dynamics and related areas. IAVSD 2017, the 25th Symposium of the International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics was hosted by the Centre for Railway Engineering at Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia in August 2017. The symposium focused on the following topics related to road and rail vehicles and trains: dynamics and stability; vibration and comfort; suspension; steering; traction and braking; active safety systems; advanced driver assistance systems; autonomous road and rail vehicles; adhesion and friction; wheel-rail contact; tyre-road interaction; aerodynamics and crosswind; pantograph-catenary dynamics; modelling and simulation; driver-vehicle interaction; field and laboratory testing; vehicle control and mechatronics; performance and optimization; instrumentation and condition monitoring; and environmental considerations. Providing a comprehensive review of the latest innovative developments and practical applications in road and rail vehicle dynamics, the 213 papers now published in these proceedings will contribute greatly to a better understanding of related problems and will serve as a reference for researchers and engineers active in this specialised field. Volume 1 contains 78 papers under the subject heading Road.

Rate-Quality Optimized Video Coding

Author : Yoo-Sok Saw
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461551250
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Rate-Quality Optimized Video Coding by : Yoo-Sok Saw

Download or read book Rate-Quality Optimized Video Coding written by Yoo-Sok Saw and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rate-Quality Optimized Video Coding discusses the matter of optimizing (or negotiating) the data rate of compressed digital video and its quality, which has been a relatively neglected topic in either side of image/video coding and tele-traffic management. Video rate management becomes a technically challenging task since it is required to maintain a certain video quality regardless of the availability of transmission or storage media. This is caused by the broadband nature of digital video and inherent algorithmic features of mainstream video compression schemes, e.g. H.261, H.263 and MPEG series. In order to maximize the media utilization and to enhance video quality, the data rate of compressed video should be regulated within a budget of available media resources while maintaining the video quality as high as possible. In Part I (Chapters 1 to 4) the non-stationarity of digital video is discussed. Since the non-stationary nature is also inherited from algorithmic properties of international video coding standards, which are a combination of statistical coding techniques, the video rate management techniques of these standards are explored. Although there is a series of known video rate control techniques, such as picture rate variation, frame dropping, etc., these techniques do not view the matter as an optimization between rate and quality. From the view of rate-quality optimization, the quantizer is the sole means of controling rate and quality. Thus, quantizers and quantizer control techniques are analyzed, based on the relationship of rate and quality. In Part II (Chapters 5 and 6), as a coherent approach to non-stationary video, established but still thriving nonlinear techniques are applied to video rate-quality optimization such as artificial neural networks including radical basis function networks, and fuzzy logic-based schemes. Conventional linear techniques are also described before the nonlinear techniques are explored. By using these nonlinear techniques, it is shown how they influence and tackle the rate-quality optimization problem. Finally, in Chapter 7 rate-quality optimization issues are reviewed in emerging video communication applications such as video transcoding and mobile video. This chapter discusses some new issues and prospects of rate and quality control in those technology areas. Rate-Quality Optimized Video Coding is an excellent reference and can be used for advanced courses on the topic.

Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks

Author : Maksym Spiryagin
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351967371
Total Pages : 1388 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks by : Maksym Spiryagin

Download or read book Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks written by Maksym Spiryagin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-03-19 with total page 1388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks is the leading international gathering of scientists and engineers from academia and industry in the field of ground vehicle dynamics to present and exchange their latest innovations and breakthroughs. Established in Vienna in 1977, the International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics (IAVSD) has since held its biennial symposia throughout Europe and in the USA, Canada, Japan, South Africa and China. The main objectives of IAVSD are to promote the development of the science of vehicle dynamics and to encourage engineering applications of this field of science, to inform scientists and engineers on the current state-of-the-art in the field of vehicle dynamics and to broaden contacts among persons and organisations of the various countries engaged in scientific research and development in the field of vehicle dynamics and related areas. IAVSD 2017, the 25th Symposium of the International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics was hosted by the Centre for Railway Engineering at Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia in August 2017. The symposium focused on the following topics related to road and rail vehicles and trains: dynamics and stability; vibration and comfort; suspension; steering; traction and braking; active safety systems; advanced driver assistance systems; autonomous road and rail vehicles; adhesion and friction; wheel-rail contact; tyre-road interaction; aerodynamics and crosswind; pantograph-catenary dynamics; modelling and simulation; driver-vehicle interaction; field and laboratory testing; vehicle control and mechatronics; performance and optimization; instrumentation and condition monitoring; and environmental considerations. Providing a comprehensive review of the latest innovative developments and practical applications in road and rail vehicle dynamics, the 213 papers now published in these proceedings will contribute greatly to a better understanding of related problems and will serve as a reference for researchers and engineers active in this specialised field.

Model-Reference Robust Tuning of PID Controllers

Author : Victor M. Alfaro
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319282131
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Model-Reference Robust Tuning of PID Controllers by : Victor M. Alfaro

Download or read book Model-Reference Robust Tuning of PID Controllers written by Victor M. Alfaro and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-16 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a unified methodology for the design of PID controllers that encompasses the wide range of different dynamics to be found in industrial processes. This is extended to provide a coherent way of dealing with the tuning of PID controllers. The particular method at the core of the book is the so-called model-reference robust tuning (MoReRT), developed by the authors. MoReRT constitutes a novel and powerful way of thinking of a robust design and taking into account the usual design trade-offs encountered in any control design problem. The book starts by presenting the different two-degree-of-freedom PID control algorithm variations and their conversion relations as well as the indexes used for performance, robustness and fragility evaluation:the bases of the proposed model. Secondly, the MoReRT design methodology and normalized controlled process models and controllers used in the design are described in order to facilitate the formulation of the different design problems and subsequent derivation of tuning rules. Inlater chapters the application of MoReRT to over-damped, inverse-response, integrating and unstable processes is described. The book ends by presenting three possible extensions of the MoReRT methodology, thereby opening the door to new research developments. In this way, the book serves as a reference and source book for academic researchers who may also consider it as a stimulus for new ideas as well as for industrial practitioners and manufacturers of control systems who will find appropriate advanced solutions to many application problems.

Applied Mechanics Reviews

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 952 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Applied Mechanics Reviews by :

Download or read book Applied Mechanics Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 952 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advances in Automotive Control 2004 (2-volume Set)

Author : G Rizzo
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080442501
Total Pages : 774 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Automotive Control 2004 (2-volume Set) by : G Rizzo

Download or read book Advances in Automotive Control 2004 (2-volume Set) written by G Rizzo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-11-07 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering

Author : Tarek Sobh
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402087411
Total Pages : 602 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering by : Tarek Sobh

Download or read book Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering written by Tarek Sobh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-15 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering includes a set of rigorously reviewed world-class manuscripts addressing and detailing state-of-the-art research projects in the areas of Computer Science, Software Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Systems Engineering and Sciences. Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering includes selected papers from the conference proceedings of the International Conference on Systems, Computing Sciences and Software Engineering (SCSS 2007) which was part of the International Joint Conferences on Computer, Information and Systems Sciences and Engineering (CISSE 2007).

Rate-Distortion Based Video Compression

Author : Guido M. Schuster
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475725663
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Rate-Distortion Based Video Compression by : Guido M. Schuster

Download or read book Rate-Distortion Based Video Compression written by Guido M. Schuster and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most intriguing problems in video processing is the removal of the redundancy or the compression of a video signal. There are a large number of applications which depend on video compression. Data compression represents the enabling technology behind the multimedia and digital television revolution. In motion compensated lossy video compression the original video sequence is first split into three new sources of information, segmentation, motion and residual error. These three information sources are then quantized, leading to a reduced rate for their representation but also to a distorted reconstructed video sequence. After the decomposition of the original source into segmentation, mo tion and residual error information is decided, the key remaining problem is the allocation of the available bits into these three sources of information. In this monograph a theory is developed which provides a solution to this fundamental bit allocation problem. It can be applied to all quad-tree-based motion com pensated video coders which use a first order differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) scheme for the encoding of the displacement vector field (DVF) and a block-based transform scheme for the encoding of the displaced frame differ ence (DFD). An optimal motion estimator which results in the smallest DFD energy for a given bit rate for the encoding of the DVF is also a result of this theory. Such a motion estimator is used to formulate a motion compensated interpolation scheme which incorporates a global smoothness constraint for the DVF.