Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine

Download Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Human Kinetics Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9780736081948
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (819 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine by : Gregory P. Whyte

Download or read book Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine written by Gregory P. Whyte and published by Human Kinetics Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicineguides readers from theory to applied interpretation of normal and abnormal ECG traces using over 70 real-life ECG readouts.

Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine

Download Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780736091145
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine by : Sanjay Sharma

Download or read book Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine written by Sanjay Sharma and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential reference for students and practitioners working with exercise electrocardiograms (ECGs), Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine guides readers from theory to applied interpretation of normal and abnormal ECG traces. The text is based on the authors' clinical experience, published research, and over a decade of dedicated study on the interpretation of ECGs from clinical patients to elite athletes both at rest and during exercise.

Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine

Download Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 1450408931
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (54 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine by :

Download or read book Practical ECG for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine written by and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

ECG Interpretation for the Clinical Exercise Physiologist

Download ECG Interpretation for the Clinical Exercise Physiologist PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975182340
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ECG Interpretation for the Clinical Exercise Physiologist by : Christopher Dunbar

Download or read book ECG Interpretation for the Clinical Exercise Physiologist written by Christopher Dunbar and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written specifically for clinical exercise physiologists, ECG Interpretation for the Clinical Exercise Physiologist, 2nd Edition, provides an introduction to basic concepts and measurements followed by in-depth explorations of rhythm and atrioventricular blocks and key topics including infarct, hypertrophy, axis, and conduction defects. Accompanying exercise-related case studies make this engaging text an ideal review resource for certification prep as well as a guide to success in practice. Enhancements to this 2nd Edition include a new design that improves readability and clarity, expanded study support through updated examples and case study questions, as well as additional interpretation practice opportunities that ensure understanding and boost clinical confidence.

Laboratory Experiences in Exercise Science

Download Laboratory Experiences in Exercise Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 9780867207835
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laboratory Experiences in Exercise Science by : James D. George

Download or read book Laboratory Experiences in Exercise Science written by James D. George and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 1994 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique laboratory text provides multi-task, hands-on learning experience for students preparing for professions in physical education, exercise science, health promotion, coaching, physical therapy, athletic training, and sports medicine. The primary emphasis of the book is to expose the student to the concepts and principles of exercise testing and provide experience in the administration of such tests. Organized into succinct lessons, the text is structured in a manner that is meaningful, practical, and easily understood by the student. The laboratories are organized around the scientific method, with research questions, data collections, and conclusions. Each chapter begins with objectives and a pre-laboratory assignment which helps prepare the student for the upcoming laboratory experience. Equipment needs are outlined where necessary. Book jacket.

ACSM's Clinical Exercise Physiology

Download ACSM's Clinical Exercise Physiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1496387813
Total Pages : 1707 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (963 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ACSM's Clinical Exercise Physiology by : American College of Sports Medicine

Download or read book ACSM's Clinical Exercise Physiology written by American College of Sports Medicine and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 1707 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ACSM’s Clinical Exercise Physiology adapts and expands upon the disease-related content from ACSM’s Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 7th Edition, to create a true classroom textbook. This new resource offers research-based coverage of more than 35 conditions commonly seen in practice—from a host of cardiovascular disorders to immunological/hematological disorders. Condition chapters are organized by disease types and then divided into sections that cover specific conditions from a pathological and etiological perspective. To provide a complete view of clinical exercise physiology, the book also covers important considerations and foundational elements, such as screening, pharmacology, and electrocardiography. As an American College of Sports Medicine publication, the text offers the unsurpassed quality and excellence that has become synonymous with titles by the leading exercise science organization in the world.

Exercise Testing for Primary Care and Sports Medicine Physicians

Download Exercise Testing for Primary Care and Sports Medicine Physicians PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387765972
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Exercise Testing for Primary Care and Sports Medicine Physicians by : Corey H. Evans

Download or read book Exercise Testing for Primary Care and Sports Medicine Physicians written by Corey H. Evans and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-21 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book by Corey H. Evans, Russell D. White, and coauthorsis a gem. There was a time when exercise testing was largely limited to cardiologists, but no more. Ex- cise testing, which providesinformationon tness, the risk of coronarydisease, and all around vitality, is now being performed in the of ces of primary care physicians across the United States. Although there is a signi cant risk in some populations, a careful doctor who takes the trouble to become knowledgeable in exercise physiology and the pat- physiologyof coronary artery disease can use exercise testing to improve his ability to give excellent, preventive medicine. Over the years I have read many books on this subject, and even contributed to some,andthis oneratesrightup therewith the best. Likemanymultiauthoredbooks thereissomerepetition,butthisisnotallbad.Acarefulstudyofthevariouschapters willprovideadepthofknowledgethatwillcomeingoodsteadwhenproblemsarise. I can especially recommendthe chapter on exercise physiology.When the reader has mastered the material presented in this chapter, he has acquired a knowledge base so that he can become an expert in exercise testing equal to almost anyone. Over the years I have been privileged to know several of the authors and have followed their publications. Their contributions to our knowledge base in this eld havebeenconsiderable.Acquiringthisbookandbecomingfamiliarwithitscontents will set you apart in the eld of exercise testing.

Introduction to Exercise Physiology

Download Introduction to Exercise Physiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1449617093
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (496 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Exercise Physiology by : Tommy Boone

Download or read book Introduction to Exercise Physiology written by Tommy Boone and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2014 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Exercise Physiology identifies the key scientific content that is critically important to the successful practice of exercise physiology. This text introduces students to the scientific basis for the practice of exercise physiology to prevent or control mind-body diseases, to promote health and well-being, and to enhance athlete performance. The goal of this text is to embrace a new paradigm of exercise physiology as a comprehensive healthcare profession. Introduction to Exercise Physiology emphasizes sound scientific content that will help exercise physiologists design appropriate exercise prescription that focuses on the public health challenges of sedentary living. In addition, the text enables students to understand the effects of sports nutrition and athletic performance by examining exercise metabolism, fuel utilization, and cardiovascular functions and adaptations from a non-performance enhancing supplement perspective. Specific physiologic calculations are presented to teach students how to monitor exercise intensity, as well as to improve the safety and credibility of client-specific test protocols, health and fitness training programs, and athletic competitions. Introduction to Exercise Physiology teaches students the necessary physiologic, electrocardiographic, biomechanic, and anatomic concepts to prepare for and pass the ASEP Board Certification exam.Key Features: Chapters are organized into the following seven major areas in accordance with the emphasis on exercise as medicine:I. Scientific Aspects of Exercise PhysiologyII. Training the Cardiorespiratory and Muscular SystemsIII. Training and PerformanceIV. Exercise Is MedicineV. Exercise BiomechanicsVI. Anatomy of Sports and ExerciseVII. The Profession of Exercise PhysiologyEach chapter begins with an overview of the chapter objectives presented in the form of individual questions Chapters conclude by providing students with a list of key terms, a chapter outline, glossary, study questions, suggested readings and references to further student learning Includes a discussion around the importance of exercise physiology as a profession and covers the future challenges for exercise physiologists, the basics of the change process and the importance of a professional organization

Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology

Download Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 1492593818
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology by : Denise L. Smith

Download or read book Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology written by Denise L. Smith and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2022-06-13 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, systematically details the effect of acute and chronic exercise training on each component of the cardiovascular system: the heart, the vasculature, and the blood. This text is divided into two sections, beginning with a concise explanation of the structure and function of each component of the cardiovascular system. In the second section, readers encounter detailed discussion of the acute and chronic effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on cardiac function, vascular function, and hemostatic variables. Each chapter begins with chapter objectives and ends with and a summary. Fifteen case studies are included in the text to showcase the application of chapter material"--

ACSM's Clinical Exercise Physiology

Download ACSM's Clinical Exercise Physiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975196805
Total Pages : 1767 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ACSM's Clinical Exercise Physiology by : Walter R. Thompson

Download or read book ACSM's Clinical Exercise Physiology written by Walter R. Thompson and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2023-11-16 with total page 1767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflecting the unsurpassed quality and excellence synonymous with the American College of Sports Medicine, ACSM’s Clinical Exercise Physiology, second edition, provides an evidence-based approach to exercise as intervention for more than 35 conditions commonly encountered in practice — from a host of cardiovascular disorders to immunological/hematological disorders. Condition chapters are logically organized by disease types and divided into sections that cover specific conditions from a pathological and etiological perspective, with additional coverage of important considerations and foundational elements — such as screening, pharmacology, and electrocardiography — ensuring a complete view of clinical exercise physiology. Fully aligned with ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 11th Edition, and updated throughout with new content and learning tools, this second edition provides total support for success in advanced undergraduate or graduate clinical exercise physiology courses, as well as the ACSM’s Clinical Exercise Physiology certification exam.

Clinical Exercise Electrocardiography

Download Clinical Exercise Electrocardiography PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1284034208
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Exercise Electrocardiography by : Shel Levine

Download or read book Clinical Exercise Electrocardiography written by Shel Levine and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2015-02-13 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Exercise Electrocardiography addresses the needs of exercise physiologists working in a clinical setting and highlights static interpretation and rhythm strips and 12-leads. Not only does it include the traditional basic electrocardiography (ECG), arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and pacemaker chapters, it also provides easy-to-read chapters on cardiac pathophysiology, cardiovascular testing procedures, cardiac pharmacology and structural health disease, and inflammatory processes. The authors also address the differences in ECG interpretation in women, children, and athletes, and examine the use of ECGs in exercise stress testing situations.

The Heart

Download The Heart PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Heart by : David R. Adamovich

Download or read book The Heart written by David R. Adamovich and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments

Download NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 1492582786
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments by : NSCA -National Strength & Conditioning Association

Download or read book NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments written by NSCA -National Strength & Conditioning Association and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2012-01-25 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments offers strength and conditioning professionals a one-stop resource for the best research-supported fitness and performance measures available. Created by top experts in the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA), this comprehensive text offers extensive information on which factors matter and how to evaluate them as accurately and easily as possible. Editor Todd Miller and an authoritative team of contributors have compiled an exceptional reference and valuable tool for practicing professionals and an indispensable educational resource for students. NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments presents the latest research from respected scientists and practitioners in exercise testing and assessment. The text begins with an introduction to testing, data analysis, and formulating conclusions. It then features a by-chapter presentation of tests and assessments for body composition, heart rate and blood pressure, metabolic rate, aerobic power, lactate threshold, muscular strength, muscular endurance, power, speed and agility, mobility, and balance and stability. Using descriptions of multiple test options for each key fitness component, readers will learn to choose from a range of alternatives to meet the needs of their athletes, reach training objectives, choose from available equipment, and work within budgets. Each chapter provides a summary detailing the key testing and assessment information for each fitness component, the equipment needed for performing the tests, step-by-step instructions, normative data for the tests, and multiple test options per conditioning component. Insights into the applications of testing for certain fitness components are also presented: • The value of body composition assessments in determining health and fitness levels for competitive athletes as well as individuals across the life span • How an understanding of 24-hour energy expenditure can be useful in structuring a complete diet and exercise plan for weight loss, gain, or maintenance • How to select a maximal or submaximal aerobic power test that is specific to the demands of a client’s or athlete’s sport • Discussion of the mechanical and physiological factors shown to influence the expression of muscular strength • An examination of the relevant factors influencing power production and explosive movement capacity • Differences between mobility and flexibility and a discussion of the acute versus chronic effects of static stretching • Theories and concepts of balance and stability, their effects on performance, and categories of testing for balance and stability NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments also includes NSCA-approved testing protocols, extensive references to current research, and applications for the testing of conditioning components. Information is presented in an accessible manner to help explain the findings of both researchers and practitioners so that readers can select the most effective and efficient approach for athlete and client assessments. Properly conducted tests and skillful assessment of data enable fitness professionals to develop individualized training programs based on their clients’ or athletes’ physiological and functional capacities. Credible, current, and complete, NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments provides a clear understanding of the test selection process, how to implement appropriate data collection, and how to analyze data to make appropriate training decisions that will help athletes and clients achieve their performance goals. NSCA’s Guide to Tests and Assessments is part of the Science of Strength and Conditioning series. Developed with the expertise of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA), this series of texts provides the guidelines for converting scientific research into practical application. The series covers topics such as tests and assessments, program design, and nutrition. Earn continuing education credits/units! A continuing education course and exam that uses this book is also available. It may be purchased separately or as part of a package that includes all the course materials and exam.

Practical Fitness Testing

Download Practical Fitness Testing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1408195844
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Fitness Testing by : Morc Coulson

Download or read book Practical Fitness Testing written by Morc Coulson and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2015-09-24 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an indispensable guide for anyone involved in prescribing exercise programmes for clients or groups. Fitness tests are crucial to measure current fitness and then monitor progress to check the effectiveness of a training programme. The theory and practice of fitness testing, in both exercise and sport settings, are covered in a clear and accessible way. The information is includes recent research and population norms, and lots of diagrams and illustrations make the content easy to understand. The content covers all the topics identified in the competency framework for Levels 3 and 4 of the National Occupational Standards (NOS) for Instructors within the Health and Fitness Industry. Includes: assessment techniques, sample questions, normal population data, basic measurement and analysis, methods of testing, how to test strength, aerobic endurance, speed and agility, flexibility and power. Written by the authors of The Fitness Instructor's Handbook, and The Advanced Fitness Instructor's Handbook, this is the must-have guide to Fitness Testing for anyone working in fitness or sport.

Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology

Download Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 0736073922
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology by : Denise L. Smith

Download or read book Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology written by Denise L. Smith and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2011 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology details the effect of acute and chronic exercise training on each component of the cardiovascular system and how those components adapt to and benefit from a systematic program of exercise training.

Clinical Exercise Physiology

Download Clinical Exercise Physiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 1492588490
Total Pages : 776 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Exercise Physiology by : Jonathan K Ehrman

Download or read book Clinical Exercise Physiology written by Jonathan K Ehrman and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2018-11-07 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the profession of clinical exercise physiology continues to evolve, there is one cornerstone text that evolves along with it. Clinical Exercise Physiology, Fourth Edition With Web Resource, has been a mainstay in the field since its inception in 2003, and the revisions and additions to this latest rendition reinforce its elite status. As the most comprehensive resource available, Clinical Exercise Physiology, Fourth Edition, provides greater coverage and depth of diseases than is typically found in most clinical exercise physiology textbooks. It thoroughly examines the effects of exercise on chronic disease and then investigates 24 chronic conditions, covering the scope of each disease as well as the pathophysiology, medications, and clinical applications. It also examines clinical considerations and exercise prescriptions for four special populations. This fourth edition reflects the latest American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) standards and guidelines, making it an ideal resource for candidates preparing for ACSM Clinical Exercise Physiologist certification. In addition to updated content that aligns with current science and evidence-based practice guidelines, the fourth edition also incorporates the following: • A closer and more up-to-date look at the state of the profession • A new web resource featuring case studies that depict real-life scenarios • A new chapter on Parkinson’s disease • Enhanced coverage of exercise testing and exercise prescription, in separate chapters to delve deeper into each of those topics • An expanded chapter on end-stage renal disease, to more broadly cover chronic kidney disease • Significant revisions to chapters on metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and heart failure The online case studies are written in the form of SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan) notes, reflecting common medical chart documentation, to help readers experience realistic examples. The text also offers Practical Application sidebars in each chapter; some of these sidebars focus on exercise prescription, and other Practical Application sidebars review the relevant literature related to physiological adaptations to exercise training. To aid in course preparation, instructors are provided a test package, chapter quizzes, and a presentation package plus image bank. Clinical Exercise Physiology, Fourth Edition, offers a contemporary review of the variety of diseases and conditions that students and professionals may encounter in the field. New and veteran clinical exercise physiologists alike, as well as those preparing for ACSM certification exams, will appreciate the in-depth coverage of the clinical populations that benefit from physical activity and exercise.

ECG Workout

Download ECG Workout PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1469899825
Total Pages : 874 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (698 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ECG Workout by : Jane Huff

Download or read book ECG Workout written by Jane Huff and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2016-05-03 with total page 874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grasp the electrocardiography basics and identify arrhythmias accurately, with the freshly updated ECG Workout, 7th Edition. Fully addressing the most common arrhythmias, this clearly worded text will take you step-by-step through expert ECG tracing interpretation methods, including differentiating among rhythm groups, equipment use, and management protocols. This is the go-to ECG guide for both student training and professional review—perfect for physicians, nurses, medical and nursing students, paramedics, emergency medical technicians, telemetry technicians, and related practitioners. Get a strong grounding in accurate ECG readings with . . . NEW pull-out arrhythmia summary cards help you interpret end-of-chapter practice strips NEW and updated advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines incorporated in each arrhythmia chapter NEW and updated figures, boxes, tables, and additional practice strips Updated coverage of all ECG concepts and skills, including: Illustrated anatomy and physiology of the heart Electrical basis of electrocardiology Arrhythmia chapters: sinus, atrial, junctional and AV blocks, ventricular and bundle-branch block rhythms—examples, causes, clinical treatments, and practice strips Step-by-step direction on interpreting rhythm strips Components of the ECG tracing: waveforms, intervals, segments, complexes, and waveform identification Discussion of cardiac monitors, lead systems, lead placement, ECG artifacts, and troubleshooting monitor problems Methods for precise rate calculation Discussion of cardiac pacemakers: types, indications, function, pacemaker terminology, malfunctions, and pacemaker analysis, with practice tracings ECG conversion table ensures precise heart rate calculation with plastic pocket version inside back cover Skillbuilder practice strips—more than 600 life-size ECG tracings: End-of-chapter strips from actual patients, with 3-second indicators for rapid-rate calculation, and answers at back of book A mix of arrhythmias to help you distinguish among types Posttest with mix of more than 100 waveform rhythm strips, for student testing or self-evaluation