Raising Venture Capital For Biotech Companies

Download Raising Venture Capital For Biotech Companies full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Raising Venture Capital For Biotech Companies ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

From Breakthrough to Blockbuster

Author : Donald L. Drakeman
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195084004
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis From Breakthrough to Blockbuster by : Donald L. Drakeman

Download or read book From Breakthrough to Blockbuster written by Donald L. Drakeman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Beginning in the 1970s, several scientific breakthroughs promised to transform the creation of new medicines. As investors sought to capitalize on these Nobel Prize-winning discoveries, the biotech industry grew to thousands of small companies around the world. Each sought to emulate what the major pharmaceutical companies had been doing for a century or more, but without the advantages of scale, scope, experience, and massive resources. How could a large collection of small companies, most with fewer than 50 employees, compete in one of the world's most breathtakingly expensive and highly regulated industries? This book shows how biotech companies have met the challenge by creating nearly 40% more of the most important treatments for unmet medical needs. Moreover, they have done so with much lower overall costs. The book focuses on both the companies themselves and the broader biotech ecosystem that supports them. Its portrait of the crucial roles played by academic research, venture capital, contract research organizations, the capital markets, and pharmaceutical companies shows how a supportive environment enabled the entrepreneurial biotech industry to create novel medicines with unprecedented efficiency. In doing so, it also offers insights for any industry seeking to innovate in uncertain and ambiguous conditions. Looking to the future, it concludes that biomedical research will continue to be most effective in the hands of a large group of small companies as long as national healthcare policies allow the rest of the ecosystem to continue to thrive"--

Venture Deals

Author : Brad Feld
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118118642
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Venture Deals by : Brad Feld

Download or read book Venture Deals written by Brad Feld and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-05 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An engaging guide to excelling in today's venture capital arena Beginning in 2005, Brad Feld and Jason Mendelson, managing directors at Foundry Group, wrote a long series of blog posts describing all the parts of a typical venture capital Term Sheet: a document which outlines key financial and other terms of a proposed investment. Since this time, they've seen the series used as the basis for a number of college courses, and have been thanked by thousands of people who have used the information to gain a better understanding of the venture capital field. Drawn from the past work Feld and Mendelson have written about in their blog and augmented with newer material, Venture Capital Financings puts this discipline in perspective and lays out the strategies that allow entrepreneurs to excel in their start-up companies. Page by page, this book discusses all facets of the venture capital fundraising process. Along the way, Feld and Mendelson touch on everything from how valuations are set to what externalities venture capitalists face that factor into entrepreneurs' businesses. Includes a breakdown analysis of the mechanics of a Term Sheet and the tactics needed to negotiate Details the different stages of the venture capital process, from starting a venture and seeing it through to the later stages Explores the entire venture capital ecosystem including those who invest in venture capitalist Contain standard documents that are used in these transactions Written by two highly regarded experts in the world of venture capital The venture capital arena is a complex and competitive place, but with this book as your guide, you'll discover what it takes to make your way through it.

Preserving the Promise

Author : Scott Dessain
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128092092
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Preserving the Promise by : Scott Dessain

Download or read book Preserving the Promise written by Scott Dessain and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-10-05 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preserving the Promise: Improving the Culture of Biotech Investment critically examines why most biotech startups fail, as they emerge from universities into an ecosystem that inhibits rather than encourages innovation. This "Valley of Death" squanders our public investments in medical research and with them, the promise of longer and healthier lives. The authors explicate the Translation Gap faced by early stage biotech companies, the result of problematic technology transfer and investment practices, and provide specific prescriptions for improving translation of important discoveries into safe and effective therapies. In Preserving the Promise, Dessain and Fishman build on their collective experience as company founders, healthcare investor (Fishman) and physician/scientist (Dessain). The book offers a forward-looking, critical analysis of "conventional wisdom" that encumbers commercialization practices. It exposes the self-defeating habits of drug development in the Valley of Death, that waste money and extinguish innovative technologies through distorted financial incentives. - Explains why translation of biotech discovery into medicine succeeds so infrequently that it's been dubbed the Valley of Death - Uncovers specific decision-making strategies that more effectively align incentives, improving clinical and financial outcomes for investors, inventor/entrepreneurs, and patients - Examines the critical, early stages of commercialization, where technology transfer offices and Angels act as gatekeepers to development, and where tension between short-term financial and long-term clinical aspirations sinks important technologies - Deconstructs the forces driving biotech, recasts them in a proven conceptual framework, and offers practical guidance for making the system better

The Business of Healthcare Innovation

Author : Lawton Robert Burns
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781139445887
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (458 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Business of Healthcare Innovation by : Lawton Robert Burns

Download or read book The Business of Healthcare Innovation written by Lawton Robert Burns and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-25 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Business of Healthcare Innovation is the first wide-ranging analysis of business trends in the manufacturing segment of the health care industry. In this leading edge volume, Professor Burns focuses on the key role of the 'producers' as the main source of innovation in health systems. Written by professors of the Wharton School and industry executives, this book provides a detailed overview of the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, genomics/proteomics, medical device and information technology sectors. It analyses the market structures of these sectors as well as the business models and corporate strategies of firms operating within them. Most importantly, the book describes the growing convergence between these sectors and the need for executives in one sector to increasingly draw upon trends in the others. It will be essential reading for students and researchers in the field of health management, and of great interest to strategy scholars, industry practitioners and management consultants.

Venture Funding and the NIH SBIR Program

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309129974
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Venture Funding and the NIH SBIR Program by : National Research Council

Download or read book Venture Funding and the NIH SBIR Program written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-07-22 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Small Business Administration issued a policy directive in 2002, the effect of which has been to exclude innovative small firms in which venture capital firms have a controlling interest from the SBIR program. This book seeks to illuminate the consequences of the SBA ruling excluding majority-owned venture capital firms from participation in SBIR projects. This book is part of the National Research Council's study to evaluate the SBIR program's quality of research and value to the missions of five government agencies. The other books in the series include: An Assessment of the SBIR Program (2008) An Assessment of the SBIR Program at the National Science Foundation (2007) An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at the National Institutes of Health (2009) An Assessment of Small Business Innovation Research Program at the Department of Energy (2008) An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009) An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at the Department of Defense (2009)

How Venture Capital Works

Author : Phillip Ryan
Publisher : The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1448867959
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (488 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis How Venture Capital Works by : Phillip Ryan

Download or read book How Venture Capital Works written by Phillip Ryan and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2012-07-01 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explanations to the inner workings of one of the least understood, but arguably most important, areas of business finance is offered to readers in this engaging volume: venture capital. Venture capitalists provide necessary investment to seed (or startup) companies, but the startup is only the beginning, there is much more to be explored. These savvy investors help guide young entrepreneurs, who likely have little experience, to turn their businesses into the Googles, Facebooks, and Groupons of the world. This book explains the often-complex methods venture capitalists use to value companies and to get the most return on their investments, or ROI. This book is a must-have for any reader interested in the business world.

Biotechnology Entrepreneurship

Author : Craig Shimasaki
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124047475
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (24 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Biotechnology Entrepreneurship by : Craig Shimasaki

Download or read book Biotechnology Entrepreneurship written by Craig Shimasaki and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As an authoritative guide to biotechnology enterprise and entrepreneurship, Biotechnology Entrepreneurship and Management supports the international community in training the biotechnology leaders of tomorrow. Outlining fundamental concepts vital to graduate students and practitioners entering the biotech industry in management or in any entrepreneurial capacity, Biotechnology Entrepreneurship and Management provides tested strategies and hard-won lessons from a leading board of educators and practitioners. It provides a 'how-to' for individuals training at any level for the biotech industry, from macro to micro. Coverage ranges from the initial challenge of translating a technology idea into a working business case, through securing angel investment, and in managing all aspects of the result: business valuation, business development, partnering, biological manufacturing, FDA approvals and regulatory requirements. An engaging and user-friendly style is complemented by diverse diagrams, graphics and business flow charts with decision trees to support effective management and decision making. - Provides tested strategies and lessons in an engaging and user-friendly style supplemented by tailored pedagogy, training tips and overview sidebars - Case studies are interspersed throughout each chapter to support key concepts and best practices. - Enhanced by use of numerous detailed graphics, tables and flow charts

Venture capital financing for biotechnology

Author : R. K. Mishra
Publisher : Concept Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9788180695292
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (952 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Venture capital financing for biotechnology by : R. K. Mishra

Download or read book Venture capital financing for biotechnology written by R. K. Mishra and published by Concept Publishing Company. This book was released on 2008 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With reference to India.

Genentech

Author : Sally Smith Hughes
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226359204
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Genentech by : Sally Smith Hughes

Download or read book Genentech written by Sally Smith Hughes and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the fall of 1980, Genentech, Inc., a little-known California genetic engineering company, became the overnight darling of Wall Street, raising over $38 million in its initial public stock offering. Lacking marketed products or substantial profit, the firm nonetheless saw its share price escalate from $35 to $89 in the first few minutes of trading, at that point the largest gain in stock market history. Coming at a time of economic recession and declining technological competitiveness in the United States, the event provoked banner headlines and ignited a period of speculative frenzy over biotechnology as a revolutionary means for creating new and better kinds of pharmaceuticals, untold profit, and a possible solution to national economic malaise. Drawing from an unparalleled collection of interviews with early biotech players, Sally Smith Hughes offers the first book-length history of this pioneering company, depicting Genentech’s improbable creation, precarious youth, and ascent to immense prosperity. Hughes provides intimate portraits of the people significant to Genentech’s science and business, including cofounders Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson, and in doing so sheds new light on how personality affects the growth of science. By placing Genentech’s founders, followers, opponents, victims, and beneficiaries in context, Hughes also demonstrates how science interacts with commercial and legal interests and university research, and with government regulation, venture capital, and commercial profits. Integrating the scientific, the corporate, the contextual, and the personal, Genentech tells the story of biotechnology as it is not often told, as a risky and improbable entrepreneurial venture that had to overcome a number of powerful forces working against it.

The Business of Bioscience

Author : Craig D. Shimasaki
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441900640
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Business of Bioscience by : Craig D. Shimasaki

Download or read book The Business of Bioscience written by Craig D. Shimasaki and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-18 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My journey into this fascinating field of biotechnology started about 26 years ago at a small biotechnology company in South San Francisco called Genentech. I was very fortunate to work for the company that begat the biotech industry during its formative years. This experience established a solid foundation from which I could grow in both the science and business of biotechnology. After my fourth year of working on Oyster Point Boulevard, a close friend and colleague left Genentech to join a start-up biotechnology company. Later, he approached me to leave and join him in of all places – Oklahoma. He persisted for at least a year before I seriously considered his proposal. After listening to their plans, the opportunity suddenly became more and more intriguing. Finally, I took the plunge and joined this ent- preneurial team in cofounding and growing a start-up biotechnology company. Making that fateful decision to leave the security of a larger company was extremely difficult, but it turned out to be the beginning of an entrepreneurial career that forever changed how I viewed the biotechnology industry. Since that time, I have been fortunate to have cofounded two other biotechnology com- nies and even participated in taking one of them public. During my career in these start-ups, I held a variety of positions, from directing the science, operations, regulatory, and marketing components, to subsequently becoming CEO.

Why Startups Fail

Author : Tom Eisenmann
Publisher : Currency
ISBN 13 : 0593137027
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (931 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Why Startups Fail by : Tom Eisenmann

Download or read book Why Startups Fail written by Tom Eisenmann and published by Currency. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you want your startup to succeed, you need to understand why startups fail. “Whether you’re a first-time founder or looking to bring innovation into a corporate environment, Why Startups Fail is essential reading.”—Eric Ries, founder and CEO, LTSE, and New York Times bestselling author of The Lean Startup and The Startup Way Why do startups fail? That question caught Harvard Business School professor Tom Eisenmann by surprise when he realized he couldn’t answer it. So he launched a multiyear research project to find out. In Why Startups Fail, Eisenmann reveals his findings: six distinct patterns that account for the vast majority of startup failures. • Bad Bedfellows. Startup success is thought to rest largely on the founder’s talents and instincts. But the wrong team, investors, or partners can sink a venture just as quickly. • False Starts. In following the oft-cited advice to “fail fast” and to “launch before you’re ready,” founders risk wasting time and capital on the wrong solutions. • False Promises. Success with early adopters can be misleading and give founders unwarranted confidence to expand. • Speed Traps. Despite the pressure to “get big fast,” hypergrowth can spell disaster for even the most promising ventures. • Help Wanted. Rapidly scaling startups need lots of capital and talent, but they can make mistakes that leave them suddenly in short supply of both. • Cascading Miracles. Silicon Valley exhorts entrepreneurs to dream big. But the bigger the vision, the more things that can go wrong. Drawing on fascinating stories of ventures that failed to fulfill their early promise—from a home-furnishings retailer to a concierge dog-walking service, from a dating app to the inventor of a sophisticated social robot, from a fashion brand to a startup deploying a vast network of charging stations for electric vehicles—Eisenmann offers frameworks for detecting when a venture is vulnerable to these patterns, along with a wealth of strategies and tactics for avoiding them. A must-read for founders at any stage of their entrepreneurial journey, Why Startups Fail is not merely a guide to preventing failure but also a roadmap charting the path to startup success.

Super Founders

Author : Ali Tamaseb
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1541768418
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (417 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Super Founders by : Ali Tamaseb

Download or read book Super Founders written by Ali Tamaseb and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2021-05-18 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Super Founders uses a data-driven approach to understand what really differentiates billion-dollar startups from the rest—revealing that nearly everything we thought was true about them is false! Ali Tamaseb has spent thousands of hours manually amassing what may be the largest dataset ever collected on startups, comparing billion-dollar startups with those that failed to become one—30,000 data points on nearly every factor: number of competitors, market size, the founder’s age, his or her university’s ranking, quality of investors, fundraising time, and many, many more. And what he found looked far different than expected. Just to mention a few: Most unicorn founders had no industry experience; There's no disadvantage to being a solo founder or to being a non-technical CEO; Less than 15% went through any kind of accelerator program; Over half had strong competitors when starting--being first to market with an idea does not actually matter. You will also hear the stories of the early days of billion-dollar startups first-hand. The book includes exclusive interviews with the founders/investors of Zoom, Instacart, PayPal, Nest, Github, Flatiron Health, Kite Pharma, Facebook, Stripe, Airbnb, YouTube, LinkedIn, Lyft, DoorDash, Coinbase, and Square, venture capital investors like Elad Gil, Peter Thiel, Alfred Lin from Sequoia Capital and Keith Rabois of Founders Fund, as well as previously untold stories about the early days of ByteDance (TikTok), WhatsApp, Dropbox, Discord, DiDi, Flipkart, Instagram, Careem, Peloton, and SpaceX. Packed with counterintuitive insights and inside stories from people who have built massively successful companies, Super Founders is a paradigm-shifting and actionable guide for entrepreneurs, investors, and anyone interested in what makes a startup successful.

Improving and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309292492
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Improving and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Improving and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-02-06 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders is the summary of a workshop convened by the IOM Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders to examine opportunities to accelerate early phases of drug development for nervous system drug discovery. Workshop participants discussed challenges in neuroscience research for enabling faster entry of potential treatments into first-in-human trials, explored how new and emerging tools and technologies may improve the efficiency of research, and considered mechanisms to facilitate a more effective and efficient development pipeline. There are several challenges to the current drug development pipeline for nervous system disorders. The fundamental etiology and pathophysiology of many nervous system disorders are unknown and the brain is inaccessible to study, making it difficult to develop accurate models. Patient heterogeneity is high, disease pathology can occur years to decades before becoming clinically apparent, and diagnostic and treatment biomarkers are lacking. In addition, the lack of validated targets, limitations related to the predictive validity of animal models - the extent to which the model predicts clinical efficacy - and regulatory barriers can also impede translation and drug development for nervous system disorders. Improving and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders identifies avenues for moving directly from cellular models to human trials, minimizing the need for animal models to test efficacy, and discusses the potential benefits and risks of such an approach. This report is a timely discussion of opportunities to improve early drug development with a focus toward preclinical trials.

Venture Capital and the Finance of Innovation

Author : Andrew Metrick
Publisher : John Wiley and Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118137884
Total Pages : 1153 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Venture Capital and the Finance of Innovation by : Andrew Metrick

Download or read book Venture Capital and the Finance of Innovation written by Andrew Metrick and published by John Wiley and Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-15 with total page 1153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This useful guide walks venture capitalists through the principles of finance and the financial models that underlie venture capital decisions. It presents a new unified treatment of investment decision making and mark-to-market valuation. The discussions of risk-return and cost-of-capital calculations have been updated with the latest information. The most current industry data is included to demonstrate large changes in venture capital investments since 1999. The coverage of the real-options methodology has also been streamlined and includes new connections to venture capital valuation. In addition, venture capitalists will find revised information on the reality-check valuation model to allow for greater flexibility in growth assumptions.

Lean B2B

Author : Étienne Garbugli
Publisher : Étienne Garbugli
ISBN 13 : 1778074006
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Lean B2B by : Étienne Garbugli

Download or read book Lean B2B written by Étienne Garbugli and published by Étienne Garbugli. This book was released on 2022-03-22 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get from Idea to Product/Market Fit in B2B. The world has changed. Nowadays, there are more companies building B2B products than there’s ever been. Products are entering organizations top-down, middle-out, and bottom-up. Teams and managers control their budgets. Buyers have become savvier and more impatient. The case for the value of new innovations no longer needs to be made. Technology products get hired, and fired faster than ever before. The challenges have moved from building and validating products to gaining adoption in increasingly crowded and fragmented markets. This, requires a new playbook. The second edition of Lean B2B is the result of years of research into B2B entrepreneurship. It builds off the unique Lean B2B Methodology, which has already helped thousands of entrepreneurs and innovators around the world build successful businesses. In this new edition, you’ll learn: - Why companies seek out new products, and why they agree to buy from unproven vendors like startups - How to find early adopters, establish your credibility, and convince business stakeholders to work with you - What type of opportunities can increase the likelihood of building a product that finds adoption in businesses - How to learn from stakeholders, identify a great opportunity, and create a compelling value proposition - How to get initial validation, create a minimum viable product, and iterate until you're able to find product/market fit This second edition of Lean B2B will show you how to build the products that businesses need, want, buy, and adopt.

Venture Capital and the European Biotechnology Industry

Author : W. Bains
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230227260
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Venture Capital and the European Biotechnology Industry by : W. Bains

Download or read book Venture Capital and the European Biotechnology Industry written by W. Bains and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-11-20 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book opens up the world on private equity investment in one of the hottest industries – Biotechnology. The book describes how Europe has fallen behind the US due to under-investment and bad management by the VCs who control the companies. Detailed analysis shows why it is in VCs' interests to damage the very companies they invest in.

Venture Philanthropy Strategies to Support Translational Research

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030911666X
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Venture Philanthropy Strategies to Support Translational Research by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Venture Philanthropy Strategies to Support Translational Research written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-06-01 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many voluntary health organizations fund translational research. An increasing number of these organizations are looking at venture philanthropy as a critical way to advance their missions of helping patients and working to cure disease. A wide range of participants gathered on October 3, 2008 at the Beckman Center of the National Academies of Science for a workshop titled "Venture Philanthropy Strategies Used by Patient Organizations to Support Translational Research." Participants with experience in venture philanthropy shared their experiences and lessons learned in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness in translational research.