Private Armies And Military Intervention

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Private Armies and Military Intervention

Author : David Shearer
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136047123
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Private Armies and Military Intervention by : David Shearer

Download or read book Private Armies and Military Intervention written by David Shearer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nature and role of paid foreign forces have altered considerably in the late twentieth century. ‘Military companies’ – private firms providing active military assistance, in some cases involving combat – have exploited the increasing reluctance of Western governments and multilateral organizations to intervene directly in civil conflicts. As a result, their influence has increased. David Shearer argues that the debate over the use of these companies – notably the South African firm Executive Outcomes (EO) – has not, however, kept pace with their development. Companies such as EO are widely seen as merely modern-day mercenary outfits exploiting violence for private gain. Shearer contends that the need to recast the debate on military companies is urgent. These companies are not a passing phenomenon; if anything, their influence and activities are set to increase in the next century as Western military retrenchment continues. Efforts to restrict the activities of military companies by drafting international or domestic legislation have to date been ineffective, and are likely to remain so. This paper – the first detailed analysis of the private military sector – argues that dismissing it as an unpleasant aberration is misleading and unhelpful. Military companies can claim success in achieving immediate strategic objectives. The author cites two examples at length – EO’s operations in Angola in 1993–94, and in Sierra Leone in 1995–96 – and suggests that military force can stabilize a crisis. Engagement with military companies may create possibilities for them to complement international and regional peacekeeping efforts. Traditional UN peacekeeping is flawed in terms of its speed of mobilization and lines of authority, and is hampered by interference from contributing countries. The private sector may avoid many of these difficulties. Private Armies and Military Intervention concludes that transparency of operations and business relationships is a crucial first step towards ensuring the accountability of the private military sector. However, a coherent policy towards military companies has yet to be formulated. Current frameworks under international law are insufficient and inappropriate. Characterizing the activities of military companies as ‘mercenary’ offers few useful means to tackle the issue within a framework of international policy. What is required is a more pragmatic approach that assesses the effectiveness of – and engages with – private armies.

From Mercenaries to Market

Author : Simon Chesterman
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191566519
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis From Mercenaries to Market by : Simon Chesterman

Download or read book From Mercenaries to Market written by Simon Chesterman and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2007-07-12 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frequently characterized as either mercenaries in modern guise or the market's response to a security vacuum, private military companies are commercial firms offering military services ranging from combat and military training and advice to logistical support, and which play an increasingly important role in armed conflicts, UN peace operations, and providing security in unstable states. Executive Outcomes turned around an orphaned conflict in Sierra Leone in the mid-1990s; Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI) was instrumental in shifting the balance of power in the Balkans, enabling the Croatian military to defeat Serb forces and clear the way for the Dayton negotiations; in Iraq, estimates of the number of private contractors on the ground are in the tens of thousands. As they assume more responsibilities in conflict and post-conflict settings, their growing significance raises fundamental questions about their nature, their role in different regions and contexts, and their regulation. This volume examines these issues with a focus on governance, in particular the interaction between regulation and market forces. It analyzes the current legal framework and the needs and possibilities for regulation in the years ahead. The book as a whole is organized around four sets of questions, which are reflected in the four parts of the book. First, why and how is regulation of PMCs now a challenging issue? Secondly, how have problems leading to a call for regulation manifested in different regions and contexts? Third, what regulatory norms and institutions currently exist and how effective are they? And, fourth, what role has the market to play in regulation?

Peacekeeping Or Pillage?

Author : Doug Brooks
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Peacekeeping Or Pillage? by : Doug Brooks

Download or read book Peacekeeping Or Pillage? written by Doug Brooks and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Regulating Private Military Companies

Author : Katerina Galai
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429879962
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulating Private Military Companies by : Katerina Galai

Download or read book Regulating Private Military Companies written by Katerina Galai and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-25 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work examines the ability of existing and evolving PMC regulation to adequately control private force, and it challenges the capacity of international law to deliver accountability in the event of private military company (PMC) misconduct. From medieval to early modern history, private soldiers dominated the military realm and were fundamental to the waging of wars until the rise of a national citizen army. Today, PMCs are again a significant force, performing various security, logistics, and strategy functions across the world. Unlike mercenaries or any other form of irregular force, PMCs acquired a corporate legal personality, a legitimising status that alters the governance model of today. Drawing on historical examples of different forms of governance, the relationship between neoliberal states and private military companies is conceptualised here as a form of a ‘shared governance'. It reflects states’ reliance on PMCs relinquishing a degree of their power and transferring certain functions to the private sector. As non-state actors grow in authority, wielding power, and making claims to legitimacy through self-regulation, other sources of law also become imaginable and relevant to enact regulation and invoke responsibility.

Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars

Author : Seden Akcinaroglu
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197520812
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars by : Seden Akcinaroglu

Download or read book Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars written by Seden Akcinaroglu and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-09 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1990s, private military and security companies (PMSCs) have intervened in civil wars around the globe. International, legally registered corporate actors have assisted governments with a myriad of tasks including combat support, logistics, army and police training, intelligence analysis, and guard services. However, reports that such contractors have been responsible for human rights abuses have spurred the need to evaluate the industry's impact on conflicts. Are these contractors effective in curbing violence or does emphasis on profit and lack of accountability get in the way? And how can governments improve PMSCs' commitment to contractual obligations, including adherence to international humanitarian laws? This book identifies two market forces that impact PMSCs' military effectiveness: local or conflict-level competition and global or industry-level competition. Specifically, Seden Akcinaroglu and Elizabeth Radziszewski challenge the assumption that interventions by profit-driven coporations are likely to destabilize areas engaged in war, and provide data that private contractors do contribute to conflict termination under certain circumstances. They argue that competitive market pressure creates a strong monitoring system and that the company's corporate structure and external competitive environment in a given conflict help to explain the variance in accountability to clients. Including an analysis of data on international PMSCs' interventions in civil wars from 1990-2008, Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski show the impact of competition on companies' contribution to the termination of different types of civil wars.

Public War, Private Fight? The United States and Private Military Companies

Author : Deborah C. Kidwell
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1257122355
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (571 download)

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Book Synopsis Public War, Private Fight? The United States and Private Military Companies by : Deborah C. Kidwell

Download or read book Public War, Private Fight? The United States and Private Military Companies written by Deborah C. Kidwell and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2011-03-25 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The United States has long utilized private military contractors to augment regular military forces in support of its national foreign policy and security needs. Commonly referred to as Private Military Companies (PMCs), contractors employ and manage civilian personnel from the private sector in areas of active military operations. Frequently, regular troops become dependent on the services contractors provide a situation that may negatively impact military effectiveness. Since 1991, contractor support on and off the battlefield has become increasingly more visible, varied, and commonplace. Given the current manpower and resource limitations of the national military, the US will likely continue its extensive use of PMCs in support of military operations. This work addresses historical precedents and trends in American logistics, the current scope of contractor involvement in support of regular military forces, and the challenges posed as traditional military institutions integrate increasing numbers of civilian workers and privately owned assets into the battlespace. These problems increase the risk to US personnel and can induce budget overruns rather than savings, disrupt civil-military relations, and have detrimental consequences for the American economy and society. The work concludes by proposing a useful rubric to evaluate this new American way of war. This work considers PMCs and their interdependence with regular and reserve military units in a broad sense. It derives from unclassified material widely available; understandably, these sources limit the analysis. Lessons learned from the Operation IRAQI FREEDOM (OIF) and Operation ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF) theaters may alter findings. However, this study endeavors to frame the continuing dialog concerning the appropriate use of PMCs to support regular troops."--Abstract from DTIC web site.

Mercenaries and War

Author : National Defense University Press
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781678665234
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (652 download)

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Book Synopsis Mercenaries and War by : National Defense University Press

Download or read book Mercenaries and War written by National Defense University Press and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercenaries are more powerful than experts realize, a grave oversight. Those who assume they are cheap imitations of national armed forces invite disaster because for-profit warriors are a wholly different genus and species of fighter. Private military companies such as the Wagner Group are more like heavily armed multinational corporations than the Marine Corps. Their employees are recruited from different countries, and profitability is everything. Patriotism is unimportant, and sometimes a liability. Unsurprisingly, mercenaries do not fight conventionally, and traditional war strategies used against them may backfire.

Private Armies, Public Wars: The Brave New World of Private Military Companies

Author : Josh Luberisse
Publisher : Fortis Novum Mundum
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Private Armies, Public Wars: The Brave New World of Private Military Companies by : Josh Luberisse

Download or read book Private Armies, Public Wars: The Brave New World of Private Military Companies written by Josh Luberisse and published by Fortis Novum Mundum. This book was released on with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Private Armies, Public Wars: The Brave New World of Private Military Companies is a groundbreaking exploration of the contemporary landscape of warfare, examining the rise and impact of private military companies (PMCs) on the global stage. Written by an esteemed geopolitics expert and military history researcher, this book provides a comprehensive and thought-provoking examination of the multifaceted world of private military operations. Drawing upon historical perspectives, legal frameworks, economic dynamics, and case studies from around the world, this book offers a nuanced and in-depth analysis of the complex relationship between states, armed conflicts, and the private entities that operate within them. It delves into the motivations, challenges, and implications of the growing presence of PMCs, shedding light on both the opportunities they present and the ethical dilemmas they raise. Private Armies, Public Wars presents a balanced and objective assessment of the forces driving the expansion of the PMC industry. It explores the historical roots of mercenaries and traces their evolution into modern-day private military companies. The book examines the economic appeal of outsourcing military capabilities and the potential implications for state sovereignty and the monopoly on the use of force. Through vivid case studies, the author uncovers the diverse roles that PMCs play in conflicts worldwide, from providing security and logistical support to participating in active combat. The author explores the impact of PMCs on local populations, human rights concerns, and the challenges of regulating an industry that operates beyond traditional legal frameworks. Moreover, the book delves into emerging trends and challenges in the PMC industry, including the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, the use of biometric and identity verification technologies. It analyzes the potential benefits and risks associated with these technological advancements, providing valuable insights into the changing nature of warfare in the 21st century. It also addresses the growing importance of communication technologies, the role of private intelligence agencies in modern warfare and the implications of hybrid warfare and disinformation campaigns. Private Armies, Public Wars is a critical examination of the complex interplay between states, private entities, and the pursuit of military objectives. It challenges conventional notions of warfare and offers a fresh perspective on the evolving dynamics of global conflicts. The author provides a comprehensive and well-researched analysis, drawing on a wide range of sources and expertise to present a comprehensive overview of the PMC industry. This book is essential reading for scholars, policymakers, military professionals, and anyone interested in understanding the contemporary landscape of warfare and the evolving role of private military companies. It serves as a call to action, urging readers to engage in meaningful discussions and debates about the ethical, legal, and strategic implications of the growing influence of private actors in the world's conflicts.

Armies Without States

Author : Robert Mandel
Publisher : Lynne Rienner Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781588260666
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (66 download)

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Book Synopsis Armies Without States by : Robert Mandel

Download or read book Armies Without States written by Robert Mandel and published by Lynne Rienner Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book concludes with an assessment of the complexities surrounding responses to security privatization - and an exploration of when, and whether, it should be promoted rather than prevented."--BOOK JACKET.

Outsourcing Security

Author : Bruce E. Stanley
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 1612347177
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (123 download)

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Book Synopsis Outsourcing Security by : Bruce E. Stanley

Download or read book Outsourcing Security written by Bruce E. Stanley and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-07-15 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faced with a decreasing supply of national troops, dwindling defense budgets, and the ever-rising demand for boots on the ground in global conflicts and humanitarian emergencies, decision makers are left with little choice but to legalize and legitimize the use of private military contractors (PMCs). Outsourcing Security examines the impact that bureaucratic controls and the increasing permissiveness of security environments have had on the U.S. military’s growing use of PMCs during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Bruce E. Stanley examines the relationship between the rise of the private security industry and five potential explanatory variables tied to supply-and-demand theory in six historical cases, including Operation Desert Storm in 1991, the U.S. intervention in Bosnia in 1995, and Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Outsourcing Security is the only work that moves beyond a descriptive account of the rise of PMCs to lay out a precise theory explaining the phenomenon and providing a framework for those considering PMCs in future global interaction.

Outsourcing the Global War on Terrorism

Author : G. Lovewine
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137370262
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis Outsourcing the Global War on Terrorism by : G. Lovewine

Download or read book Outsourcing the Global War on Terrorism written by G. Lovewine and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-04-09 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US military strategy in Iraq and Afghanistan made use of private military and private security companies on an unprecedented scale. In this environment, actions and operations can greatly affect the efficacy of the US military - creating unintended diplomatic and tactical consequences.

Private Military Companies: The future armies

Author : Daniel B. Smith
Publisher : Daniel B. Smith
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Private Military Companies: The future armies by : Daniel B. Smith

Download or read book Private Military Companies: The future armies written by Daniel B. Smith and published by Daniel B. Smith. This book was released on 2023-07-05 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for security expressed by various actors has resulted in both the private military companies and private security companies. I consider those actors being very important in the overall design of the security, taking into account their capabilities, and the ability to act in contexts ranging from high-level to the individual level. The totality of private security actors, from a private military company that produces next-generation weapons to be used by a national army, to a private detective, influences the global security, regional security, national, local and individual security.

Emergence and Use of Private Armies Within the Un

Author : Omega Series
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781790168897
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (688 download)

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Book Synopsis Emergence and Use of Private Armies Within the Un by : Omega Series

Download or read book Emergence and Use of Private Armies Within the Un written by Omega Series and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-21 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Private companies provide security and military services to states, international organizations, international non-governmental organizations, and individuals. This book addresses the United Nation's use of private security and military companies. The study looks into the characteristics of this practice and subsequently provides some explanations for the pattern and rationale thereof. The systematization of compiled data on 32 contracts between the UN and private security and military companies (PSCs and PMCs) reveals that three main categories of services are supplied; Security services, logistic and support services, and what is here collectively termed expert services.The analytical framework deployed focuses both on enhanced need on part of the UN, and on enhanced offer from the private sector. The role of the private security and military industry has evolved substantially since the beginning of the 1990s when the phenomenon was first paid attention to in academic writing. In order to explain the UN's use of these companies, both the UN organization and the industry as such is subject to examination. A twofold analytical framework is thus presented. Interviews and official documents are used to examine the validity of five propositions derived from the analytical framework. The propositions regarding UN demand suggest both radicalized external operating environments and internal organizational capacities have contributed to the UN deploying PSCs and PMCs. On the supply side, the last set of propositions indicate that comprehensive image refinement efforts on part of the industry have added to the UN deploying these companies, while quantitative expansion of the industry does not appear to influence UN PSC/PMC contracting in a direct manner.This book thus argues that the UN's use of PSCs and PMCs can be explained by the UN simultaneously facing more difficult premises for its operations, enhanced expectations for action, and proportionally deteriorated internal capacity. The private security and military industry on its part has detected the UN potential market and strive to accommodate to the demands of this potentially very profitable market.

Servants of War

Author : Rolf Uesseler
Publisher : Catapult
ISBN 13 : 159376202X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (937 download)

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Book Synopsis Servants of War by : Rolf Uesseler

Download or read book Servants of War written by Rolf Uesseler and published by Catapult. This book was released on 2008-12-16 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Private military firms are making a killing. They operate on all continents throughout the world—commissioned by governments, intelligence agencies, private industries, warlords, drug cartels, and rebel groups to support their military and safety interests. Here in the U.S., as the massively expensive war in Iraq shows no signs of ending, our forces grow more and more dependent on the assistance of military contractors. Beyond Iraq, engagements of mercenary firms in foreign countries are multiplying, whether to protect oil investments in the Nigerian delta or for humanitarian reasons in Darfur. In this far-reaching exposé, Rolf Uesseler reveals how these mercenary firms profit from conflict: As they operate in a legal twilight zone, the private nature of their work frequently makes them legally impermeable and financially profitable. Uesseler details the many ways in which employment of for-profit fighters compromises justice, jeopardizes international peace and stability, and manages to escape public scrutiny, explaining exactly what happens when military operations are shielded from democratic processes, and when the concern for justice and security is overshadowed by the desire for financial gain.

Privatizing War

Author : William Feldman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317620852
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Privatizing War by : William Feldman

Download or read book Privatizing War written by William Feldman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-06-17 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive moral theory of privatization in war. It examines the kind of wars that private actors might wage separate from the state and the kind of wars that private actors might wage as functionaries of the state. The first type of war serves to probe the ad bellum question of whether private actors can justifiably authorize war, while the second type of war serves to probe the in bello question of whether private actors can justifiably participate in war. The cases that drive the analysis are drawn from the rich and complicated history of private military action, stretching back centuries to the Italian city-states whose mercenaries were reviled by Machiavelli. The book also takes up the hypothetical examples conjured by philosophers—the private protective agencies of Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State, and Utopia, for example, and the private armies of Thomas More’s Utopia. The aim of this book is to propose a theory of privatization that retains currency not only in assessing current military engagements, but past and future ones as well. In doing so, it also raises a set of important questions about the very enterprise of war. This book will be of much interest to students of ethics, political philosophy, military studies, international relations, war and conflict studies, and security studies.

Military Interventions in Sierra Leone: Lessons From a Failed State

Author : Larry J. Woods
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1257130293
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (571 download)

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Book Synopsis Military Interventions in Sierra Leone: Lessons From a Failed State by : Larry J. Woods

Download or read book Military Interventions in Sierra Leone: Lessons From a Failed State written by Larry J. Woods and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2011-03-31 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study by Larry J. Woods and Colonel Timothy R. Reese analyzes the massive turmoil afflicting the nation of Sierra Leone, 1995-2002, and the efforts by a variety of outside forces to bring lasting stability to that small country. The taxonomy of intervention ranged from private mercenary armies, through the Economic Community of West African States, to the United Nations and the United Kingdom. In every case, those who intervened encountered a common set of difficulties that had to be overcome. Unsurprisingly, they also discovered challenges unique to their own organizations and political circumstances. This cogent analysis of recent interventions in Sierra Leone represents a cautionary tale that political leaders and military planners contemplating intervention in Africa ignore at their peril. (Originally published by the Combat Studies Institute)

The Morality of Private War

Author : James Pattison
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191663689
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Morality of Private War by : James Pattison

Download or read book The Morality of Private War written by James Pattison and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-05-29 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased use of private military and security companies (PMSCs) is often said to be one of the most significant changes to the military in recent times. The Morality of Private War: The Challenge of Private Military and Security Companies provides a detailed assessment of the moral arguments for and against the use of PMSCs. In doing so, it considers objections to private force at the employee, employer, and international levels. For instance, does the potential for private contractors to possess mercenary motives affect whether they can use military force? Does a state abdicate an essential responsibility when it employs PMSCs? Is the use of PMSCs morally preferable to the alternatives, such as an all-volunteer force and a conscripted army? What are the effects of treating military services as a commodity for the governing rules of the international system? Overall, The Morality of Private War argues that private military force leads to not only contingent moral problems stemming from the lack of effective regulation, but also several deeper, more fundamental problems that mean that public force should be preferred. Nevertheless, it also argues that, despite these problems, PMSCs can sometimes (although rarely) be morally permissibly used. Ultimately, The Morality of Private War argues that the challenges posed by the use of PMSCs mean that we need to reconsider how military force ought to be organized and to reform our thinking about the ethics of war and, in particular, Just War Theory.