The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume II

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Author :
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 9780791409930
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume II by : Mahmoud Ayoub

Download or read book The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume II written by Mahmoud Ayoub and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1984-01-01 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using commentaries from the classical period through the medieval and modern periods to the present, this book presents the Qur'an as Muslims have understood it and interiorized it throughout its rich exegetical history. Sources have been carefully chosen to represent all of the major schools and trends in Islamic thought. This book has been written, not primarily for scholars, but for interested western readers, for students of Islam, and for non-Arabic-speaking Muslims. For almost fourteen centuries the Qur'an has been a source of inspiration and solace and, above all, a guide along the way of life toward eternity. It is presented as such here. This work is one of several volumes, each a reference to a particular part of the Qur'an. The entire collection will comprise an encyclopedia of Qur'an commentary.

The Qur'an and Its Interpreters: Volume 2

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Author :
Publisher : Islamic Book Trust
ISBN 13 : 9675062916
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis The Qur'an and Its Interpreters: Volume 2 by : Mahmoud M. Ayoub

Download or read book The Qur'an and Its Interpreters: Volume 2 written by Mahmoud M. Ayoub and published by Islamic Book Trust. This book was released on 2013-05-21 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For almost fourteen centuries the Qur’an has been a source of inspiration and solace and, above all, a guide along the way of life toward eternity. Using commentaries from the classical period through the medieval and modern periods to the present, this series presents the Qur’anic explanation as Muslims have understood it and interiorized it throughout its rich exegetical history, and has been written not primarily for scholars but for those interested readers and non-Arabic speaking students of Islam, both Muslim and non-Muslim. This volume is the second in the series containing the third surah, Al Imran. The first volume contains the first and the second surahs. The entire collection will comprise an encyclopedia of the Qur’an commentary.

The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II

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Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400825717
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II by : F. E. Peters

Download or read book The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II written by F. E. Peters and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2009-04-11 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's three great monotheistic religions have spent most of their historical careers in conflict or competition with each other. And yet in fact they sprung from the same spiritual roots and have been nurtured in the same historical soil. This book--an extraordinarily comprehensive and approachable comparative introduction to these religions--seeks not so much to demonstrate the truth of this thesis as to illustrate it. Frank Peters, one of the world's foremost experts on the monotheistic faiths, takes Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and after briefly tracing the roots of each, places them side by side to show both their similarities and their differences. Volume I, The Peoples of God, tells the story of the foundation and formation of the three monotheistic communities, of their visible, historical presence. Volume II, The Words and Will of God, is devoted to their inner life, the spirit that animates and regulates them. Peters takes us to where these religions live: their scriptures, laws, institutions, and intentions; how each seeks to worship God and achieve salvation; and how they deal with their own (orthodox and heterodox) and with others (the goyim, the pagans, the infidels). Throughout, he measures--but never judges--one religion against the other. The prose is supple, the method rigorous. This is a remarkably cohesive, informative, and accessible narrative reflecting a lifetime of study by a single recognized authority in all three fields. The Monotheists is a magisterial comparison, for students and general readers as well as scholars, of the parties to one of the most troubling issues of today--the fierce, sometimes productive and often destructive, competition among the world's monotheists, the siblings called Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Sufi Commentaries on the Qur'an in Classical Islam

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134211449
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (342 download)

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Book Synopsis Sufi Commentaries on the Qur'an in Classical Islam by : Kristin Sands

Download or read book Sufi Commentaries on the Qur'an in Classical Islam written by Kristin Sands and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-07-13 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting the ever increasing interest in Islam and Sufism, this book is the first comprehensive study of Sufi Qur’anic commentaries and includes translations of many writings previously unavailable in English. It examines the shared hermeneutical assumptions of Sufi writers and the diversity in style of Sufi commentaries. Some of the assumptions analyzed are: * the Qur’an is a multi-layered and ambiguous text open to endless interpretation * the knowledge of deeper meanings of the Qur’an is attainable by means other than transmitted interpretations and rational thought * the self is dynamic, moving through states and stations which result in different interpretations at different times. The styles of Sufi commentaries are explored, which range from philosophical musings to popular preaching to literary narrative and poetry. Other commentaries from the classical period are also investigated to provide context in understanding Sufi approaches and exegetical styles.

Traditional Islamic Environmentalism

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Publisher : University Press of America
ISBN 13 : 0761861440
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (618 download)

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Book Synopsis Traditional Islamic Environmentalism by : Tarik M. Quadir

Download or read book Traditional Islamic Environmentalism written by Tarik M. Quadir and published by University Press of America. This book was released on 2013-09-16 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work examines the relevance of traditional Islamic thought and practices for a lasting solution to the current environmental crisis. Quadir describes how Seyyed Hossein Nasr challenges Muslims to reclaim their traditional intellectual and Sufi heritage as powerful means toward a most thoughtful approach to the crisis. In so doing, Nasr urges us to take a critical look at the consequences of the worldviews generated by modern science and technology and offers bold solutions for a more caring relationship between man and nature. The book argues that only a revival of the traditional worldview which perceives all entities of nature as signs of God can effectively respond to the crisis our planet faces.

Muslim Identities

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Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231161468
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Muslim Identities by : Aaron Hughes

Download or read book Muslim Identities written by Aaron Hughes and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-23 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This well-rounded introduction takes an expansive view of Islamic ideology, culture, and tradition, sourcing a range of historical, sociological, and literary perspectives.

Moses in the Qur'an and Islamic Exegesis

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136128980
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (361 download)

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Book Synopsis Moses in the Qur'an and Islamic Exegesis by : Brannon M. Wheeler

Download or read book Moses in the Qur'an and Islamic Exegesis written by Brannon M. Wheeler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-11 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Relating the Muslim understanding of Moses in the Qur'an to the Epic of Gilgamesh, Alexander Romances, Aramaic Targums, Rabbinic Bible exegesis, and folklore from the ancient and medieval Mediterranean, this book shows how Muslim scholars authorize and identify themselves through allusions to the Bible and Jewish tradition. Exegesis of Qur'an 18:60-82 shows how Muslim exegetes engage Biblical theology through interpretation of the ancient Israelites, their prophets, and their Torah. This Muslim use of a scripture shared with Jews and Christians suggests fresh perspectives for the history of religions, Biblical studies, cultural studies, and Jewish-Arabic studies.

Enoch from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, Volume I

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019102824X
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Enoch from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, Volume I by : John Reeves

Download or read book Enoch from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, Volume I written by John Reeves and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-02-02 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across the ancient and medieval literature of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, one finds references to the antediluvian sage Enoch. Both the Book of the Watchers and the Astronomical Book were long known from their Ethiopic versions, which are preserved as part of Mashafa Henok Nabiy ('Book of Enoch the Prophet')—an Enochic compendium known in the West as 1 Enoch. Since the discovery of Aramaic fragments among the Dead Sea Scrolls, these books have attracted renewed attention as important sources for ancient Judaism. Among the results has been the recognition of the surprisingly long and varied tradition surrounding Enoch. Within 1 Enoch alone, for instance, we find evidence for intensive literary creativity. This volume provides a comprehensive set of core references for easy and accessible consultation. It shows that the rich afterlives of Enochic texts and traditions can be studied more thoroughly by scholars of Second Temple Judaism and early Christianity as well as by scholars of late antique and medieval religions. Specialists in the Second Temple period-the era in which Enochic literature first appears-will be able to trace (or discount) the survival of Enochic motifs and mythemes within Jewish literary circles from late antiquity into the Middle Ages, thereby shedding light on the trajectories of Jewish apocalypticism and its possible intersections with Jewish mysticism. Students of Near Eastern esotericism and Hellenistic philosophies will have further data for exploring the origins of 'gnosticism' and its possible impact upon sectarian currents in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Those interested in the intellectual symbiosis among Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Middle Ages-and especially in the transmission of the ancient sciences associated with Hermeticism (e.g., astrology, theurgy, divinatory techniques, alchemy, angelology, demonology)-will be able to view a chain of tradition reconstructed in its entirety for the first time in textual form. In the process, we hope to provide historians of religion with a new tool for assessing the intertextual relationships between different religious corpora and for understanding the intertwined histories of the major religious communities of the ancient and medieval Near East.

What the Koran Really Says

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1615920668
Total Pages : 791 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (159 download)

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Book Synopsis What the Koran Really Says by : Ibn Warraq

Download or read book What the Koran Really Says written by Ibn Warraq and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2010-10-29 with total page 791 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This excellent collection of critical commentaries on the Koran brings together outstanding articles by noted scholars from the beginning of the 20th century to recent times. These important studies, as well as the editor's own lengthy introduction, show that little about the text of the Koran can be taken at face value. Among the fascinating topics discussed is evidence that early Muslims did not understand Muhammad's original revelation, that the ninth-century explosion of literary activity was designed to organize and make sense of an often incoherent text, and that much of the traditions surrounding Muhammad's life were fabricated long after his death in an attempt to give meaning to the Koran. Also of interest are suggestions that Coptic and other Christian sources heavily influenced much of the text and that some passages reflect an essential background reaching back to the community of the Dead Sea Scrolls. This valuable compilation will be a welcome resource to interested lay readers and scholars alike.

The Qur'an and Its Interpreters , Volume 1

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Author :
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 9780873957274
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (572 download)

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Book Synopsis The Qur'an and Its Interpreters , Volume 1 by : Mahmoud Ayoub

Download or read book The Qur'an and Its Interpreters , Volume 1 written by Mahmoud Ayoub and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1984-01-01 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Qur'an and Its Interpreters introduces the Western reader to the Qur'an as Muslims have understood it. The record of the Qur'an in the community as a force shaping the life of Muslims can be most clearly discerned through the vast literature of interpretation known as tafsir. This multivolume work is based on a large number of tafsir sources, representing all the major religious schools and stages of Muslim history for the last one thousand years. It will cover the entire Qur'an. This first volume consists of an introduction to the science and sources of interpretation of the Qur'an and the first two surahs of the Qur'an. The treatment is comprehensive and thorough. While the work is based entirely on primary sources, this volume includes a substantial bibliography of works on the Qur'an in Western languages. The Qur'an is the word of God as it was revealed to the prophet Muhammad, interiorized by the community, then shaped into an earthly book whose original archetype is with God. Dr. Ayoub concerns himself not with the history of the Qur'an, but with the way it was collected and fixed into an official codex, the recension of which has voiced the community's prayers and devotions, set its legal norms and moral standards, and occupied its best minds for more than thirteen hundred years.

Islam as Education

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1978707606
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (787 download)

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Book Synopsis Islam as Education by : Aaron J. Ghiloni

Download or read book Islam as Education written by Aaron J. Ghiloni and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-08-01 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Motivated by the intellectual historian Shahab Ahmed’s observation that “the history of Islamic paideia has yet to be written,” Islam as Education explores multiple forms that the search for knowledge and the transmission of wisdom have taken in Islam, focusing on the classical period (800–1500 CE). Ghiloni draws on a wide range of Islamic primary source material, ranging from sacred texts and parables to neglected pedagogical literature and paintings. He depicts three Islamic religious practices—pilgrimage, prophecy, and jihad—as modes of pedagogy: embodied ways of defining, defusing, and defending sacred knowledge. Islam as Education’s educational heuristic not only aids in understanding Islam, but also provides guidance for intercultural and interreligious relations. Ghiloni argues that Islam’s grand (knowledge) tradition serves as a bridge between Muslims and non-Muslims, and compares it with the educational theory of John Dewey, the celebrated American pragmatist. Based on this discussion, a final chapter develops practical tools for learning from cultural and religious difference.

Speaking Qur'an

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Publisher : Univ of South Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 1611177952
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Speaking Qur'an by : Timur R. Yuskaev

Download or read book Speaking Qur'an written by Timur R. Yuskaev and published by Univ of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 2017-10-18 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exploration of how Muslims in the United States have interpreted the Qur'an in ways that make it speak to their American realities In Speaking Qur'an: An American Scripture, Timur R. Yuskaev examines how Muslim Americans have been participating in their country's cultural, social, religious, and political life. Essential to this process, he shows, is how the Qur'an has become an evermore deeply American text that speaks to central issues in the lives of American Muslims through the spoken-word interpretations of Muslim preachers, scholars,and activists. Yuskaev illustrates this process with four major case studies that highlight dialogues between American Muslim public intellectuals and their audiences. First, through an examination of the work of Fazlur Rahman, he addresses the question of how the premodern Qur'an is translated across time into modern, American settings. Next the author contemplates the application of contemporary concepts of gender to renditions of the Qur'an alongside Amina Wadud's American Muslim discourses on justice.Then he demonstrates how the Qur'an becomes a text of redemption in W. D. Mohammed's oral interpretation of the Qur'an as speaking directly to the African American experience. Finally he shows how, before and after 9/11, Hamza Yusuf invoked the Qur'an as a guide to the political life of American Muslims. Set within the rapidly transforming contexts of the last half century, and central to the volume, are the issues of cultural translation and embodiment of sacred texts that Yuskaev explores by focusing on the Qur'an as a spoken scripture. The process of the Qur'an becoming an American sacred text, he argues, is ongoing. It comes to life when the Qur'an is spoken and embodied by its American faithful.

Contemporary Rationalist Islam in Turkey

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Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0755636759
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (556 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemporary Rationalist Islam in Turkey by : Gokhan Bacik

Download or read book Contemporary Rationalist Islam in Turkey written by Gokhan Bacik and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-29 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nineteenth-century Istanbul was an intellectual hub of rich discussions about Islam, in which leading reformists had a significant role. Turkey today appears to be an intellectual vacuum to anyone searching for ongoing critical engagement with Islam. The main purpose of this book is to adjust this view of Turkey by showcasing the modern Turkish theologians who challenge mainstream Sunni interpretations of Islam. Labelling these theologians as 'rationalist' rather than 'reformist', the author reveals that their theology is inherently anti-establishment and thus a religiously-oriented challenge to the hegemony of the state-sanctioned Islam: for the rationalists, Turkey's problems have their origins in the Sunni interpretation of Islam. Contemporary Rationalist Islam in Turkey analyses nine prominent scholars of Islam who provide a religious opposition to the Sunni revival in Turkey: Hüseyin Atay, Yasar Nuri Öztürk, M. Hayri Kirbasoglu, Ilhami Güler, R. Ihsan Eliaçik, Ömer Özsoy, Mustafa Öztürk, Israfil Balci, and Mehmet Azimli. These scholars' writings are almost exclusively published in Turkish, so this book makes their ideas available in English for the first time. It also examines the scope, methodology and argumentation of the scholars' theology, categorizing their theological interpretations from 'historicist' to 'universalist' and from 'empiricist' to 'rationalist'. In identifying a new 'rationalist' school of Turkish theology and outlining its different manifestations, the book breaks new ground. It fills a significant gap in the literature on Islamic studies and reveals an understudied dimension of Turkey and Turkish Islam beyond the well-known ideas of the AKP and the Gulenists.

The Quran with Christian Commentary

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Author :
Publisher : Zondervan Academic
ISBN 13 : 0310534739
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis The Quran with Christian Commentary by : Gordon D. Nickel

Download or read book The Quran with Christian Commentary written by Gordon D. Nickel and published by Zondervan Academic. This book was released on 2020-04-28 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Be Equipped to Interact More Fruitfully and Thoughtfully with Muslims The Quran with Christian Commentary offers a unique introduction to the primary religious text of Islam. Alongside a precise modern English translation of the Quran, author Gordon D. Nickel provides in-text notes to explain the meaning of various surahs (chapters) and ayat (verses), their interpretive history and significance in Muslim thought, and similarities and differences when compared to biblical passages. Additional articles on important topics are written by an international team of today's leading experts including: Abraham in the Quran by George Bristow Early Christian Exegesis of the Quran by J. Scott Bridger Tampering with the Pre-Islamic Scriptures by Gordon Nickel Salvation in the Quran by Peter Riddell Fighting and Killing in the Quran by Ayman S. Ibrahim Creation in the Quran by Jon Hoover Calling to Islam (da‘wa) by Matthew Kuiper Apocryphal Details in Quranic Stories by Mateen Elass The Death of Jesus in the Quran by Gordon Nickel Son of God in the Quran by Gordon Nickel Jihad in the Quran by David Cook Moses in the Quran by Gordon Nickel Manuscripts of the Quran by Daniel A. Brubaker Women in the Quran by Linda Darwish The Place of the Scale(s) in the Reckoning by Daniel A. Brubaker Divine Punishment of Unbelievers in This World by David Marshall Shi‘ite Interpretation of the Quran by Linda Darwish The Language of Love in the Quran by Gordon Nickel Allah in the Quran by Mark Anderson Eschatology in the Quran by David Cook Factual, respectful of Muslims, and insightful on issues about which Muslims and Christians disagree, The Quran with Christian Commentary equips Christians to interact more fruitfully with Muslim believers. Professors and students in courses on Islam and the Quran will find this to be an invaluable resource, as will pastors and missionaries who minister among Muslims. Written at a readable level, any Christian who wants to learn more about Islam and the Quran will find it to be a rich and informative introduction.

Believing Women in Islam

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Author :
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477315926
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis Believing Women in Islam by : Asma Barlas

Download or read book Believing Women in Islam written by Asma Barlas and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2019-01-16 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does Islam call for the oppression of women? Non-Muslims point to the subjugation of women that occurs in many Muslim countries, especially those that claim to be "Islamic," while many Muslims read the Qur’an in ways that seem to justify sexual oppression, inequality, and patriarchy. Taking a wholly different view, Asma Barlas develops a believer’s reading of the Qur’an that demonstrates the radically egalitarian and antipatriarchal nature of its teachings. Beginning with a historical analysis of religious authority and knowledge, Barlas shows how Muslims came to read inequality and patriarchy into the Qur’an to justify existing religious and social structures and demonstrates that the patriarchal meanings ascribed to the Qur’an are a function of who has read it, how, and in what contexts. She goes on to reread the Qur’an’s position on a variety of issues in order to argue that its teachings do not support patriarchy. To the contrary, Barlas convincingly asserts that the Qur’an affirms the complete equality of the sexes, thereby offering an opportunity to theorize radical sexual equality from within the framework of its teachings. This new view takes readers into the heart of Islamic teachings on women, gender, and patriarchy, allowing them to understand Islam through its most sacred scripture, rather than through Muslim cultural practices or Western media stereotypes. For this revised edition of Believing Women in Islam, Asma Barlas has written two new chapters—“Abraham’s Sacrifice in the Qur’an” and “Secular/Feminism and the Qur’an”—as well as a new preface, an extended discussion of the Qur’an’s “wife-beating” verse and of men’s presumed role as women’s guardians, and other updates throughout the book.

Quran 5

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Author :
Publisher : Joseph Codsi
ISBN 13 : 1451538421
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Quran 5 by : Joseph C. Codsi

Download or read book Quran 5 written by Joseph C. Codsi and published by Joseph Codsi. This book was released on 2010-04-29 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Forbidden Rumi" and I Rumi is a great Muslim mystic and poet. His faith in God does not deter him from riding the winds of dangerous thinking and free expression. His most audacious poems were published in a collection called "The Forbidden Rumi". I have chosen one of them and interspersed its verses between the chapters of my book. I wanted to let some fresh air in my dry discussion of the Quranic text. You see, the fifth chapter of the Quran was the last one to have been composed. It discusses theological questions and lacks the poetic rhythm of the much shorter chapters of the early days. I am neither a poet nor a mystic. I am not even a Muslim. And yet I feel I have something in common with a Rumi. I do not let the requirements of Islamic tradition, the strict rules of modern scholarship and the taboos of our time constrict my freedom to say what I think and to explain my forbidden views. I do so however in a friendly manner and without any animosity. My study of the Quran is based on knowledge not on faith. My purpose is not to provide spiritual ammunition to the faith. It is much more prosaic. I propose a new way of reading the Quranic text. Instead of seeing in it a divine revelation, I see in it the work of a man called Muhammad. I do what is forbidden for a believer. But I recognize the believer's right to see in the Book the very words of God.

Silk Road Traces

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Author :
Publisher : LIT Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3643962282
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (439 download)

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Book Synopsis Silk Road Traces by : LIT Verlag

Download or read book Silk Road Traces written by LIT Verlag and published by LIT Verlag. This book was released on 2023-01-26 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume includes cutting-edge research on the spread of Syrian Christianity along the Silk Road from the 6th to the 14th century. Recent archaeological discoveries and excavations of ancient and medieval Christian sites in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and China shed new light on Christian communities in Central Asia, China and Mongolia. Scholars from such fields as archaeology, manuscript studies, history and theology have contributed, offering new insights into the influence of Syriac Christianity along the Silk Roads. Li Tang is Senior Research Fellow at the Center for the Study of the Christian East (ZECO), University of Salzburg/Austria. Dietmar W. Winkler is Head of the Department of Biblical Studies and Ecclesiastical History, and Associate Director of the Center for the Study of the Christian East (ZECO), University of Salzburg/Austria