Space-based Global Strike

Download Space-based Global Strike PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (891 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Space-based Global Strike by : Larry G. Sills

Download or read book Space-based Global Strike written by Larry G. Sills and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine the concept of prompt space-based global strikes. In order to contribute to the debate about its potential benefits and problems, this study addresses the effects of cultural mindsets and institutional preferences on decisions about future military strategy and forces. It examines how prompt precision strikes through space could provide an important set of options in future crises that are beyond the capabilities of current U, S military forces.

Prompt Global Strikes Through Space: What Military Value

Download Prompt Global Strikes Through Space: What Military Value PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Prompt Global Strikes Through Space: What Military Value by :

Download or read book Prompt Global Strikes Through Space: What Military Value written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Air Force and U.S. Space Command have long-range plans to demonstrate the technologies necessary to execute prompt global strikes with precision conventional weapons through space launched from the U.S. homeland to any point on the globe in 90 minutes or less. While the Space Operations Vehicle concept is the postulated delivery vehicle early in the 2010 decade, long-range conventional ballistic missiles could provide an initial capability as early as 2005. In light of the potentially aggressive use of weapons of mass destruction by rogue adversaries in future wars, this paper explores the potential benefits and drawbacks of a capability to conduct prompt global strikes through space with conventional ballistic missiles and the Space Operations Vehicle. Political and military factors involved in the strategic decision to acquire, deploy, and employ such a capability are also examined, with emphasis on the Air Force's role.

U.S. Prompt Global Strike Mission Options

Download U.S. Prompt Global Strike Mission Options PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781621000471
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis U.S. Prompt Global Strike Mission Options by : Jayden A. Domínguez

Download or read book U.S. Prompt Global Strike Mission Options written by Jayden A. Domínguez and published by . This book was released on 2011-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores conventional prompt global strike and long-range ballistic mission options. Prompt global strike (PGS) would allow the United States to strike targets anywhere on earth with conventional weapons in as little as an hour. This capability may bolster U.S. efforts to deter and defeat adversaries by allowing the United States to attack high-value targets or "fleeting targets" at the start of or during a conflict. Congress has generally supported the PGS mission, but it has restricted funding and suggested some changes in funding for specific programs. Many analysts believe that the United States should use long-range ballistic missiles armed with conventional warheads for the PGS mission. These weapons would not substitute for nuclear weapons in the U.S. war plan but would, instead, provide a "niche" capability, with a small number of weapons directed against select, critical targets which might expand the range of U.S. conventional options.

Prompt Global Strikes Through Space

Download Prompt Global Strikes Through Space PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (76 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Prompt Global Strikes Through Space by : Larry G. Sills

Download or read book Prompt Global Strikes Through Space written by Larry G. Sills and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Air Force and U.S. Space Command have long-range plans to demonstrate the technologies necessary to execute prompt global strikes with precision conventional weapons through space launched from the U.S. homeland to any point on the globe in 90 minutes or less. While the Space Operations Vehicle concept is the postulated delivery vehicle early in the 2010 decade, long-range conventional ballistic missiles could provide an initial capability as early as 2005. In light of the potentially aggressive use of weapons of mass destruction by rogue adversaries in future wars, this paper explores the potential benefits and drawbacks of a capability to conduct prompt global strikes through space with conventional ballistic missiles and the Space Operations Vehicle. Political and military factors involved in the strategic decision to acquire, deploy, and employ such a capability are also examined, with emphasis on the Air Force's role.

U.S. Prompt Global Strike Mission Options

Download U.S. Prompt Global Strike Mission Options PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781621000990
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis U.S. Prompt Global Strike Mission Options by : Jayden A. Domínguez

Download or read book U.S. Prompt Global Strike Mission Options written by Jayden A. Domínguez and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores conventional prompt global strike and long-range ballistic mission options. Prompt global strike (PGS) would allow the United States to strike targets anywhere on earth with conventional weapons in as little as an hour. This capability may bolster U.S. efforts to deter and defeat adversaries by allowing the United States to attack high-value targets or fleeting targets at the start of or during a conflict. Congress has generally supported the PGS mission, but it has restricted funding and suggested some changes in funding for specific programs. Many analysts believe that the United States should use long-range ballistic missiles armed with conventional warheads for the PGS mission. These weapons would not substitute for nuclear weapons in the U.S. war plan but would, instead, provide a niche capability, with a small number of weapons directed against select, critical targets which might expand the range of U.S. conventional options. (Imprint: Nova)

Space-based Global Strike

Download Space-based Global Strike PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (548 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Space-based Global Strike by : Larry G. Sills

Download or read book Space-based Global Strike written by Larry G. Sills and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-range Ballistic Missiles

Download Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-range Ballistic Missiles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781508432326
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (323 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-range Ballistic Missiles by : Congressional Research Service

Download or read book Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-range Ballistic Missiles written by Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-02-06 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional prompt global strike (CPGS) weapons would allow the United States to strike targets anywhere on Earth in as little as an hour. This capability may bolster U.S. efforts to deter and defeat adversaries by allowing the United States to attack high-value targets or “fleeting targets” at the start of or during a conflict. Congress has generally supported the PGS mission, but it has restricted funding and suggested some changes in funding for specific programs. CPGS weapons would not substitute for nuclear weapons, but would supplement U.S. conventional capabilities. They would provide a “niche” capability, with a small number of weapons directed against select, critical targets. Some analysts, however, have raised concerns about the possibility that U.S. adversaries might misinterpret the launch of a missile with conventional warheads and conclude that the missiles carry nuclear weapons. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is considering a number of systems that might provide the United States with long-range strike capabilities. The Air Force and Navy have both considered deploying conventional warheads on their long-range ballistic missiles. The Navy sought to deploy conventional warheads on a small number of Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In FY2008, Congress rejected the requested funding for this program, but the Navy has continued to consider the possibility of deploying intermediate-range technologies for the prompt strike mission. The Air Force and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) are developing a hypersonic glide delivery vehicle that could deploy on a modified Peacekeeper land-based ballistic missile—a system known as the conventional strike missile (CSM). In FY2008, Congress created a single, combined fund to support research and development for the CPGS mission. Congress appropriated $65.4 million for this program in FY2014 and $95.6 million in FY2015; the Obama Administration has requested $78.8 million for FY2016. When Congress reviews the budget requests for CPGS weapons, it may question DOD's rationale for the mission, reviewing whether the United States might have to attack targets promptly at the start of or during a conflict, when it could not rely on forward-based land or naval forces. It might also review whether this capability would reduce U.S. reliance on nuclear weapons or whether, as some critics have asserted, it might upset stability and possibly increase the risk of a nuclear response to a U.S. attack. This risk derives, in part, from the possibility that nations detecting the launch of a U.S. PGS weapon would not be able to determine whether the weapon carried a nuclear or conventional warhead. Congress has raised concerns about this possibility in the past. While most analysts expected the Air Force to take the lead in deploying a hypersonic delivery system on a modified ballistic missile—a concept known as the conventional strike missile (CSM)—tests of the hypersonic vehicle known as the HTV-2 have not succeeded. An alternative glider, known as the AHW, may be deployed on missiles based at sea. Congress may review other weapons options for the CPGS mission, including bombers, cruise missiles, and possibly scramjets or other advanced technologies. Warheads deployed on boost-glide systems would not be affected by the 2010 New START Treaty because these are new types of strategic offensive arms. But those deployed in existing types of reentry vehicles on existing types of ballistic missiles would count against the treaty limits. This report will be updated as needed.

Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles

Download Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781543077711
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (777 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles by : Congressional Research Service

Download or read book Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles written by Congressional Research Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-02-13 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional prompt global strike (CPGS) weapons would allow the United States to strike targets anywhere on Earth in as little as an hour. This capability may bolster U.S. efforts to deter and defeat adversaries by allowing the United States to attack high-value targets or "fleeting targets" at the start of or during a conflict. Congress has generally supported the PGS mission, but it has restricted funding and suggested some changes in funding for specific programs. CPGS weapons would not substitute for nuclear weapons, but would supplement U.S. conventional capabilities. They would provide a "niche" capability, with a small number of weapons directed against select, critical targets. Some analysts, however, have raised concerns about the possibility that U.S. adversaries might misinterpret the launch of a missile with conventional warheads and conclude that the missiles carry nuclear weapons. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is considering a number of systems that might provide the United States with long-range strike capabilities. The Air Force and Navy have both considered deploying conventional warheads on their long-range ballistic missiles. The Navy sought to deploy conventional warheads on a small number of Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In FY2008, Congress rejected the requested funding for this program, but the Navy has continued to consider the possibility of deploying intermediate-range technologies for the prompt strike mission. The Air Force and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) are developing a hypersonic glide delivery vehicle that could deploy on a modified Peacekeeper land-based ballistic missile-a system known as the conventional strike missile (CSM). In FY2008, Congress created a single, combined fund to support research and development for the CPGS mission. Congress appropriated $65.4 million for this program in FY2014, $95.6 million in FY2015, and $88.7 million in FY2016. The Obama Administration has requested $181.3 million for FY2017. When Congress reviews the budget requests for CPGS weapons, it may question DOD's rationale for the mission, reviewing whether the United States might have to attack targets promptly at the start of or during a conflict, when it could not rely on forward-based land or naval forces. It might also review whether this capability would reduce U.S. reliance on nuclear weapons or whether, as some critics have asserted, it might upset stability and possibly increase the risk of a nuclear response to a U.S. attack. This risk derives, in part, from the possibility that nations detecting the launch of a U.S. PGS weapon would not be able to determine whether the weapon carried a nuclear or conventional warhead. Congress has raised concerns about this possibility in the past. While most analysts expected the Air Force to take the lead in deploying a hypersonic delivery system on a modified ballistic missile-a concept known as the conventional strike missile (CSM)-tests of the hypersonic vehicle known as the HTV-2 have not succeeded. An alternative glider, known as the AHW, may be deployed on missiles based at sea. Congress may review other weapons options for the CPGS mission, including bombers, cruise missiles, and possibly scramjets or other advanced technologies. Warheads deployed on boost-glide systems would not be affected by the 2010 New START Treaty because these are new types of strategic offensive arms. But those deployed in existing types of reentry vehicles on existing types of ballistic missiles would count against the treaty limits. This report will be updated as needed.

Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues

Download Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781481944571
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (445 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues by : Amy Woolf

Download or read book Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues written by Amy Woolf and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-01-16 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prompt global strike (PGS) would allow the United States to strike targets anywhere on Earth with conventional weapons in as little as an hour. This capability may bolster U.S. efforts to deter and defeat adversaries by allowing the United States to attack high-value targets or "fleeting targets" at the start of or during a conflict. Congress has generally supported the PGS mission, but it has restricted funding and suggested some changes in funding for specific programs.

Crs Report for Congress

Download Crs Report for Congress PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BiblioGov
ISBN 13 : 9781293275238
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (752 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Crs Report for Congress by : Congressional Research Service: The Libr

Download or read book Crs Report for Congress written by Congressional Research Service: The Libr and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prompt global strike (PGS) would allow the United States to strike targets anywhere on Earth with conventional weapons in as little as an hour. This capability may bolster U.S. efforts to deter and defeat adversaries by allowing the United States to attack high-value targets or "fleeting targets" at the start of or during a conflict. Congress has generally supported the PGS mission, but it has restricted funding and suggested some changes in funding for specific programs.

Speed Kills

Download Speed Kills PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (646 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Speed Kills by :

Download or read book Speed Kills written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study offers a broad conceptual and operational framework for a prompt global strike capability. It begins by establishing the historical context through the examination of preceding efforts to develop systems and technologies that could have supported prompt global strike operations. Next, it examines the capabilities of current and future systems including Conventional Ballistic Missiles, the Space Operations Vehicle, and hypersonic aircraft to conduct prompt global strike missions in order to develop a useful operational framework. Using this framework, the thesis then focuses on the broader implications of a rapid global strike capability. Specifically, it examines how well prompt global strike systems fit into existing Air Force doctrine and operational concepts. This study then examines some of the larger, strategic benefits of a prompt global strike system to include the potential coercive effects on adversaries. Finally, the thesis concludes with a summary of the major findings and conclusions and a series of recommendations on the next steps to take on the evolutionary path to a space and air force.

Conventional Prompt Global Strike

Download Conventional Prompt Global Strike PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (621 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Conventional Prompt Global Strike by :

Download or read book Conventional Prompt Global Strike written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examines the potential destabilizing implications of conventional prompt global strike capabilities that operate from or through space. Existing material on this subject is largely limited to debates over the merits of terrestrial verses space basing and arguments against deployment over perceived increases in the likelihood of inadvertent nuclear war. This thesis addresses these issues, but takes the next step and analyzes the root causes and proposes possible solutions to the "security dilemma" these weapons may create. The central finding is that in order to fully exploit the predicted advantages of conventional prompt global strike capabilities, significant changes to the enduring Cold War nuclear postures of the United States and Russia are necessary.

Requirements for a Conventional Prompt Global Strike Capability

Download Requirements for a Conventional Prompt Global Strike Capability PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Requirements for a Conventional Prompt Global Strike Capability by :

Download or read book Requirements for a Conventional Prompt Global Strike Capability written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

"Prompt Global Strike" A New US Strategy Takes Shape

Download

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis "Prompt Global Strike" A New US Strategy Takes Shape by : Karl-Heinz Kamp

Download or read book "Prompt Global Strike" A New US Strategy Takes Shape written by Karl-Heinz Kamp and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Space Operations: Through The Looking Glass (Global Area Strike System).

Download Space Operations: Through The Looking Glass (Global Area Strike System). PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 97 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Space Operations: Through The Looking Glass (Global Area Strike System). by :

Download or read book Space Operations: Through The Looking Glass (Global Area Strike System). written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America's capability to operate in space is increasing with every passing day. Space operations are already recognized as a crucial part of all American military operations. Military space operations may be indirect, through such staples as navigation, communications, and surveillance/reconnaissance support to the war fighter, or direct, through development and fielding of a range of responsive directed energy and kinetic energy weapons. A modest fleet of flexible, mission tailored transatmospheric vehicles (TAVs) has an important place in any thoughtful space operations architecture, providing the only conceivable way to insert human presence rapidly into the fast breaking crises of 2025. Space represents the future; a future in which aerospace power will increasingly be projected through space systems. This paper advocates a system of systems architecture for an American global space strike capability in 2025. This architecture recognizes the importance of the global information network (surveillance and reconnaissance combined with the intelligence system), the military command and control system, the perennial space utilities (communications, navigation, and weather), and a robust readiness and sustainment system to enable the fielding of space based or space borne weapon systems. The weapon system itself is described as a smaller system of systems composed of the weapon, its platform, and a primarily off board surveillance, acquisition, and tracking/battle damage assessment capability provided through the global information network.

U.S. Conventional Prompt Global Strike

Download U.S. Conventional Prompt Global Strike PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309185882
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis U.S. Conventional Prompt Global Strike by : National Research Council

Download or read book U.S. Conventional Prompt Global Strike written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-12-08 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional prompt global strike (CPGS) is a military option under consideration by the U.S. Department of Defense. This book, the final report from the National Research Council’s Committee on Conventional Prompt Global Strike Capability, analyzes proposed CPGS systems and evaluates the potential role CPGS could play in U.S. defense. U.S. Conventional Prompt Global Strike provides near-, mid-, and long-term recommendations for possible CPGS development, addressing the following questions: Does the United States need CPGS capabilities? What are the alternative CPGS systems, and how effective are they likely to be if proposed capabilities are achieved? What would be the implications of alternative CPGS systems for stability, doctrine, decision making, and operations? What nuclear ambiguity concerns arise from CPGS, and how might they be mitigated? What arms control issues arise with CPGS systems, and how might they be resolved? Should the United States proceed with research, development, testing, and evaluation (RDT&E) of the Conventional Trident Modification (CTM) program5 and, ultimately, with CTM production and deployment? Should the United States proceed with the development and testing of alternative CPGS systems beyond CTM?

Hypersonic Global Strike Feasibility and Options - Design Challenges, Propulsion, Fuel, Material, Plasma Interference and Weapons Employment, Current Programs, Weapons Integration, X-37B, AHW

Download Hypersonic Global Strike Feasibility and Options - Design Challenges, Propulsion, Fuel, Material, Plasma Interference and Weapons Employment, Current Programs, Weapons Integration, X-37B, AHW PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781521020302
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hypersonic Global Strike Feasibility and Options - Design Challenges, Propulsion, Fuel, Material, Plasma Interference and Weapons Employment, Current Programs, Weapons Integration, X-37B, AHW by : U. S. Military

Download or read book Hypersonic Global Strike Feasibility and Options - Design Challenges, Propulsion, Fuel, Material, Plasma Interference and Weapons Employment, Current Programs, Weapons Integration, X-37B, AHW written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book examines the feasibility of hypersonic weapons and aircraft as global strike options in the 2035 timeframe. The paper proposes there are currently two limitations or gaps in U.S. prompt global strike capabilities; timeliness, and increasingly the ability to gain access to the highly-defended target area. Additionally, the USAF has a long history of using advanced technology to stay ahead of the threat defense systems and gaining access to target sets, and by 2035, anti-access and area denial (A2/AD) technologies will increasingly threaten the USAF ability to hold any target on the globe at risk. Therefore, given the fact that technologies will continue developing to diminish and deny the advantages of stealth and space assets, could speed once again allow access to denied, heavily defended targets and close the gap for prompt global strike by 2035? The analysis begins with a brief overview of past hypersonic programs and reveals the lack of coherent government policy or USAF confidence in future military utility for hypersonic weapons or aircraft. The paper explores evidence that recent developments in threat radars along with future predictions for processing power and passive detection techniques will diminish the inherent advantages of stealth. Additionally, the Long Range Strike (LRS) family of systems, most likely the main global strike option in 2035, does not provide a prompt global strike solution, and a subsonic bomber could still be denied entry to some future A2/AD environments. After a thorough operational analysis of future concepts and a look at the current advances in hypersonic technology, this paper concludes there are feasible military missions for hypersonic cruise missiles and aircraft in the 2035 timeframe. Hypersonic missiles and strike or reconnaissance aircraft could fold into the LRS family of systems; providing deterrence, prompt conventional global strike, HDBT attack, and critical ISR missions in A2/AD environments. Introduction * History of Hypersonic Research * A Day Without Stealth? * A Day Without Space? * Advantages to Hypersonic Vehicles: Operational Analysis * Operational Analysis Conclusions * Design Challenges for Hypersonic Vehicles * Propulsion and Fuel Challenges * Material Challenges * Plasma Interference and Weapons Employment Challenges * Cost Challenges * Current Hypersonic Programs Overview * HTV-2, X-37B, and AHW * Conclusions and Recommendations * OA, Weapons Integration, and Sensors * Materials, Propulsion and Fuels * Final Thoughts * Appendix A: Long Range Strike Family of Systems * Appendix B: Operational Analysis * Appendix C: Cost Analysis * Bibliography * Footnotes