Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Download Production Of Hydrocarbon Fuels From Heavy Fraction Of Bio Oil Through Hydrodeoxygenative Upgrading With Ru Based Catalyst full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Production Of Hydrocarbon Fuels From Heavy Fraction Of Bio Oil Through Hydrodeoxygenative Upgrading With Ru Based Catalyst ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Download or read book Production of Hydrocarbon Fuels from Heavy Fraction of Bio-oil Through Hydrodeoxygenative Upgrading with Ru-based Catalyst written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Rafael Luque
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0323915213
Total Pages : 618 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)
Download or read book Handbook of Biofuels Production written by Rafael Luque and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Biofuels Production: Processes and Technologies, Third Edition provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on a range of biomass conversion processes and technologies. In response to the global increase in the use of biofuels as substitute transportation fuels, advanced chemical, biochemical and thermochemical biofuels production routes are quickly being developed. Substantial additions for this new edition include increased coverage of emerging feedstocks, including microalgae, more emphasis on by-product valorization for biofuels' production, additional chapters on emerging biofuel production methods, and co-production of biofuels and bioproducts. The book's editorial team is strengthened by the addition of an extra member, and a number of new contributors have been invited to work with authors from the first and second edition to revise existing chapters, with each offering fresh perspectives. This book is an essential reference for professional engineers in the biofuel industry as well as researchers in academia, from post-graduate level and up. - Provides systematic and detailed coverage of the processes and technologies being used in the production of first, second and third generation biofuels - Evaluates the latest advanced chemical, biochemical and thermochemical technologies, processes and production routes - Takes an integrated biorefinery approach, guiding readers through the production of biofuels and their co-products in integrated biorefineries - Includes videos of industrial production facilities and equipment, showing how complex processes and reaction apparatus work in a lab and industry setting
Author : Inamuddin
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119829348
Total Pages : 756 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)
Download or read book Materials for Hydrogen Production, Conversion, and Storage written by Inamuddin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-03-21 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, CONVERSION, AND STORAGE Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production, conversion, and storage, offering the scientific literature a comprehensive coverage of this important fuel. Continually growing environmental concerns are driving every, or almost every, country on the planet towards cleaner and greener energy production. This ultimately leaves no option other than using hydrogen as a fuel that has almost no adverse environmental impact. But hydrogen poses several hazards in terms of human safety as its mixture of air is prone to potential detonations and fires. In addition, the permeability of cryogenic storage can induce frostbite as it leaks through metal pipes. In short, there are many challenges at every step to strive for emission-free fuel. In addition to these challenges, there are many emerging technologies in this area. For example, as the density of hydrogen is very low, efficient methods are being developed and engineered to store it in small volumes. This groundbreaking new volume describes the production of hydrogen from various sources along with the protagonist materials involved. Further, the extensive and novel materials involved in conversion technologies are discussed. Also covered here are the details of the storage materials of hydrogen for both physical and chemical systems. Both renewal and non-renewal sources are examined as feedstocks for the production of hydrogen. The non-renewal feedstocks, mainly petroleum, are the major contributor to date but there is a future perspective in a renewal source comprising mainly of water splitting via electrolysis, radiolysis, thermolysis, photocatalytic water splitting, and biohydrogen routes. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, new hire, or other industry professionals, this is a must-have for any library.
Author : Alok Kumar Patel
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111979286X
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)
Download or read book Sustainable Production Innovations written by Alok Kumar Patel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-08-02 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION INNOVATIONS Presenting the latest technologies and practices in this ever-changing field, this groundbreaking new volume covers the gambit for providing solutions and practical applications of smart and efficient energy systems. The global and climate changes we are witnessing are primarily driven by factors such as rising population, economic growth, and industrialization. These changes have led to an increase in atmospheric CO2, pollution, deforestation, water scarcity, and hunger, among other pressing issues. To ensure a green and sustainable future, it is crucial to harness renewable resources for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials. The book, Sustainable Production Innovations, addresses several bioprocesses that are integral to our daily lives, tackling important topics such as biofuel production, energy and food security, and wastewater management. The commercial interest in biotechnological processes has grown significantly due to their ability to utilize biocatalysts such as enzymes, bacteria, plant cells, or animal cells in bioreactors for the production of medications, health supplements, foods, biofuels, and chemicals. Switching to bioproducts offers key benefits such as the sustainability of third-generation biofuels, CO2 sequestration, effective waste utilization, and meeting the increasing demand for clean water. The book explores various procedures used in biomass biorefineries and bioprocessing for the production of biofuels, biobased chemicals, and bioproducts. It also delves into advancements in utilizing oleaginous microorganisms for biofuels and nutraceuticals, biological wastewater treatment, and microplastic detection techniques in water. Additionally, the book covers topics such as biolubricant technologies, bioprocessing of agricultural and forest waste, biotechnological approaches in the cosmetic industry, and large-scale applications of nanomaterials for water treatment. Authored by experts from leading biotechnology research groups around the world, the book comprises 13 chapters featuring the latest research in each subject. It is a valuable resource for scholars in chemical engineering, applied microbiology, biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, and related fields, offering new insights into the sustainable use of renewable energy and biochemicals. Professionals, including biochemical engineers, phycologists, bioprocess engineers, chemical engineers, scientists, and researchers in the water, food, pharmaceutical, and renewable energy industries will find this book beneficial. Likewise, students and faculty in the chemical engineering and energy departments will gain valuable knowledge from its contents.
Author : Inamuddin
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128219009
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)
Download or read book Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science written by Inamuddin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-11-19 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Plant-Derived Green Solvents: Properties and Applications provide a comprehensive review on the green solvents such as bio solvents, terpenes, neem, alkyl phenols, cyrene, limenone, and ethyl lactate, etc. which are derived from plant sources. Chapters discuss introduction, properties, and advantages to the practical use of plant-derived solvents. Plants-derived solvents are an excellent choice for real-world applications to reduce the environmental and health safety considerations. This book is the result of commitments by top researchers in the field of biosolvents from various backgrounds and fields of expertise. This book is a one-stop reference for plant solvents and overviews up-to-date accounts in the field of modern applications and the first book in this research community. - Introduces properties and application of green solvents from plants - Gives an in-depth accounts on plant-derived solvents for various applications - Outlines the benefits and possibilities of plant-derived solvents vs conventional solvents - Outlines eco-friendly green solvents synthesis, properties and applications - Key references to obtain great results in plant-derived green solvents
Author : Pratima Bajpai
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1394191650
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (941 download)
Download or read book Depolymerization of Lignin to Produce Value Added Chemicals written by Pratima Bajpai and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-09-08 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enables readers to convert lignin using a variety of depolymerization methods and develop it into industrially relevant and functional compounds Depolymerization of Lignin to Produce Value Added Chemicals summarizes the depolymerization and utilization of lignin from different sources and covers the emerging field of biological depolymerization, enabling the reader to identify the high added value of a biomass residue and support him/her in its possible use for mass and niche high impact application sectors. Lignin has great potential to significantly improve the economics of a biorefinery due to its conversion into value-added products. To illustrate, this book includes information on: Feasibility of large-scale implementation of covered technologies, including thermal, biological, and chemical depolymerization, especially in relation to potential industrial applications "Lignin-first" biorefining approach, and potential applications of lignin-derived monomers and their derivatives as bioactives in food, natural health products, and pharmaceuticals Business and market scenarios and challenges that intersect with lignin, along with perspectives on lignin valorization Benefits and drawbacks of a lignin-first approach to biorefining, and techno-economic considerations of lignin and its applications Depolymerization of Lignin to Produce Value Added Chemicals is an essential resource for researchers, chemists, engineers, analysts, and consultants within universities, independent research organizations, and government.
Author : Ioannis Anastopoulos
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323913946
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)
Download or read book Biomass-Derived Materials for Environmental Applications written by Ioannis Anastopoulos and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-05-20 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass-Derived Materials for Environmental Applications presents state-of-the-art coverage of bio-based materials that can be applied to address the growing global concern of pollutant discharge in the environment. The book examines the production, characterization and application of bio-based materials for remediation. Organized clearly by type of material, the book includes details on lignocellulosic materials, natural clays, carbonaceous materials, composites and advanced materials from natural origins. Readers will find an interdisciplinary and practical examination of these materials and their use in environmental remediation that will be valuable to environmental scientists, materials scientists, environmental chemists, and environmental engineers alike. - Highlights a wide range of synthetic methodologies, as well as physicochemical and engineered features of bio-based materials for environmental purposes - Provides in-depth examination of bio-based materials and their characteristics and advantages in environmental remediation - Covers a range of specific materials, including background information, key results, critical discussions, conclusions and future perspectives
Author : Amir Ahmad Forghani
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Catalytic Hydro-cracking of Bio-oil to Bio-fuel written by Amir Ahmad Forghani and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last hundred years, the fossil fuels consumption is increasing dramatically and this lead to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions, the depletion of natural reserves of fossil fuels and increase the fuel production cost. Consequently, renewable and sustainable fuel sources such as bio-oil are receiving increased attention. In bio-based oil such as micro-algae oil, triglycerides and fatty acids are sustainable resources with high energy densities that can be converted into liquid hydrocarbon fuels, efficiently. One of the efficient ways for bio-oil conversion to applicable fuels is hydro-cracking. Hydro-cracking with acidic catalysts is a single step and energy efficient process for bio-oil upgrading towards bio-fuels. Zeolitic structures such as ZSM-5 and beta-zeolite are prevalent acidic catalysts in hydro-treating processes due to their strong acidity, their crystalline porous structure and their high hydrothermal stability. The aim of this research is checking the feasibility of hydro-cracking synthesis towards the light (LC) and middle (MC) range of hydrocarbons over the zeolite based catalysts. Two different types of zeolite catalysts, ZSM-5 and beta-zeolite, were chosen and they were impregnated with Ni (NO3)2.6H2O and calcined at 500 °C. The prepared catalysts were tested with oleic acid which is the main component of plant-derived oil. The catalysts were injected in a lab-scale trickle bed reactor in certain operating conditions. The oleic acid conversion over beta-zeolite was greater than ZSM-5 due to higher pore size distribution and acidity of beta-zeolite compared with ZSM-5. Also the reaction rate constant and Arrhenius equations for beta-zeolite and ZSM-5 were identified. The second step of this research is investigating the hydro-cracking performance with performing a mathematical modelling. The model predictions showed reasonable correlation with experimental data and conversion rates. The total conversion for the hydrocracking reactor model was 82.54 % for 4 major classes of hydrocarbons (light [LC], middle [MC], heavy [HC] and oligomerised [OC]). In addition, the concentration distribution and temperature profile along the reactor were investigated. At the end, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to analyse the hydro-cracking reactor performance.
Author : Bo Zhang
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1786344858
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)
Download or read book Hydroprocessing Catalysts And Processes: The Challenges For Biofuels Production written by Bo Zhang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The demand for hydroprocessing catalysts has shown an increasing trend, because of their applications in refining of petroleum and biofuels, in order to comply with strict environmental regulations controlling emissions from transportation vehicles.Transport fuel is dominated by fossil fuels with carbon emission intensive production methods. If we are to move away from these sources, the alternative is to produce liquid fuels from agricultural stocks — crops, crop waste, forestry waste or algae. Converting these feedstocks into high quality fuels is a considerable challenge.By describing the current status in processing agricultural feedstock into high quality liquid transport fuels, the authors set out the means to develop better chemistry and catalysis for the necessary conversion processes. This book offers an intriguing insight into the mechanisms and protocols involved in new hydroprocessing catalysts and processes, and covers the methods for upgrading these liquids to modern transport vehicles suitable for operation in modern gasoline and diesel engines.It provides an introduction to the mechanism of hydroprocessing reactions, application of different metals in hydroprocessing, the effect of catalyst supports, applications in refining new feedstock, renewable fuels standards, the management of spent hydroprocessing catalysts, and hydrogen production.Hydroprocessing Catalysts and Processes will prove useful for both researchers in academe and industry concerned with future fuels development and treatment to produce current and future liquid transport fuels.
Author : Divya Reddy Parapati
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (892 download)
Download or read book Upgrading Bio-oil and Pretreated Bio-oil by Hydroprocessing in a Continuous Packed-bed Reactor written by Divya Reddy Parapati and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-oil obtained by the fast pyrolysis of biomass has the potential to serve as source of alternative liquid fuel for both power generation and transportation fuel. Bio-oils are comprised of oxygenated compounds, due to the presence of a high percentage of these oxygenated groups bio-oil possesses negative properties such as low heating value, low volatility, thermal instability, corrosiveness, immiscibility with fossil fuels and a tendency to polymerize over time. Bio-oils have been converted to both boiler and transportation fuels in laboratory and demonstration projects. However, the available technologies have not proven commercially viable. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop additional, potentially commercializable, technologies to upgrade bio-oils and pretreated bio-oil by hydroprocessing pathways. Previous hydrodeoxygenation studies over nearly three decades have provided considerable information about methods to upgrade bio-oil by this technology. However, rapid catalyst deactivation and low yields continue to be problematic and further research is required to refine current hydrodeoxygenation methods and catalysts. In our study we are applying pretreatment to the bio-oil at ambient temperature and pressure conditions to hydroprocess pretreated bio-oil in a single-stage. An initial pretreatment was performed to convert aldehydes present in the bio-oil into carboxylic acids followed by a single-stage hydroprocessing, that was performed to produce hydrocarbons. Where appropriate, successful products produced from the hydroprocessing treatments were analyzed for acid value, oxygen content, heating value, elemental analysis, FTIR and GC-MS. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Author : Michael Oballa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824792558
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (925 download)
Download or read book Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Petroleum and Distillates written by Michael Oballa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1994-06-10 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is based on the proceedings of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers' Spring National Meeting in Houston, Texas, March 28 to April 1, 1993. It details various facets of residue upgrading and distillate hydrotreating, stressing the importance of selective catalysts in aromatics reduction. New aromatics saturation processes for the production of very low-aromatic distillates are introduced.
Author : Ezra Daniel Phipps
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 77 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (851 download)
Download or read book Upgrading of a Model Compound of Bio-oil Using Carbon Monoxide in High Temperature Water written by Ezra Daniel Phipps and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting the energy demands of the future is one of the most important challenges facing the engineering community today. An example of this problem is transportation fuels. Most of the current transportation fuels are composed of petroleum hydrocarbons. Finding a viable alternative is important given the potential scarcity of these fuels. Alternatives have been explored including ethanol, biodiesel, hydrogen, and natural gas. It will be difficult for these fuels to replace petroleum fuels due to their inferior performance and, in some cases, the rising price of the feedstocks as they are produced on a larger scale. In addition, some of these fuels are not compatible with current infrastructures, including piping and filling stations, as well as being incompatible with the current fleet of cars. The ideal scenario for solving the energy problem is to produce a fuel that has the same level of performance as standard petroleum hydrocarbons and originates from a feedstock that is cheap and abundant. For these reasons, a large amount of research in the past couple decades has been dedicated to producing bio-oil from biomass by thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. Biomass is composed of large oxygenated hydrocarbons containing as many as 60,000 carbons atoms. When subjected to high temperatures these molecules break apart and oil is produced that more closely resemble liquid fuels. The primary drawback of bio-oils is that they have high oxygen content. This high oxygen content causes them to have low energy density, low volatility, and a high viscosity. In order to meet the industry standards for transportation fuels, additional processing steps must be completed in order to reduce the oxygen content of the fuels. The most common processing step in use is hydrotreating. During this process bio-oils are heated up to high temperatures in the presence of an excess of hydrogen and a catalyst. The purpose of this is to initiate a hydrodeoxygenation reaction that removes oxygen from the oils in the form of water. This process has been shown to be effective; however the usefulness of the process is limited by the high cost and energy demands of producing hydrogen. Previous work has also been completed where bio-oils were treated in the absence of hydrogen using high temperature water as a solvent1. This process induces a separation of the oil into an aqueous phase and an oil phase which is low in oxygen content. Oxygen is also removed in the form of carbon dioxide due to a decarboxylation reaction. A more detailed review of the material balance for this process demonstrated that the overall amount of oxygen removed was actually quite low and may in fact be statistically insignificant. The purpose of this research project is to examine the process of treating bio-oils with supercritical water as a solvent in the presence of carbon monoxide. One reason for doing this is that at high temperatures, carbon monoxide reacts with water producing hydrogen and carbon dioxide. In addition, thermodynamic modeling demonstrates that carbon dioxide is one of the more favorable products formed when combining these reactants, which would consume additional oxygen. Guaiacol, a model compound for bio-oil was treated by heating to supercritical temperatures in the presence of water and varying concentrations of carbon monoxide. The resulting products were analyzed in order to determine the types of functional groups present, the elemental composition, water content, and in some cases the distribution of products. The analytical results suggest that catechol, methoxybenzene, and phenol are the primary reaction products with most of the catechol dissolved in the aqueous phase. There is some evidence that there is a relationship between the amount of carbon monoxide in the reactor enclosure and a reduction in oxygen content. Due to the small difference in oxygen content of the primary reaction products and the error inherent to the measurement methods it is not conclusive at this time if that the relationship between carbon monoxide and lower oxygen content is statistically significant. Future research is required to further validate the results. To supplement the findings of this research it would be helpful to perform a similar experiment under conditions that produce a larger spread in oxygen content. This can be done in several different ways. The reaction residence time could be increased, a different model compound could be used, the conditions could be more severe, and a catalyst could be used as well. By changing these conditions a greater spread of data could be produced and it would be easier to determine statistical significance on that basis.
Author : Yan Luo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (934 download)
Download or read book Upgrading Distilled Bio-oil with Syngas to Liquid Hydrocarbons written by Yan Luo and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Future predicted shortages in fossil fuel resources and environmental regulations from fossil fuel combustion have led to great research interest in developing alternatives to fossil fuels. Biomass-derived bio-oils will have the potential to replace conventional transportation fuels because of their sustainability and environmental advantages. However, the presence of high percentages of chemical oxygenates cause negative properties such as high water content, low volatility, lower heating value, corrosiveness, immiscibility with fossil fuels and instability during storage and transportation. Moreover, polymerization, esterification, condensation and other reactions occur between these highly reactive oxygenates in bio-oil (Diebold 2000). These negative properties hinder both bio-oil direct use as a fuel and the fuel conversion process (Mohan, et al. 2006). Hydrodeoxygenation has proven itself effective in converting of bio-oil to pure hydrocarbons. However, the large consumption of expensive hydrogen prevents the industrialization of bio-oil. Therefore, development of more efficient hydrodeoxygenation approaches with less capital cost will be desirable. The objective of this current research was to upgrade raw and distilled bio-oil by oxidation to a stabilized precursor to the final hydrocracking step of hydrodeoxygenation. In the second chapter, raw bio-oil, two pretreated bio-oils and hydrotreated bio-oil were hydrodeoxygenated to produce liquid hydrocarbons in the continuous reactor. In the third chapter, raw bio-oil, oxidized raw bio-oil, distilled bio-oil and oxidized distilled bio-oil were hydrodeoxygenated to liquid hydrocarbons with hydrogen in the batch reactor. In the fourth chapter, oxidized distilled bio-oil was hydrotreated with model syngas to organic liquid products followed by hydrocracking with hydrogen to produce liquid hydrocarbons. In the fifth chapter, oxidized distilled bio-oil was upgraded with syngas (H2/CO molar ratios of 4:6) in a single stage to produce organic liquid products. The resultant stabilities of these organic liquid products were investigated by application of accelerated aging. The research results showed that oxidized distilled bio-oil could be upgraded by the syngas in a single stage to produce stabilized bio-oil. This success will replace hydrogen by syngas for first stage hytrotreating and save shipping fee by transportation less weight of upgraded bio-oil rather than the bulky and high moisture content biomass.
Author : Mark Crocker
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344667
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)
Download or read book Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading written by Mark Crocker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.
Download or read book Improving Catalyst Efficiency in Bio-Based Hydrocarbon Fuels; NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article investigates upgrading biomass pyrolysis vapors to form hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals using catalysts with different concentrations of acid sites. It shows that greater separation of acid sites makes catalysts more efficient at producing hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals. The conversion of biomass into liquid transportation fuels has attracted significant attention because of depleting fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns resulting from the use of fossil fuels. Biomass is a renewable resource, which is abundant worldwide and can potentially be exploited to produce transportation fuels that are less damaging to the environment. This renewable resource consists of cellulose (40-50%), hemicellulose (25-35%), and lignin (16-33%) biopolymers in addition to smaller quantities of inorganic materials such as silica and alkali and alkaline earth metals (calcium and potassium). Fast pyrolysis is an attractive thermochemical technology for converting biomass into precursors for hydrocarbon fuels because it produces up to 75 wt% bio-oil,1 which can be upgraded to feedstocks and/or blendstocks for further refining to finished fuels. Bio-oil that has not been upgraded has limited applications because of the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups, derived from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which gives rise to high acidity, high viscosity, low heating value, immiscibility with hydrocarbons and aging during storage. Ex situ catalytic vapor phase upgrading is a promising approach for improving the properties of bio-oil. The goal of this process is to reject oxygen and produce a bio-oil with improved properties for subsequent downstream conversion to hydrocarbons.
Author : Jorge Ancheyta
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000958108
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by Catalytic Hydrotreating written by Jorge Ancheyta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-09-26 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the common approaches to upgrade heavy and extra-heavy crude oils by means of catalytic hydrotreating, emphasizing hydrogen addition technology as well as carbon rejection alternatives. Kinetic and reactor models are combined with experimental data to simulate and optimize commercial-scale reactor performance. Key Features • Focuses on fixed-bed catalytic hydrotreating and catalysts and process scheme characteristics for commercial application. • Guides readers on hydrotreating process technology development from batch reactor experiments to semi-commercial test. • Describes step-by-step methodologies for development of kinetic models based on experimental data generated at different reaction scales. • Provides detailed explanation on how to formulate a reactor model for the simulation of catalytic hydrotreating of heavy oils. A comprehensive guide to the upgrading of crude oils, this book has particular appeal for petroleum refining industry professionals, catalyst developers, workshop instructors, professors, and their graduate and postgraduate students.
Author : Nelio Teixeira Machado
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Fractional Distillation of Bio-Oil Produced by Pyrolysis of Açaí (Euterpe Oleracea) Seeds written by Nelio Teixeira Machado and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work, the seeds of açaí (Euterpe oleracea, Mart), a rich lignin-cellulose residue, has been submitted to pyrolysis to produce a bio-oil-like fossil fuels. The pyrolysis carried out in a reactor of 143 L, 450°C, and 1.0 atm. The morphology of Açaí seeds in nature and after pyrolysis is characterized by SEM, EDX, and XRD. The experiments show that bio-oil, gas, and coke yields were 4.38, 30.56, and 35.67% (wt.), respectively. The bio-oil characterized by AOCS, ASTM, and ABNT/NBR methods for density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value. The bio-oil density, viscosity, and acid value were 1.0468 g/cm3, 68.34 mm2/s, and 70.26 KOH/g, respectively. The chemical composition and chemical functions of bio-oil are determined by GC-MS and FT-IR. The GC-MS identified in bio-oil 21.52% (wt.) hydrocarbons and 78.48% (wt.) oxygenates (4.06% esters, 8.52% carboxylic acids, 3.53% ketones, 35.16% phenols, 20.52% cresols, 5.75% furans, and 0.91% (wt.) aldehydes), making it possible to apply fractional distillation to obtain fossil fuel-like fractions rich in hydrocarbons. The distillation of bio-oil is carried out in a laboratory-scale column, according to the boiling temperature of fossil fuels. The distillation of bio-oil yielded fossil fuel-like fractions (gasoline, kerosene, and light diesel) of 4.70, 28.21, and 22.35% (wt.), respectively.
