Practice And Science Of Religion A Study Of Method In Comparative Religion Scholars Choice Edition

Download Practice And Science Of Religion A Study Of Method In Comparative Religion Scholars Choice Edition full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Practice And Science Of Religion A Study Of Method In Comparative Religion Scholars Choice Edition ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Practice and Science of Religion; A Study of Method in Comparative Religion - Scholar's Choice Edition

Author : Woods James Haughton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781296349325
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (493 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Practice and Science of Religion; A Study of Method in Comparative Religion - Scholar's Choice Edition by : Woods James Haughton

Download or read book Practice and Science of Religion; A Study of Method in Comparative Religion - Scholar's Choice Edition written by Woods James Haughton and published by . This book was released on 2015-02-19 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Practice and Scince of Religion Astudy of Method in Comparative Religion - Scholar's Choice Edition

Author : James Haughton Woods
Publisher : Scholar's Choice
ISBN 13 : 9781297136542
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Practice and Scince of Religion Astudy of Method in Comparative Religion - Scholar's Choice Edition by : James Haughton Woods

Download or read book Practice and Scince of Religion Astudy of Method in Comparative Religion - Scholar's Choice Edition written by James Haughton Woods and published by Scholar's Choice. This book was released on 2015-02-17 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Considering Comparison

Author : Oliver Freiberger
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019092912X
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Considering Comparison by : Oliver Freiberger

Download or read book Considering Comparison written by Oliver Freiberger and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-02 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The comparative method is an integral part of religious studies. All the technical terms that scholars of religion use on a daily basis, such as ritual, hagiography, shrine, authority, fundamentalism, hybridity, and, of course, religion, are comparative terms. Yet comparison has been subject to criticism, including postcolonialist and postmodernist critiques. Older approaches are said to have used comparison primarily to confirm preconceptions about religion. More recently, comparison has been criticized as an act of abstraction that does injustice to the particular, neglects differences, and establishes a mostly Western power of definition over the rest of the world. In this book, Oliver Freiberger takes a closer look at how comparison works. Revisiting critical debates and examining reflections in other disciplines, including comparative history, sociology, comparative theology, and anthropology, Freiberger proposes a model of comparison that is based on a thorough epistemological analysis and that takes both the scholar's situatedness and his or her agency seriously. Examining numerous examples of comparative studies, Considering Comparison develops a methodological framework for conducting and evaluating such studies. Freiberger suggests a comparative approach - which he calls discourse comparison - that confronts the omnipresent risks of decontextualization, essentialization, and universalization. This book makes a case for comparison, arguing that it is indispensable for a deeper analytical understanding of what we call religion. The book is intended to enrich the practice of both aspiring and seasoned comparativists, stimulate much-needed further discussions about comparative methodology, and encourage more scholars to produce responsible comparative studies.

Theory and Method in Religious Studies

Author : Frank Whaling
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110815818
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Theory and Method in Religious Studies by : Frank Whaling

Download or read book Theory and Method in Religious Studies written by Frank Whaling and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-10-25 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paperback edition contains selected articles from the original clothbound editions of Contemporary Approaches to The Study of Religion. Vol I: The Humanities. Vol II: The Social Sciences. (Religion and Reason, 27/28).

Theory and Method in the Study of Religion

Author : Carl Olson
Publisher : Cengage Learning
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Theory and Method in the Study of Religion by : Carl Olson

Download or read book Theory and Method in the Study of Religion written by Carl Olson and published by Cengage Learning. This book was released on 2003 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology provides students with a useful collection of theoretical essays concerning the nature of religion and the methodological means by which scholars analytically approach the subject. Organized in a point/counterpoint fashion, this volume will foster in-class discussion and the honing of a student's own critical perspectives.

Against Methodology in Science and Religion

Author : Josh Reeves
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135110375X
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Against Methodology in Science and Religion by : Josh Reeves

Download or read book Against Methodology in Science and Religion written by Josh Reeves and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-14 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its development as a field over the last part of the twentieth century, scholars in science and religion have been heavily concerned with methodological issues. Following the lead of Thomas Kuhn, many scholars in this interdisciplinary field have offered proposals that purport to show how theology and science are compatible by appropriating theories of scientific methodology or rationality. Arguing against this strategy, this book shows why much of this methodological work is at odds with recent developments in the history and philosophy of science and should be reconsidered. Firstly, three influential methodological proposals are critiqued: Lakatosian research programs, Alister McGrath’s "Scientific Theology" and the Postfoundationalist project of Wentzel van Huyssteen. Each of these approaches is shown to have a common failing: the idea that science has an essential nature, with features that unite "scientific" or even "rational" inquiry across time or disciplines. After outlining the issues this failing could have on the viability of the field, the book concludes by arguing that there are several ways scholarship in science and religion can move forward, even if the terms "science" and "religion" do not refer to something universally valid or philosophically useful. This is a bold study of the methodology of science and religion that pushes both subjects to consider the other more carefully. As such, it will be of great interest to scholars in religious studies, theology and the philosophy of science.

Science and Religion

Author : Joshua M. Moritz
Publisher : Anselm Academic Christian Brothers Pub.
ISBN 13 : 9781599827155
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (271 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Science and Religion by : Joshua M. Moritz

Download or read book Science and Religion written by Joshua M. Moritz and published by Anselm Academic Christian Brothers Pub.. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "One of the many virtues of Joshua Moritz's well-structured and wide-ranging introduction to the relation between science and religion is its resourceful use of historical scholarship to illuminate the origins and demonstrate the limitations of an all-pervasive conflict model. Ambitious and controversial in its bid to replace conflict with peace at every opportunity, Science and Religion will be accessible and stimulating for a general audience, as well as constituting what will prove to be a successful student text." --John Hedley Brooke University of Oxford What happens when religious faith meets scientific facts? Many believe that conflict defines the relationship between science and religion, especially the Christian religion. But the war between faith and science is a myth--a very popular myth--that has endured for too long. By investigating the root of this myth and reexamining its classic stories, Science and Religion: Beyond Warfare and Toward Understanding offers a more accurate relationship between science and religion. With a focus on Christianity, the text explores causes of contemporary conflicts and cases in which science and religion have interacted in mutually beneficial ways to demonstrate that, in the relationship between science and religion, harmony is more common than discord. Joshua M. Moritz is a lecturer of philosophical theology and natural science at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley and an adjunct professor of philosophy at the University of San Francisco.

Theory and Method in the Study of Religion

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004257578
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Theory and Method in the Study of Religion by :

Download or read book Theory and Method in the Study of Religion written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2013-09-26 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theory and Method are two words that cause considerable consternation in the academic study of religion. Although everyone claims to be aware of and to engage them, the fact of the matter is that they remain poorly understood. Some see the terms as irritants that get in the way of data interpretation and translation. Others may invoke them sporadically to appear in vogue but then return quickly and myopically to their material and with little concern for the larger issues that such terms raise. To contribute to these debates, the present volume reproduces select articles from Method and Theory in the Study of Religion (MTSR) from the first 25 volumes of the journal, and allows a group of younger scholars to introduce and review them, asking if the issues raised are still relevant to the field. Contributors include: Matt Sheedy, Robert A. Segal, James B. Apple, Neil McMullin, Rebekka King, Russell McCutcheon, Craig Martin, Donal Wiebe, Emma Cohen, Robert N. McCauley, E. Thomas Lawson, Steven Engler, Mark Q. Gardiner, Bruce Lincoln, Sarah E. Rollens, Burton Mack, Yasmin Merchant, Herb Bergh, Jennifer Hall, Darlene Juschka, Ella Paldam, and Armin Geertz.

Method as Identity

Author : Christopher M. Driscoll
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 1498565638
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Method as Identity by : Christopher M. Driscoll

Download or read book Method as Identity written by Christopher M. Driscoll and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2020-07-02 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Method as Identity: Manufacturing Distance in the Academic Study of Religion emphasizes the inexorable influence that social identities exert in shaping methodological choices within the academic study of religion, as witnessed in sui generis appeals to particularity and reliance on (or rejection of) identity-based standpoints. Can data speak back, and if so, would scholars have ears to listen? With a refreshing hip hop sensibility, Miller and Driscoll argue that what cultural theorist Jean-François Bayart refers to as a “battle for identity” forces a necessary confrontation with the (impact of) social identities (and, their histories) haunting our fields of study. These complex categorical specters make it nearly impossible to untether the categories of identity that we come to study from the identity of categories shaping our methodological lenses. Treating method as an identity-revealing technique of distance-making between the “proper” scholar and the less-than-scholarly advocate for religion, Miller and Driscoll examine a variety of discursive milieus of vagueness (consider for instance “essentialism,” “origins,” “authenticity”) at work in the contemporary discussion of “critical” methods that lack the necessary specificity for doing the heavy-lifting of analytically handling the asymmetrical dimensions of power part and parcel to social identification. Through interdisciplinary discussions that draw on thinkers including Charles H Long, Bruce Lincoln, Russell T. McCutcheon, Theodor Adorno, Jacques Derrida, C. Wright Mills, Laurel C. Schneider, William D. Hart, Tomoko Masuzawa, Anthony B. Pinn, bell hooks, Roderick Ferguson, John L. Jackson, Jasbir Puar, and Jean-François Bayart, among others, Method as Identity intentionally blurs the lines classifying “proper” scholarly approach and proper “objects” of study. With an intentional effort to challenge the de facto disciplinary segregation marking the field and study of religion today, Method as Identity will be of interest to scholars involved in discussions about theory and method for the study of religion, and especially researchers working at the intersections of identity, difference, and classification—and the politics thereof.

The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion

Author : Steven Engler
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136577645
Total Pages : 688 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion by : Steven Engler

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion written by Steven Engler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive survey in English of research methods in the field of religious studies. It is designed to enable non-specialists and students at upper undergraduate and graduate levels to understand the variety of research methods used in the field. The aim is to create awareness of the relevant methods currently available and to stimulate an active interest in exploring unfamiliar methods, encouraging their use in research and enabling students and scholars to evaluate academic work with reference to methodological issues. A distinguished team of contributors cover a broad spectrum of topics, from research ethics, hermeneutics and interviewing, to Internet research and video-analysis. Each chapter covers practical issues and challenges, the theoretical basis of the respective method, and the way it has been used in religious studies, illustrated by case studies.

Perspectives on Method and Theory in the Study of Religion

Author : Armin Geertz
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047427181
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Perspectives on Method and Theory in the Study of Religion by : Armin Geertz

Download or read book Perspectives on Method and Theory in the Study of Religion written by Armin Geertz and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2000-04-20 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume collects select papers on methodology in the study of religion that were originally presented at the XVIIth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, held in Mexico City in 1995. Granted the status of adjunct proceedings for the Congress, the collection opens with the editors’ detailed survey of the longstanding importance of discussions on methodology within the IAHR. The twenty-one essays which follow examine religion and the history of the study of religion within a variety of theoretical contexts. The essays are organized in terms of three general sub-divisions: general issues in methodology (from the impact of both postmodernism and reflexive anthropology on the study of religion to the politics of religious studies as practiced in different national settings); reflections on the categories commonly employed by scholars working in the field (e.g., “religion,” “syncretism,” “gender,” “New Religious Movements,” “sacred,” “power,” “experience,” etc.), and finally, the collection ends with a review symposium on one of the more sophisticated recent treatments of the problem of defining religion, Benson Saler’s Conceptualizing Religion (Brill, 1993). Despite carrying out their work in a variety of settings—from Denmark and Finland, to Britain, Switzerland, Germany, Canada, the USA, and Mexico—the authors all model a similar approach to studying religion as but one instance of human culture.

The Proper Study of Religion

Author : Sam Gill
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197527248
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Proper Study of Religion by : Sam Gill

Download or read book The Proper Study of Religion written by Sam Gill and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-08-14 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first generation of the proper academic study of religion might be said to span the half century from 1963 to 2013. Supreme Court Justice Clark's 1963 opinion clarifying that any liberal "education is not complete without a study of comparative religion or the history of religion and its relationship to the advancement of civilization" allowed the legal teaching of religion in secular universities. The end of the first generation might be marked by the 2013 retirement of Professor Jonathan Z. Smith (1938-2017) from the University of Chicago where he had taught since 1968. Arguably no scholar has made a greater contribution than did Smith to establishing a proper academic study of religion. In The Proper Study of Religion, Sam Gill charts an innovative course of development for the academic study of religion by creatively engaging the legacy of Jonathan Z. Smith, Gill's teacher and mentor for fifty years. Their careers coincided with the explosive expansion of the study of religion in secular universities in the US that began in the mid-1960s. Using an engaging narrative style, Gill builds on Smith's work exploring an extensive range of absorbing and foundational topics including: comparison as essential to academic technique and to human knowledge itself; the important role of experience, richly understood, both to academic studies of religion and to religions as lived; play, philosophically understood, as a core dynamic of Smith's entire program; the relationship of academic document-based studies to the sensory-rich real world of religions; and self-moving as providing a biological and philosophical foundation on which to develop and expand upon a proper academic study of religion. The foregrounding of human self-movement, new to the study of religion, is informed by Gill's experience as a dancer and student of dancing in cultures around the world. This book honors the work of an unforgettable giant of a man while also offering critical assessments and innovative ideas in the effort to advance the remarkable legacy of Jonathan Z. Smith.

Religion: The Basics

Author : Malory Nye
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134059477
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion: The Basics by : Malory Nye

Download or read book Religion: The Basics written by Malory Nye and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-05-12 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition has been fully revised and updated, and includes new discussions of: the study of religion and culture in the 21st century texts, films and rituals cognitive approaches to religion globalisation and multiculturalism spirituality in the West popular religion.

Introduction to the Study of Religion

Author : Hillary P. Rodrigues
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000985652
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to the Study of Religion by : Hillary P. Rodrigues

Download or read book Introduction to the Study of Religion written by Hillary P. Rodrigues and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-11-29 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do people study religion? How have they studied it in the past? How do we study religion today? Is the academic study of religion the same as religious education? These and many other questions are addressed in this engaging introduction to the discipline of religious studies. Topics include Definitions of religion Perspectives in the study and teaching of religion How religion began to be studied: Traditional perspectives—philosophical and theological How people experience religion: Perspectives in the study of religious consciousness and perception—phenomenological and psychological Studying religion within communities: Social and cultural perspectives—anthropological, sociological, political, and economic Judging religion: Critical perspectives—feminist approaches, the interaction of popular literature and religion Contextual perspectives—historical and comparative Themes, theories, and current directions The thoroughly updated second edition encourages students to think critically about the theories and methods presented. Students will find arguments for the strengths and limitations of these approaches, understand connections among religious studies and other intellectual movements, and develop their own ideas of how they might want to go about the study of religion. Summary boxes, discussion questions, a glossary, a chronology of key figures and texts, and other pedagogic aids help students grasp key concepts.

Conversations and Controversies in the Scientific Study of Religion

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004310452
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Conversations and Controversies in the Scientific Study of Religion by :

Download or read book Conversations and Controversies in the Scientific Study of Religion written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2016-02-15 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Luther H. Martin and Donald Wiebe together have spent the better part of a century exploring possibilities for a scientific study of religion. The following essays are a record of their conversations together and of their conversations and controversies with a number of leading scholars in religious studies that address that possibility. As with any scientific endeavor, knowledge advances when research assumptions and experimental designs are collegially discussed and critically assessed. It is hoped that these essays might provide the occasion for scholars in the field to discuss the theoretical and methodological issues they have raised, to debate and expand upon them, or, in the spirit of forthright scientific inquiry, to refute the arguments they have made.

Religion and Scientific Method

Author : G. Schlesinger
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9789027708168
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion and Scientific Method by : G. Schlesinger

Download or read book Religion and Scientific Method written by G. Schlesinger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1977-09-30 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I With the immense success of modem science it has generally become accepted that the only way to acquire knowledge is by the use of the method uniformly practiced by working scientists. Consequently, the credibility of the claims of religion, which seem to be based on belief in revelation, tradition, authority and the like, have been considerably shaken. In the face of the serious threat provided by the ascendancy of modem scientific method ology, religious thinkers have adopted various defensive attitudes. Some have retreated into an extreme position where Theism is completely safe from any attack on it by the use of empirical methods of inquiry, maintaining that contrary to appearances, religion makes no factual claims whatsoever. To be religious, they say, is to subscribe to a certain value system; it is to adopt a set of practices and a given attitude to the meaning and purpose of life without making any assertions about this or that empirical feature of the universe. Others wishing to remain more faithful to what religion traditionally meant throughout the ages, agree that Theism does make factual claims but that these are so radically different from the kind of claims made by science that it is only right that they should be established by a separate method on its own. In matters of faith reliance on widely entrenched tradition and sacred authority is not objectionable according to some.

The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion

Author : Nickolas P. Roubekas
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119092787
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion by : Nickolas P. Roubekas

Download or read book The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion written by Nickolas P. Roubekas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-03-10 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore a rigorous but accessible guide to contemporary approaches to the study of religion from leading voices in the field The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion delivers an expert and insightful analysis of modern perspectives on the study of religion across the humanities and the social sciences. Presupposing no knowledge of the approaches examined in the collection, the book is ideal for undergraduate students who have yet to undertake extensive study in the humanities or social sciences. The book includes perspectives from those in fields as diverse as globalization, cognitive science, the study of emotion, law, esotericism, sex and gender, functionalism, terror, the comparative method, modernism, and postmodernism. Many of the topics covered in the book clearly hail from religious studies, while others are grounded in other areas of academia. All of the chapters contained within are written by recognized authors who show how their chosen discipline contributes to the understanding of the phenomenon of religion. This book also includes topics like: A comprehensive exploration of multiple approaches to religious study, including anthropology, economics, literature, phenomenology, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and theology A review of various topics germane to the study of religion, including the study of the body, cognitive science, the comparative method, death and the afterlife, law, magic, music, and myth A selection of subjects touching on modern trends in extremism and violence, including chapters on terror and violence, fundamentalism, and nationalism A discussion of the influence of modernism and postmodernism in religion Ideal for undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students in humanities and social science programs taking courses on religion and myth, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion will also earn a place in the libraries of specialists working in the fields of Religious Studies, Theology, Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, Political Science, History, and Philosophy.