The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids

Download The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309453070
Total Pages : 487 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant changes have taken place in the policy landscape surrounding cannabis legalization, production, and use. During the past 20 years, 25 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis and/or cannabidiol (a component of cannabis) for medical conditions or retail sales at the state level and 4 states have legalized both the medical and recreational use of cannabis. These landmark changes in policy have impacted cannabis use patterns and perceived levels of risk. However, despite this changing landscape, evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cannabis use remains elusive. While a myriad of studies have examined cannabis use in all its various forms, often these research conclusions are not appropriately synthesized, translated for, or communicated to policy makers, health care providers, state health officials, or other stakeholders who have been charged with influencing and enacting policies, procedures, and laws related to cannabis use. Unlike other controlled substances such as alcohol or tobacco, no accepted standards for safe use or appropriate dose are available to help guide individuals as they make choices regarding the issues of if, when, where, and how to use cannabis safely and, in regard to therapeutic uses, effectively. Shifting public sentiment, conflicting and impeded scientific research, and legislative battles have fueled the debate about what, if any, harms or benefits can be attributed to the use of cannabis or its derivatives, and this lack of aggregated knowledge has broad public health implications. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids provides a comprehensive review of scientific evidence related to the health effects and potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis. This report provides a research agendaâ€"outlining gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for providing additional insight into these issuesâ€"that summarizes and prioritizes pressing research needs.

An Analysis of Marijuana Policy

Download An Analysis of Marijuana Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 55 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Analysis of Marijuana Policy by : National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior

Download or read book An Analysis of Marijuana Policy written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1982-01-01 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Defenders of marijuana use may seize on the ambiguity or absence of evidence for such damage and ignore any other effects on education or safety; those opposed to marijuana use may emphasize the possibility of chronic disease that is suggested by some laboratory findings and ignore the social, political, and economic costs of fighting a well-established custom. The Committee wishes to make clear what it regards as the limits of this report for the selection of policy alteratives. Scientific judgment can estimate the prevalence of different kinds of use, risks to health, economic costs, and the like under current policies and can try to project such estimates for new policies. It can come to some conclusions based on those estimates. But selection of an alternative is always a value-governed choice, which can ultimately be made only by the political process.

Marijuana As Medicine?

Download Marijuana As Medicine? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309065313
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marijuana As Medicine? by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Marijuana As Medicine? written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-12-30 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some people suffer from chronic, debilitating disorders for which no conventional treatment brings relief. Can marijuana ease their symptoms? Would it be breaking the law to turn to marijuana as a medication? There are few sources of objective, scientifically sound advice for people in this situation. Most books about marijuana and medicine attempt to promote the views of advocates or opponents. To fill the gap between these extremes, authors Alison Mack and Janet Joy have extracted critical findings from a recent Institute of Medicine study on this important issue, interpreting them for a general audience. Marijuana As Medicine? provides patientsâ€"as well as the people who care for themâ€"with a foundation for making decisions about their own health care. This empowering volume examines several key points, including: Whether marijuana can relieve a variety of symptoms, including pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and appetite loss. The dangers of smoking marijuana, as well as the effects of its active chemical components on the immune system and on psychological health. The potential use of marijuana-based medications on symptoms of AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and several other specific disorders, in comparison with existing treatments. Marijuana As Medicine? introduces readers to the active compounds in marijuana. These include the principal ingredient in Marinol, a legal medication. The authors also discuss the prospects for developing other drugs derived from marijuana's active ingredients. In addition to providing an up-to-date review of the science behind the medical marijuana debate, Mack and Joy also answer common questions about the legal status of marijuana, explaining the conflict between state and federal law regarding its medical use. Intended primarily as an aid to patients and caregivers, this book objectively presents critical information so that it can be used to make responsible health care decisions. Marijuana As Medicine? will also be a valuable resource for policymakers, health care providers, patient counselors, medical faculty and studentsâ€"in short, anyone who wants to learn more about this important issue.

Problems Relating to the Control of Marihuana

Download Problems Relating to the Control of Marihuana PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Problems Relating to the Control of Marihuana by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee

Download or read book Problems Relating to the Control of Marihuana written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Marijuana Federalism

Download Marijuana Federalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780815737896
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (378 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marijuana Federalism by : Jonathan H. Adler

Download or read book Marijuana Federalism written by Jonathan H. Adler and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On marijuana, there is no mutual federal-state policy; will this cause federalism to go up in smoke? More than one-half the 50 states have legalized the use of marijuana at least for medical purposes, and about a dozen of those states have gone further, legalizing it for recreational use. Either step would have been almost inconceivable just a couple decades ago. But marijuana remains an illegal "controlled substance" under a 1970 federal law, so those who sell or grow it could still face federal prosecution. How can state and federal laws be in such conflict? And could federal law put the new state laws in jeopardy at some point? This book, an edited volume with contributions by highly regarded legal scholars and policy analysts, is the first detailed examination of these and other questions surrounding a highly unusual conflict between state and federal policies and laws. Marijuana Federalism surveys the constitutional issues that come into play with this conflict, as well as the policy questions related to law enforcement at the federal versus state levels. It also describes specific areas--such as banking regulations--in which federal law has particularly far-reaching effects. Readers will gain a greater understanding of federalism in general, including how the division of authority between the federal and state governments operates in the context of policy and legal disputes between the two levels. This book also will help inform debates as other states consider whether to jump on the bandwagon of marijuana legalization.

Smokescreen

Download Smokescreen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1948677881
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (486 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smokescreen by : Kevin A. Sabet

Download or read book Smokescreen written by Kevin A. Sabet and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the leading authority on marijuana—a man who has served as White House advisor on drugs to three different administrations and who NBC News once called “the prodigy of drug politics"—comes the remarkable and shocking exposé about how 21st century pot, today’s new and highly potent form of the drug, is on the rise, spreading rapidly across America by an industry intent on putting rising profits over public health. Smokescreen: What the Marijuana Industry Doesn't Want You to Know examines the inside story behind the headlines, containing accounts from Sabet’s time in the Obama administration to stunning revelations from whistleblowers speaking out for the first time. What it finds is how the marijuana industry is running rampant without proper oversight, leaving Americans’ health seriously at risk. Included are interviews with industry insiders who reveal the hidden dangers of a product they had once worshipped. Also contained in these pages are insights from a major underground-market dealer who admits that legalization is hastening the growth of the illicit drug trade. And more to the heart of the issue are the tragic stories of those who have suffered and died as a result of marijuana use, and in many cases, as a result of its mischaracterization. Readers will learn how power brokers worked behind the scenes to market marijuana as a miracle plant in order to help it gain widespread acceptance and to set the stage for the lucrative expansion of recreational pot. The author of this compelling first-person narrative leading the national fight against the legalization of cannabis through his nonprofit, Smart Approaches to Marijuana (aka SAM) is Kevin Sabet. As a policy advisor to everyone from county health commissioners to Pope Francis, and a frequent public speaker on television, radio and through other media outlets, his analysis is consistently relied upon by those who recognize what’s at stake as marijuana lobbyists downplay the risks of massive commercialization. A book several years in the making, filled with vivid characters and informed by hundreds of interviews and scores of confidential documents, Sabet's Smokescreen lays bare the unvarnished truth about marijuana in America.

Marijuana and Medicine

Download Marijuana and Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309071550
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marijuana and Medicine by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Marijuana and Medicine written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-07-10 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The medical use of marijuana is surrounded by a cloud of social, political, and religious controversy, which obscures the facts that should be considered in the debate. This book summarizes what we know about marijuana from evidence-based medicineâ€"the harm it may do and the relief it may bring to patients. The book helps the reader understand not only what science has to say about medical marijuana but also the logic behind the scientific conclusions. Marijuana and Medicine addresses the science base and the therapeutic effects of marijuana use for medical conditions such as glaucoma and multiple sclerosis. It covers marijuana's mechanism of action, acute and chronic effects on health and behavior, potential adverse effects, efficacy of different delivery systems, analysis of the data about marijuana as a gateway drug, and the prospects for developing cannabinoid drugs. The book evaluates how well marijuana meets accepted standards for medicine and considers the conclusions of other blue-ribbon panels. Full of useful facts, this volume will be important to anyone interested in informed debate about the medical use of marijuana: advocates and opponents as well as policymakers, regulators, and health care providers.

Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority

Download Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Aspen Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1454887958
Total Pages : 1067 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (548 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority by : Robert A. Mikos

Download or read book Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority written by Robert A. Mikos and published by Aspen Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-18 with total page 1067 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority is a first-of-its-kind law school casebook in a rapidly-emerging and exciting new field. The accessible, comprehensive, and engaging material guides students through the competing approaches to regulating marijuana, the purposes and effects of those approaches, and the legal authorities for choosing among them. The helpful organization intersperses these issues of substantive law, policy, and authority throughout the discussion of users, suppliers, and third parties. Substantive law materials cover either prohibitions or regulations targeting users, suppliers, or third parties. Policy materials cover the goals of marijuana law and policy as well as the research on the impact of different marijuana policies. Authority materials address the different levels of government—federal, state, and local. Notes, questions, and numerous problems in each chapter provide additional thought-provoking material and help to reinforce student learning. Current, news-headlining cases keep the discussion interesting and lively. Key Features: Internationally renowned author Robert Mikos is the premier authority on marijuana law. He draws upon nearly a decade of professional experience teaching, lecturing, consulting, and writing about marijuana law and policy. Three distinct but inter-woven topics are covered: the substantive law governing marijuana; the policy rationales behind and outcomes produced by different approaches to regulating the drug; and the legal authority to regulate the drug. Students are guided through the multi-faceted legal and policy issues now confronting lawyers, lawmakers, judges, and policy analysts working in this emerging field. Written in a style that is familiar to law students, but also accessible to a much broader audience, including graduate and upper level undergraduate students in courses in policy studies, political science, and criminology. Cutting-edge issues are included that are intellectually engaging for students and professors alike—e.g., how are conflicts between state/ federal law resolved? What are the roles of courts and executive officers in terms of policy? Dives deeply into classic legal issues: contract enforceability and powers of court, Congress, and the state. Notes and Questions following cases offer stimulating fodder for discussion.

Medical Use of Marijuana

Download Medical Use of Marijuana PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781590337547
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medical Use of Marijuana by : Tatiana Shohov

Download or read book Medical Use of Marijuana written by Tatiana Shohov and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, there has been much debate over whether marijuana, an illegal drug, can provide patients with a level of therapeutic relief comparable to existing pharmaceutical treatments. While this idea is hardly new, it is advanced by some proponents as deserving more scientific inquiry. Advocates for the medical use of marijuana contend that there is already sufficient scientific evidence to justify rescheduling marijuana under the Controlled Substances Act, a change that would give it the necessary legal recognition to be used for medicinal purposes. This has already occurred in the case of dronabinol, the synthetic form of the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, which has been available as an oral prescription drug since 1986 under its brand name Marinol. To address these viewpoints, several comprehensive studies were done in the late 1990s to evaluate medicinal claims made for smoked marijuana and determine whether they are supported by convincing scientific evidence. The medical marijuana debate gained attention at the state level in 1996, when voters in California and Arizona approved ballot initiatives allowing doctors to prescribe the drug for therapeutic uses. In 1998, similar propositions were adopted in Alaska, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington, and reaffirmed in Arizona. Voters in Maine adopted a medical marijuana initiative in 1999. In 2000, medical marijuana was approved by voters in Colorado, reconfirmed in Nevada, and passed by the legislature in Hawaii. Federal health officials assert that these initiatives are part of a strategy to soften the nation's drug laws, and that public policy would be better served if science, rather than the ballot box, were used to judge the drug's utility. This book assesses the current issues and examines the controversies regarding the marijuana legalization issue.

Marijuana 360

Download Marijuana 360 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442281669
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marijuana 360 by : Nancy E. Marion

Download or read book Marijuana 360 written by Nancy E. Marion and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-05-08 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Five jurisdictions in the United States have changed their laws to legalize small amounts of marijuana. There is more public support for reform than ever before, but still much debate over the issues of legalizing marijuana. Nancy E. Marion and Joshua B. Hill look at all parties involved in the decriminalization of this drug throughout the US and create a better understanding for the reader of how it has affected more than the individuals using marijuana.

First Episode Psychosis

Download First Episode Psychosis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429524145
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis First Episode Psychosis by : Katherine J. Aitchison

Download or read book First Episode Psychosis written by Katherine J. Aitchison and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-03-26 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of this popular handbook has been thoroughly updated to include the latest data concerning treatment of first-episode patients. Drawing from their experience, the authors discuss the presentation and assessment of the first psychotic episode and review the appropriate use of antipsychotic agents and psychosocial approaches in effective management. This is an authoritative text written by a team of highly respected authors for psychiatrists, neurologists, primary care practitioners and health care professional working in psychiatry. Drawing from their experience, the presentation and assessment of the first psychotic episode are discussed, details regarding antipsychotic drugs and their appropriate use are reviewed and psychosocial approaches are examined. The resulting book offers a concise and valuable guide to those wishing to review the latest proposals for the treatment of first-episode psychosis supported by up-to-date references, in a single publication.

Marijuana Legalization

Download Marijuana Legalization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190262400
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marijuana Legalization by : Jonathan Paul Caulkins

Download or read book Marijuana Legalization written by Jonathan Paul Caulkins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marijuana Legalization: What Everyone Needs to Know provides readers with a non-partisan primer covering everything from the risks and benefits of using marijuana to what is happening with marijuana laws around the world. This book serves as the price of admission for any serious discussion about marijuana legalization.

Cannabis Use and Dependence

Download Cannabis Use and Dependence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521800242
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cannabis Use and Dependence by : Wayne Hall

Download or read book Cannabis Use and Dependence written by Wayne Hall and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-11-28 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of cannabis in the late twentieth and this century is an area of medical and moral controversy. Despite its illegality, cannabis is the most widely used drug after alcohol and tobacco among young adults in the USA, Europe and Australia. This book explores the relationship between health policy, public health and the law regarding cannabis use. It assesses the impact of illegality in drug use and relates this to policy analysis in Australia, the UK, the US and other developed societies. It evaluates debates about 'safe use' and 'harm minimisation' approaches, as well as examining the experiences of different prevention, treatment and education policies. Written by two leading drug advisors Cannabis Use and Dependence makes a valuable addition to this important field of research.

Considering Marijuana Legalization

Download Considering Marijuana Legalization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0833088777
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Considering Marijuana Legalization by : Jonathan P. Caulkins

Download or read book Considering Marijuana Legalization written by Jonathan P. Caulkins and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2015-01-16 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marijuana legalization is a controversial and multifaceted issue that is now the subject of serious debate. In May 2014, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin signed a bill requiring the Secretary of Administration to produce a report about various consequences of legalizing marijuana. This resulting report provides a foundation for thinking about the various consequences of different policy options while being explicit about the uncertainties involved.

Tell Your Children

Download Tell Your Children PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Free Press
ISBN 13 : 1982103671
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (821 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tell Your Children by : Alex Berenson

Download or read book Tell Your Children written by Alex Berenson and published by Free Press. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In “a brilliant antidote to all the…false narratives about pot” (American Thinker), an award-winning author and former New York Times reporter reveals the link between teenage marijuana use and mental illness, and a hidden epidemic of violence caused by the drug—facts the media have ignored as the United States rushes to legalize cannabis. Recreational marijuana is now legal in nine states. Advocates argue cannabis can help everyone from veterans to cancer sufferers. But legalization has been built on myths—that marijuana arrests fill prisons; that most doctors want to use cannabis as medicine; that it can somehow stem the opiate epidemic; that it is beneficial for mental health. In this meticulously reported book, Alex Berenson, a former New York Times reporter, explodes those myths, explaining that almost no one is in prison for marijuana; a tiny fraction of doctors write most authorizations for medical marijuana, mostly for people who have already used; and marijuana use is linked to opiate and cocaine use. Most of all, THC—the chemical in marijuana responsible for the drug’s high—can cause psychotic episodes. “Alex Berenson has a reporter’s tenacity, a novelist’s imagination, and an outsider’s knack for asking intemperate questions” (Malcolm Gladwell, The New Yorker), as he ranges from the London institute that is home to the scientists who helped prove the cannabis-psychosis link to the Colorado prison where a man now serves a thirty-year sentence after eating a THC-laced candy bar and killing his wife. He sticks to the facts, and they are devastating. With the US already gripped by one drug epidemic, Tell Your Children is a “well-written treatise” (Publishers Weekly) that “takes a sledgehammer to the promised benefits of marijuana legalization, and cannabis enthusiasts are not going to like it one bit” (Mother Jones).

Marijuana

Download Marijuana PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781634820585
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (25 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marijuana by : Victor P. Tyson

Download or read book Marijuana written by Victor P. Tyson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) outlaws the possession, cultivation, or distribution of marijuana except for authorized research. Twenty states have regulatory schemes that allow possession, cultivation, or distribution of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Two have revenue regimes that allow possession, cultivation, or sale generally. The U.S. Constitution's Supremacy Clause preempts any state law that conflicts with federal law. Although there is some division, the majority of state courts have concluded that the federal-state marijuana law conflict does not require preemption of state medical marijuana laws. The legal consequences of a CSA violation, however, remain in place. Nevertheless, current federal criminal enforcement guidelines counsel confining investigations and prosecutions to the most egregious affront to federal interests. This book analyzes some legal issues related to marijuana and provides some proposals to resolve the issues. It also discusses federal tax proposals for marijuana.

Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (The)

Download Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (The) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241510242
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (The) by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (The) written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2016-03-15 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cannabis is globally the most commonly used psychoactive substance under international control. In 2013 an estimated 181.8 million people aged 15-64 years used cannabis for nonmedical purposes globally (UNODC 2015). There is an increasing demand for treatment for cannabis-use disorders and associated health conditions in high- and middle-income countries. This report focuses on nonmedical use of cannabis building on contributions from a broad range of experts and researchers from different parts of the world. It aims to present current knowledge on the impact of nonmedical cannabis use on health from its impact on brain development to its role in respiratory diseases. The potential medical utility of cannabis - including the pharmacology toxicology and possible therapeutic applications of the cannabis plant - is outside the scope of this report.