Primeros Memoriales

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Primeros Memoriales

Author : Bernardino de Sahagún
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 9780806129099
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Primeros Memoriales by : Bernardino de Sahagún

Download or read book Primeros Memoriales written by Bernardino de Sahagún and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primeros Memoriales is here published for the first time in its entirety both in the original Nahuatl and in English translation. The volume follows the manuscript order reconstructed for the Primeros Memoriales by Francisco del Paso y Troncoso in his 1905-1907 facsimile edition of the collection of Sahaguntine manuscripts he called Codices Matritenses. During the 1960s, Thelma D. Sullivan, a Nahuatl scholar living in Mexico, began a paleographic transcription of the Primeros Memoriales, along with an English translation. After Sullivan's death in 1981, a group of her colleagues finished, enlarged, and annotated her project. This long-awaited publication makes available to specialists and interested laypersons alike an invaluable portion of the remarkable Sahaguntine treasure of information on sixteenth-century Aztec society.

Primeros Memoriales

Author : Bernardino de Sahagún
Publisher : Civilization of the American I
ISBN 13 : 9780806116884
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (168 download)

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Book Synopsis Primeros Memoriales by : Bernardino de Sahagún

Download or read book Primeros Memoriales written by Bernardino de Sahagún and published by Civilization of the American I. This book was released on 1993 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a full-color facsimile edition of Primeros Memoriales by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún and is a valuable document providing great understanding and knowledge of provincial Mesoamerican civilization.

The Essential Codex Mendoza

Author : Frances Berdan
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520204546
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis The Essential Codex Mendoza by : Frances Berdan

Download or read book The Essential Codex Mendoza written by Frances Berdan and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consists of v. 2 and 4 of Berdan and Anawalt's The Codex Mendoza (4 v. -- Berkeley : University of California Press, c1992).

Insignia of Rank in the Nahua World

Author : Justyna Olko
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1607322412
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Insignia of Rank in the Nahua World by : Justyna Olko

Download or read book Insignia of Rank in the Nahua World written by Justyna Olko and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2014-06-15 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This significant work reconstructs the repertory of insignia of rank and the contexts and symbolic meanings of their use, along with their original terminology, among the Nahuatl-speaking communities of Mesoamerica from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries. Attributes of rank carried profound symbolic meaning, encoding subtle messages about political and social status, ethnic and gender identity, regional origin, individual and community history, and claims to privilege. Olko engages with and builds upon extensive worldwide scholarship and skillfully illuminates this complex topic, creating a vital contribution to the fields of pre-Columbian and colonial Mexican studies. It is the first book to integrate pre- and post-contact perspectives, uniting concepts and epochs usually studied separately. A wealth of illustrations accompanies the contextual analysis and provides essential depth to this critical work. Insignia of Rank in the Nahua World substantially expands and elaborates on the themes of Olko's Turquoise Diadems and Staffs of Office, originally published in Poland and never released in North America.

Descendants of Aztec Pictography

Author : Elizabeth Hill Boone
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477329358
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis Descendants of Aztec Pictography by : Elizabeth Hill Boone

Download or read book Descendants of Aztec Pictography written by Elizabeth Hill Boone and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2023-09-15 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the aftermath of the sixteenth-century Spanish conquest of Mexico, Spanish friars and authorities partnered with indigenous rulers and savants to gather detailed information on Aztec history, religious beliefs, and culture. The pictorial books they created served the Spanish as aids to evangelization and governance, but their content came from the native intellectuals, painters, and writers who helped to create them. Examining the nine major surviving texts, preeminent Latin American art historian Elizabeth Hill Boone explores how indigenous artists and writers documented their ancestral culture. Analyzing the texts as one distinct corpus, Boone shows how they combined European and indigenous traditions of documentation and considers questions of motive, authorship, and audience. For Spanish authorities, she shows, the books revealed Aztec ideology and practice, while for the indigenous community, they preserved venerated ways of pictorial expression as well as rhetorical and linguistic features of ancient discourses. The first comparative analysis of these encyclopedias, Descendants of Aztec Pictography analyzes how the painted compilations embraced artistic traditions from both sides of the Atlantic.

The Florentine Codex

Author : Jeanette Favrot Peterson
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477318402
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis The Florentine Codex by : Jeanette Favrot Peterson

Download or read book The Florentine Codex written by Jeanette Favrot Peterson and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the sixteenth century, the Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún and a team of indigenous grammarians, scribes, and painters completed decades of work on an extraordinary encyclopedic project titled General History of the Things of New Spain, known as the Florentine Codex (1575–1577). Now housed in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence and bound in three lavishly illustrated volumes, the codex is a remarkable product of cultural exchange in the early Americas. In this edited volume, experts from multiple disciplines analyze the manuscript’s bilingual texts and more than 2,000 painted images and offer fascinating, new insights on its twelve books. The contributors examine the “three texts” of the codex—the original Nahuatl, its translation into Spanish, and its painted images. Together, these constitute complementary, as well as conflicting, voices of an extended dialogue that occurred in and around Mexico City. The volume chapters address a range of subjects, from Nahua sacred beliefs, moral discourse, and natural history to the Florentine artists’ models and the manuscript’s reception in Europe. The Florentine Codex ultimately yields new perspectives on the Nahua world several decades after the fall of the Aztec empire.

Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volumes 14 and 15

Author : Robert Wauchope
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477306889
Total Pages : 831 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volumes 14 and 15 by : Robert Wauchope

Download or read book Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volumes 14 and 15 written by Robert Wauchope and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2015-02-18 with total page 831 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volumes 14 and 15 of the Handbook of Middle American Indians, published in cooperation with the Middle American Research Institute of Tulane University under the general editorship of Robert Wauchope (1909–1979), constitute Parts 3 and 4 of the Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources. The Guide has been assembled under the volume editorship of the late Howard F. Cline, Director of the Hispanic Foundation in the Library of Congress, with Charles Gibson, John B. Glass, and H. B. Nicholson as associate volume editors. It covers geography and ethnogeography (Volume 12); sources in the European tradition (Volume 13); and sources in the native tradition: prose and pictorial materials, checklist of repositories, title and synonymy index, and annotated bibliography on native sources (Volumes 14 and 15). The present volumes contain the following studies on sources in the native tradition: “A Survey of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts,” by John B. Glass “A Census of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts,” by John B. Glass in collaboration with Donald Robertson “Techialoyan Manuscripts and Paintings, with a Catalog,” by Donald Robertson “A Census of Middle American Testerian Manuscripts,” by John B. Glass “A Catalog of Falsified Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts,” by John B. Glass “Prose Sources in the Native Historical Tradition,” by Charles Gibson and John B. Glass “A Checklist of Institutional Holdings of Middle American Manuscripts in the Native Historical Tradition,” by John B. Glass “The Botutini Collection,” by John B. Glass “Middle American Ethnohistory: An Overview” by H. B. Nicholson The Handbook of Middle American Indians was assembled and edited at the Middle American Research Institute of Tulane University with the assistance of grants from the National Science Foundation and under the sponsorship of the National Research Council Committee on Latin American Anthropology.

Bernardino de Sahagun

Author : Miguel Leon-Portilla
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806181346
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Bernardino de Sahagun by : Miguel Leon-Portilla

Download or read book Bernardino de Sahagun written by Miguel Leon-Portilla and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2012-09-13 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: He was sent from Spain on a religious crusade to Mexico to “detect the sickness of idolatry,” but Bernardino de Sahagún (c. 1499-1590) instead became the first anthropologist of the New World. The Franciscan monk developed a deep appreciation for Aztec culture and the Nahuatl language. In this biography, Miguel León-Portilla presents the life story of a fascinating man who came to Mexico intent on changing the traditions and cultures he encountered but instead ended up working to preserve them, even at the cost of persecution. Sahagún was responsible for documenting numerous ancient texts and other native testimonies. He persevered in his efforts to study the native Aztecs until he had developed his own research methodology, becoming a pioneer of anthropology. Sahagún formed a school of Nahua scribes and labored with them for more than sixty years to transcribe the pre-conquest language and culture of the Nahuas. His rich legacy, our most comprehensive account of the Aztecs, is contained in his Primeros Memoriales (1561) and Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España (1577). Near the end of his life at age 91, Sahagún became so protective of the Aztecs that when he died, his former Indian students and many others felt deeply affected. Translated into English by Mauricio J. Mixco, León-Portilla’s absorbing account presents Sahagún as a complex individual–a man of his times yet a pioneer in many ways.

Texcoco

Author : Jongsoo Lee
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1607322846
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Texcoco by : Jongsoo Lee

Download or read book Texcoco written by Jongsoo Lee and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2014-07-15 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Texcoco: Prehispanic and Colonial Perspectives presents an in-depth, highly nuanced historical understanding of this major indigenous Mesoamerican city from the conquest through the present. The book argues for the need to revise conclusions of past scholarship on familiar topics, deals with current debates that derive from differences in the way scholars view abundant and diverse iconographic and alphabetic sources, and proposes a new look at Texcocan history and culture from different academic disciplines. Contributors address some of the most pressing issues in Texcocan studies and bring new ones to light: the role of Texcoco in the Aztec empire, the construction and transformation of Prehispanic history in the colonial period, the continuity and transformation of indigenous culture and politics after the conquest, and the nature and importance of iconographic and alphabetic texts that originated in this city-state, such as the Codex Xolotl, the Mapa Quinatzin, and Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl’s chronicles. Multiple scholarly perspectives and methodological approaches offer alternative paradigms of research and open a needed dialogue among disciplines—social, political, literary, and art history, as well as the history of science. This comprehensive overview of Prehispanic and colonial Texcoco will be of interest to Mesoamerican scholars in the social sciences and humanities.

Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 13

Author : Robert Wauchope
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 9780292701533
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 13 by : Robert Wauchope

Download or read book Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 13 written by Robert Wauchope and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 1964 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is part of an encyclopedia set concerning the environment, archaeology, ethnology, social anthropology, ethnohistory, linguistics and physical anthropology of the native peoples of Mexico and Central America. The Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources is comprised of volumes 12-15 of this set. Volume 13 presents a look at pre-Columbian Mesoamerican from a combined historical and anthropological viewpoint, using official ecclesiastical and government records from the time.

Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 13

Author : Howard F. Cline
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477306838
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 13 by : Howard F. Cline

Download or read book Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 13 written by Howard F. Cline and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 1974-01-01 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 13 of the Handbook of Middle American Indians, published in cooperation with the Middle American Research Institute of Tulane University under the general editorship of Robert Wauchope (1909–1979), constitutes Part 2 of the Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources. The Guide has been assembled under the volume editorship of the late Howard F. Cline, Director of the Hispanic Foundation in the Library of Congress, with Charles Gibson, John B. Glass, and H. B. Nicholson as associate volume editors. It covers geography and ethnogeography (Volume 12); sources in the European tradition (Volume 13); and sources in the native tradition (Volumes 14 and 15). The present volume contains the following studies on sources in the European tradition: “Published Collections of Documents Relating to Middle American Ethnohistory,” by Charles Gibson “An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America, 1503–1818,” by J. Benedict Warren “Religious Chroniclers and Historians: A Summary with Annotated Bibliography,” by Ernest J. Burrus, S.J. “Bernardino de Sahagún,” by Luis Nicolau d’Olwer, Howard F. Cline, and H. B. Nicholson “Antonio de Herrera,” by Manuel Ballesteros Gaibrois “Juan de Torquemada,” by José Alcina Franch “Francisco Javier Clavigero,” by Charles E. Ronan, S.J. “Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg,” by Carroll Edward Mace “Hubert Howe Bancroft,” by Howard F. Cline “Eduard Georg Seler,” by H. B. Nicholson “Selected Nineteenth-Century Mexican Writers on Ethnohistory,” by Howard F. Cline The Handbook of Middle American Indians was assembled and edited at the Middle American Research Institute of Tulane University with the assistance of grants from the National Science Foundation and under the sponsorship of the National Research Council Committee on Latin American Anthropology.

Fanning the Sacred Flame

Author : Brian D. Dillon
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 145711173X
Total Pages : 617 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (571 download)

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Book Synopsis Fanning the Sacred Flame by : Brian D. Dillon

Download or read book Fanning the Sacred Flame written by Brian D. Dillon and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fanning the Sacred Flame: Mesoamerican Studies in Honor of H. B. Nicholson contains twenty-two original papers in tribute to H. B. "Nick" Nicholson, a pioneer of Mesoamerican research. His intellectual legacy is recognized by Mesoamerican archaeologists, art historians, ethnohistorians, and ethnographers--students, colleagues, and friends who derived inspiration and encouragement from him throughout their own careers. Each chapter, which presents original research inspired by Nicholson, pays tribute to the teacher, writer, lecturer, friend, and mentor who became a legend within his own lifetime. Covering all of Mesoamerica across all time periods, contributors include Patricia R. Anawalt, Alfredo López Austin, Anthony Aveni, Robert M. Carmack, David C. Grove, Richard D. Hansen, Leonardo López Luján, Kevin Terraciano, and more. Eloise Quiñones Keber provides a thorough biographical sketch, detailing Nicholson's academic and professional journey.

The Fifteenth Month

Author : John F. Schwaller
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806164107
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The Fifteenth Month by : John F. Schwaller

Download or read book The Fifteenth Month written by John F. Schwaller and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2019-05-02 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mexica (Aztecs) used a solar calendar made up of eighteen months, with each month dedicated to a specific god in their pantheon and celebrated with a different set of rituals. Panquetzaliztli, the fifteenth month, dedicated to the national god Huitzilopochtli (Hummingbird on the Left), was significant for its proximity to the winter solstice, and for the fact that it marked the beginning of the season of warfare. In The Fifteenth Month, John F. Schwaller offers a detailed look at how the celebrations of Panquetzaliztli changed over time and what these changes reveal about the history of the Aztecs. Drawing on a variety of sources, Schwaller deduces that prior to the rise of the Mexica in 1427, an earlier version of the month was dedicated to the god Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror), a war and trickster god. The Mexica shifted the dedication to their god, developed a series of ceremonies—including long-distance running and human sacrifice—that would associate him with the sun, and changed the emphasis of the celebration from warfare alone to a combination of trade and warfare, since merchants played a significant role in Mexica statecraft. Further investigation shows how the resulting festival commemorated several important moments in Mexica history, how it came to include ceremonies associated with the winter solstice, and how it reflected a calendar reform implemented shortly before the arrival of the Spanish. Focused on one of the most important months in the Mexica year, Schwaller’s work marks a new methodology in which traditional sources for Mexica culture, rather than being interrogated for their specific content, are read for their insights into the historical development of the people. Just as Christmas re-creates the historic act of the birth of Jesus for Christians, so, The Fifteenth Month suggests, Panquetzaliztli was a symbolic re-creation of events from Mexica myths and history.

Dancing the New World

Author : Paul A. Scolieri
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292748914
Total Pages : 594 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Dancing the New World by : Paul A. Scolieri

Download or read book Dancing the New World written by Paul A. Scolieri and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2013-05-01 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner, Oscar G. Brockett Book Prize in Dance Research, 2014 Honorable Mention, Sally Banes Publication Prize, American Society for Theatre Research, 2014 de la Torre Bueno® Special Citation, Society of Dance History Scholars, 2013 From Christopher Columbus to “first anthropologist” Friar Bernardino de Sahagún, fifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorers, conquistadors, clerics, scientists, and travelers wrote about the “Indian” dances they encountered throughout the New World. This was especially true of Spanish missionaries who intensively studied and documented native dances in an attempt to identify and eradicate the “idolatrous” behaviors of the Aztec, the largest indigenous empire in Mesoamerica at the time of its European discovery. Dancing the New World traces the transformation of the Aztec empire into a Spanish colony through written and visual representations of dance in colonial discourse—the vast constellation of chronicles, histories, letters, and travel books by Europeans in and about the New World. Scolieri analyzes how the chroniclers used the Indian dancing body to represent their own experiences of wonder and terror in the New World, as well as to justify, lament, and/or deny their role in its political, spiritual, and physical conquest. He also reveals that Spaniards and Aztecs shared an understanding that dance played an important role in the formation, maintenance, and representation of imperial power, and describes how Spaniards compelled Indians to perform dances that dramatized their own conquest, thereby transforming them into colonial subjects. Scolieri’s pathfinding analysis of the vast colonial “dance archive” conclusively demonstrates that dance played a crucial role in one of the defining moments in modern history—the European colonization of the Americas.

Tezcatlipoca

Author : Elizabeth Baquedano
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1457188554
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (571 download)

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Book Synopsis Tezcatlipoca by : Elizabeth Baquedano

Download or read book Tezcatlipoca written by Elizabeth Baquedano and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2014-02-12 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity brings archaeological evidence into the body of scholarship on “the lord of the smoking mirror,” one of the most important Aztec deities. While iconographic and textual resources from sixteenth-century chroniclers and codices have contributed greatly to the understanding of Aztec religious beliefs and practices, contributors to this volume demonstrate the diverse ways material evidence expands on these traditional sources. The interlocking complexities of Tezcatlipoca’s nature, multiple roles, and metaphorical attributes illustrate the extent to which his influence penetrated Aztec belief and social action across all levels of late Postclassic central Mexican culture. Tezcatlipoca examines the results of archaeological investigations—objects like obsidian mirrors, gold, bells, public stone monuments, and even a mosaic skull—and reveals new insights into the supreme deity of the Aztec pantheon and his role in Aztec culture.

Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate

Author : Elizabeth Hill Boone
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292756569
Total Pages : 527 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate by : Elizabeth Hill Boone

Download or read book Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate written by Elizabeth Hill Boone and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2013-05-17 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In communities throughout precontact Mesoamerica, calendar priests and diviners relied on pictographic almanacs to predict the fate of newborns, to guide people in choosing marriage partners and auspicious wedding dates, to know when to plant and harvest crops, and to be successful in many of life's activities. As the Spanish colonized Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century, they made a determined effort to destroy these books, in which the Aztec and neighboring peoples recorded their understanding of the invisible world of the sacred calendar and the cosmic forces and supernaturals that adhered to time. Today, only a few of these divinatory codices survive. Visually complex, esoteric, and strikingly beautiful, painted books such as the famous Codex Borgia and Codex Borbonicus still serve as portals into the ancient Mexican calendrical systems and the cycles of time and meaning they encode. In this comprehensive study, Elizabeth Hill Boone analyzes the entire extant corpus of Mexican divinatory codices and offers a masterful explanation of the genre as a whole. She introduces the sacred, divinatory calendar and the calendar priests and diviners who owned and used the books. Boone then explains the graphic vocabulary of the calendar and its prophetic forces and describes the organizing principles that structure the codices. She shows how they form almanacs that either offer general purpose guidance or focus topically on specific aspects of life, such as birth, marriage, agriculture and rain, travel, and the forces of the planet Venus. Boone also tackles two major areas of controversy—the great narrative passage in the Codex Borgia, which she freshly interprets as a cosmic narrative of creation, and the disputed origins of the codices, which, she argues, grew out of a single religious and divinatory system.

Rites, Rituals & Religions

Author : Dr Debra D Andrist
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1782847898
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (828 download)

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Book Synopsis Rites, Rituals & Religions by : Dr Debra D Andrist

Download or read book Rites, Rituals & Religions written by Dr Debra D Andrist and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2023-04-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Philosophers have contemplated the meaning of life, the who & the why, since nascent self-consciousness of the evolving hominid species. Yet practical efforts, i.e., control of life, have always transcended the philosophical: how to dominate what happens to the physical body itself, how to control the environment, and the interaction therefrom. Thus are born rites, rituals & religions. A rite can be a prescribed religious or other solemn ceremony or act it can be a social custom or practice, or even a mundane conventional act. A ritual can be the established form for a ceremony, the order of words used for example; a ritual observance can be either a system of ceremonial acts or actions, or an act or series of acts regularly repeated in a set precise manner. Religion generally encompasses a socio-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements. Religion is a set of beliefs, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances (rites and rituals). Control efforts highlighted in this volume range from prehistoric cave paintings, Amerindian ceremonies, Christian denominational (especially Roman Catholic), traditions & Afro-Caribbean syncretic rites, to crossovers, which deal with the more socio-cultural rites of passage like the quinceanera, and/or dance rites & rituals like the Southern Cone tango, African candombe, Cuban habanera and European waltzes and polkas and the corrida, from the public ritual known as tauromaquia. The premise behind this comparative volume is to discover how rites, rituals & religions are addressed in real life in these divergent societies by exploring the visual and literary representations of control. Rites, Rituals and Religions is eighth and final volume in the Hispanic Worlds series