Post Truth Fake News And Democracy

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Post-Truth, Fake News and Democracy

Author : Johan Farkas
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000507289
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Post-Truth, Fake News and Democracy by : Johan Farkas

Download or read book Post-Truth, Fake News and Democracy written by Johan Farkas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-08-23 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Western societies are under siege, as fake news, post-truth and alternative facts are undermining the very core of democracy. This dystopian narrative is currently circulated by intellectuals, journalists and policy makers worldwide. In this book, Johan Farkas and Jannick Schou deliver a comprehensive study of post-truth discourses. They critically map the normative ideas contained in these and present a forceful call for deepening democracy. The dominant narrative of our time is that democracy is in a state of emergency caused by social media, changes to journalism and misinformed masses. This crisis needs to be resolved by reinstating truth at the heart of democracy, even if this means curtailing civic participation and popular sovereignty. Engaging with critical political philosophy, Farkas and Schou argue that these solutions neglect the fact that democracy has never been about truth alone: it is equally about the voice of the democratic people. Post-Truth, Fake News and Democracy delivers a sobering diagnosis of our times. It maps contemporary discourses on truth and democracy, foregrounds their normative foundations and connects these to historical changes within liberal democracies. The book will be of interest to students and scholars studying the current state and future of democracy, as well as to a politically informed readership.

Democracy and Fake News

Author : Serena Giusti
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000286738
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Democracy and Fake News by : Serena Giusti

Download or read book Democracy and Fake News written by Serena Giusti and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the challenges that disinformation, fake news, and post-truth politics pose to democracy from a multidisciplinary perspective. The authors analyse and interpret how the use of technology and social media as well as the emergence of new political narratives has been progressively changing the information landscape, undermining some of the pillars of democracy. The volume sheds light on some topical questions connected to fake news, thereby contributing to a fuller understanding of its impact on democracy. In the Introduction, the editors offer some orientating definitions of post-truth politics, building a theoretical framework where various different aspects of fake news can be understood. The book is then divided into three parts: Part I helps to contextualise the phenomena investigated, offering definitions and discussing key concepts as well as aspects linked to the manipulation of information systems, especially considering its reverberation on democracy. Part II considers the phenomena of disinformation, fake news, and post-truth politics in the context of Russia, which emerges as a laboratory where the phases of creation and diffusion of fake news can be broken down and analysed; consequently, Part II also reflects on the ways to counteract disinformation and fake news. Part III moves from case studies in Western and Central Europe to reflect on the methodological difficulty of investigating disinformation, as well as tackling the very delicate question of detection, combat, and prevention of fake news. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of political science, law, political philosophy, journalism, media studies, and computer science, since it provides a multidisciplinary approach to the analysis of post-truth politics.

Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order

Author : Gabriele Cosentino
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030430057
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order by : Gabriele Cosentino

Download or read book Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order written by Gabriele Cosentino and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-16 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses post-truth not merely as a Western issue, but as a problematic political and cultural condition with global ramifications. By locating the roots of the phenomenon in the trust crisis suffered by liberal democracy and its institutions, the book argues that post-truth serves as a space for ideological conflicts and geopolitical power struggles that are reshaping the world order. The era of post-truth politics is thus here to stay, and its reach is increasingly global: Russian trolls organizing events on social media attended by thousands of unaware American citizens; Turkish pro-government activists amplifying on Twitter conspiracy theories concocted via Internet imageboards by online subcultures in the United States; American and European social media users spreading fictional political narratives in support of the Syrian regime; and Facebook offering a platform for a harassment campaign by Buddhist ultra-nationalists in Myanmar that led to the killing of thousands of Muslims. These are just some of the examples that demonstrate the dangerous effects of the Internet-driven global diffusion of disinformation and misinformation. Grounded on a theoretical framework yet written in an engaging and accessible way, this timely book is a valuable resource for students, researchers, policymakers and citizens concerned with the impact of social media on politics.

Fake News

Author : Melissa Zimdars
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262538369
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Fake News by : Melissa Zimdars

Download or read book Fake News written by Melissa Zimdars and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New perspectives on the misinformation ecosystem that is the production and circulation of fake news. What is fake news? Is it an item on Breitbart, an article in The Onion, an outright falsehood disseminated via Russian bot, or a catchphrase used by a politician to discredit a story he doesn't like? This book examines the real fake news: the constant flow of purposefully crafted, sensational, emotionally charged, misleading or totally fabricated information that mimics the form of mainstream news. Rather than viewing fake news through a single lens, the book maps the various kinds of misinformation through several different disciplinary perspectives, taking into account the overlapping contexts of politics, technology, and journalism. The contributors consider topics including fake news as “disorganized” propaganda; folkloric falsehood in the “Pizzagate” conspiracy; native advertising as counterfeit news; the limitations of regulatory reform and technological solutionism; Reddit's enabling of fake news; the psychological mechanisms by which people make sense of information; and the evolution of fake news in America. A section on media hoaxes and satire features an oral history of and an interview with prankster-activists the Yes Men, famous for parodies that reveal hidden truths. Finally, contributors consider possible solutions to the complex problem of fake news—ways to mitigate its spread, to teach students to find factually accurate information, and to go beyond fact-checking. Contributors Mark Andrejevic, Benjamin Burroughs, Nicholas Bowman, Mark Brewin, Elizabeth Cohen, Colin Doty, Dan Faltesek, Johan Farkas, Cherian George, Tarleton Gillespie, Dawn R. Gilpin, Gina Giotta, Theodore Glasser, Amanda Ann Klein, Paul Levinson, Adrienne Massanari, Sophia A. McClennen, Kembrew McLeod, Panagiotis Takis Metaxas, Paul Mihailidis, Benjamin Peters, Whitney Phillips, Victor Pickard, Danielle Polage, Stephanie Ricker Schulte, Leslie-Jean Thornton, Anita Varma, Claire Wardle, Melissa Zimdars, Sheng Zou

Covering Politics in a "Post-Truth" America

Author : Susan B. Glasser
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815731337
Total Pages : 19 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Covering Politics in a "Post-Truth" America by : Susan B. Glasser

Download or read book Covering Politics in a "Post-Truth" America written by Susan B. Glasser and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2016-12-06 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a new Brookings Essay, Politico editor Susan Glasser chronicles how political reporting has changed over the course of her career and reflects on the state of independent journalism after the 2016 election. The Bookings Essay: In the spirit of its commitment to higquality, independent research, the Brookings Institution has commissioned works on major topics of public policy by distinguished authors, including Brookings scholars. The Brookings Essay is a multi-platform product aimed to engage readers in open dialogue and debate. The views expressed, however, are solely those of the author. Available in ebook only.

Cheap Speech

Author : Richard L. Hasen
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300265255
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Cheap Speech by : Richard L. Hasen

Download or read book Cheap Speech written by Richard L. Hasen and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An informed and practical road map for controlling disinformation, embracing free speech, saving American elections, and protecting democracy "A fresh, persuasive and deeply disturbing overview of the baleful and dangerous impact on the nation of widely disseminated false speech on social media. Richard Hasen, the country’s leading expert about election law, has written this book with flair and clarity.”—Floyd Abrams, author of The Soul of the First Amendment What can be done consistent with the First Amendment to ensure that American voters can make informed election decisions and hold free elections amid a flood of virally spread disinformation and the collapse of local news reporting? How should American society counter the actions of people like former President Donald J. Trump, who used social media to convince millions of his followers to doubt the integrity of U.S. elections and helped foment a violent insurrection? What can we do to minimize disinformation campaigns aimed at suppressing voter turnout? With piercing insight into the current debates over free speech, censorship, and Big Tech’s responsibilities, Richard L. Hasen proposes legal and social measures to restore Americans’ access to reliable information on which democracy depends. In an era when quack COVID treatments and bizarre QAnon theories have entered mainstream, this book explains how to assure both freedom of ideas and a commitment to truth.

Democracy and Truth

Author : Sophia Rosenfeld
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812250842
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Democracy and Truth by : Sophia Rosenfeld

Download or read book Democracy and Truth written by Sophia Rosenfeld and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2018-11-29 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Fake news," wild conspiracy theories, misleading claims, doctored photos, lies peddled as facts, facts dismissed as lies—citizens of democracies increasingly inhabit a public sphere teeming with competing claims and counterclaims, with no institution or person possessing the authority to settle basic disputes in a definitive way. The problem may be novel in some of its details—including the role of today's political leaders, along with broadcast and digital media, in intensifying the epistemic anarchy—but the challenge of determining truth in a democratic world has a backstory. In this lively and illuminating book, historian Sophia Rosenfeld explores a longstanding and largely unspoken tension at the heart of democracy between the supposed wisdom of the crowd and the need for information to be vetted and evaluated by a learned elite made up of trusted experts. What we are witnessing now is the unraveling of the détente between these competing aspects of democratic culture. In four bracing chapters, Rosenfeld substantiates her claim by tracing the history of the vexed relationship between democracy and truth. She begins with an examination of the period prior to the eighteenth-century Age of Revolutions, where she uncovers the political and epistemological foundations of our democratic world. Subsequent chapters move from the Enlightenment to the rise of both populist and technocratic notions of democracy between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to the troubling trends—including the collapse of social trust—that have led to the rise of our "post-truth" public life. Rosenfeld concludes by offering suggestions for how to defend the idea of truth against the forces that would undermine it.

Navigating Fake News, Alternative Facts, and Misinformation in a Post-Truth World

Author : Dalkir, Kimiz
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799825450
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Navigating Fake News, Alternative Facts, and Misinformation in a Post-Truth World by : Dalkir, Kimiz

Download or read book Navigating Fake News, Alternative Facts, and Misinformation in a Post-Truth World written by Dalkir, Kimiz and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-02-28 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the current day and age, objective facts have less influence on opinions and decisions than personal emotions and beliefs. Many individuals rely on their social networks to gather information thanks to social media’s ability to share information rapidly and over a much greater geographic range. However, this creates an overall false balance as people tend to seek out information that is compatible with their existing views and values. They deliberately seek out “facts” and data that specifically support their conclusions and classify any information that contradicts their beliefs as “false news.” Navigating Fake News, Alternative Facts, and Misinformation in a Post-Truth World is a collection of innovative research on human and automated methods to deter the spread of misinformation online, such as legal or policy changes, information literacy workshops, and algorithms that can detect fake news dissemination patterns in social media. While highlighting topics including source credibility, share culture, and media literacy, this book is ideally designed for social media managers, technology and software developers, IT specialists, educators, columnists, writers, editors, journalists, broadcasters, newscasters, researchers, policymakers, and students.

Social Media and Democracy

Author : Nathaniel Persily
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108835554
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Media and Democracy by : Nathaniel Persily

Download or read book Social Media and Democracy written by Nathaniel Persily and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-03 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art account of what we know and do not know about the effects of digital technology on democracy.

Disinformation and Digital Media as a Challenge for Democracy

Author : Georgios Terzis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781780689753
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Disinformation and Digital Media as a Challenge for Democracy by : Georgios Terzis

Download or read book Disinformation and Digital Media as a Challenge for Democracy written by Georgios Terzis and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through a collection of expert analyses, this book aims to deepen our understanding of the dangers of fake news and disinformation, while also charting well-informed and realistic ways ahead.

Journalism, fake news & disinformation

Author : Ireton, Cherilyn
Publisher : UNESCO Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9231002813
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Journalism, fake news & disinformation by : Ireton, Cherilyn

Download or read book Journalism, fake news & disinformation written by Ireton, Cherilyn and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2018-09-17 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

United States of Distraction

Author : Mickey Huff
Publisher : City Lights Books
ISBN 13 : 0872867951
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis United States of Distraction by : Mickey Huff

Download or read book United States of Distraction written by Mickey Huff and published by City Lights Books. This book was released on 2018-08-13 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A provocative critique of how manipulation of media gives rise to disinformation, intolerance, and divisiveness, and what can be done to change direction. "Mickey Huff and Nolan Higdon emphasize what we can do today to restore the power of facts, truth, and fair, inclusive journalism as tools for people to keep political and corporate power subordinate to the engaged citizenry and the common good."—Ralph Nader The role of news media in a free society is to investigate, inform, and provide a crucial check on political power. But does it? It's no secret that the goal of corporate-owned media is to increase the profits of the few, not to empower the many. As a result, people are increasingly immersed in an information system structured to reinforce their social biases and market to their buying preferences. Journalism’s essential role has been drastically compromised, and Donald Trump’s repeated claims of "fake news" and framing of the media as “an enemy of the people” have made a bad scenario worse. Written in the spirit of resistance and hope, United States of Distraction offers a clear, concise appraisal of our current situation, and presents readers with action items for how to improve it. Praise for United States of Distraction: "A war of distraction is underway, media is the weapon, and our minds are the battlefield. Higdon and Huff have written a brilliant book of how we’ve gotten to this point, and how to educate ourselves to fight back and win."—Henry A. Giroux, author of American Nightmare: Facing the Challenge of Fascism "A timely and urgent demand re-asserting the central importance of civic pursuits—not commercialism—in U.S. media and society."—Ralph Nader "Higdon and Huff have produced the best short introduction to the nature of Trump-era journalism and how the 'Post-Truth' media world is inimical to a democratic society that I have seen. The book is provocative and an entertaining read. Best of all, the analysis in United States of Distraction leads to concrete and do-able recommendations for how we can rectify this deplorable situation."—Robert W. McChesney, author of Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times "The U.S. wouldn't be able to hide its empire in plain sight were it not for the subservient 'free' press. United States of Distraction shows, in chilling detail, America's major media dysfunction—how the gutting of the fourth estate paved the road for fascism and what tools are critical to salvage our democracy."—Abby Martin, The Empire Files "Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff provides us with a fearless and dangerous text that refuses the post-truth proliferation of fake news, disinformation, and media that serve the interests of the few. This is a vital wake-up call for how the public can protect itself against manipulation and authoritarianism through education and public interest media.”—George Yancy, author of Backlash: What Happens When We Talk Honestly about Racism in America and Professor of Philosophy at Emory University "United States of Distraction challenges our hegemon-media’s ideological mind control and the occupation of human thought. … Huff and Higdon correctly call for mass critical resistance through truth telling by free minds. Power to the people!"—Peter Phillips, author of Giants: The Global Power Elite

Truth and Post-Truth in Public Policy

Author : Frank Fischer
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108847412
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Truth and Post-Truth in Public Policy by : Frank Fischer

Download or read book Truth and Post-Truth in Public Policy written by Frank Fischer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-12-09 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The phenomenon of post-truth poses a problem for the public policy-oriented sciences, including policy analysis. Along with “fake news,” the post-truth denial of facts constitutes a major concern for numerous policy fields. Whereas a standard response is to call for more and better factual information, this Element shows that the effort to understand this phenomenon has to go beyond the emphasis on facts to include an understanding of the social meanings that get attached to facts in the political world of public policy. The challenge is thus seen to be as much about a politics of meaning as it is about epistemology. The analysis here supplements the examination of facts with an interpretive policy-analytic approach to gain a fuller understanding of post-truth. The importance of the interpretive perspective is illustrated by examining the policy arguments that have shaped policy controversies related to climate change and coronavirus denial.

America's Post-Truth Phenomenon

Author : C.G. Prado
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440862737
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis America's Post-Truth Phenomenon by : C.G. Prado

Download or read book America's Post-Truth Phenomenon written by C.G. Prado and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2018-04-19 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents absorbing and critical expert perspectives on the post-truth phenomenon that has infiltrated the U.S. political system, media, and populace. Deception in politics is nothing new, but the quantity of unsubstantiated statements in America today is unprecedented. False notions, fake news, "alternative facts," and opinions are being pitched from sources including the White House, Congress, and the American population via Twitter, Facebook, and online news sites as well as print, television, and radio. Such a widespread spectacle instantly captures the attention of people nationwide, but disagreement has the nation almost bordering on civil war over the definition of "the truth" and what this book calls "post-truth." In this text, C.G. Prado and expert contributors present varied perspectives on post-truth, its authoritarian implications for the nation, and how we can approach information to differentiate between truth and post-truth. Speaking to general readers, students, and scholars alike, chapters include text on the historical and social events that initiated and developed post-truth and why some people are more prone than others to accept and perpetuate post-truth. They also discuss post-truth as a threat to democracy.

Reimagining Journalism in a Post-Truth World

Author : Ed Madison
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis Reimagining Journalism in a Post-Truth World by : Ed Madison

Download or read book Reimagining Journalism in a Post-Truth World written by Ed Madison and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amidst "alternative facts" and "post-truth" politics, news journalism is more important and complex than ever. This book examines journalism's evolution within digital media's ecosystem where lies often spread faster than truth, and consumers expect conversations, not lectures. Tthe 2016 U.S. presidential election delivered a stunning result, but the news media's breathless coverage of it was no surprise. News networks turned debates into primetime entertainment, reporters spent more time covering poll results than public policy issues, and the cozy relationship between journalists and political insiders helped ensure intrigue and ratings, even as it eroded journalism's role as democracy's "Fourth Estate." Against this sobering backdrop, a broadcast news veteran and a millennial newshound consider how journalism can regain the public's trust by learning from pioneers both within and beyond the profession. Connecting the dots between faux news, "fake news," and real news, coauthors Madison and DeJarnette provide an unflinching analysis of where mainstream journalism went wrong—and what the next generation of reporters can do to make it right. The significance of Donald Trump's presidency is not lost on the authors, but Reimagining Journalism in a Post-Truth World is not a post-mortem of the 2016 presidential election, nor is it a how-to guide for reporting on Trump's White House. Instead, this accessible and engaging book offers a broader perspective on contemporary journalism, pairing lively anecdotes with insightful analysis of long-term trends and challenges. Drawing on their expertise in media innovation and entrepreneurship, the authors explore how comedians like John Oliver, Trevor Noah, and Samantha Bee are breaking (and reshaping) the rules of political journalism; how legacy media outlets like The Boston Globe, The Washington Post, and The New York Times are retooling for the digital age; and how newcomers like Vice, Hearken, and De Correspondent are innovating new models for reporting and storytelling. Anyone seeking to make sense of modern journalism and its intersections with democracy will want to read this book.

After the Fact?

Author : Marcus Gilroy-Ware
Publisher : Watkins Media Limited
ISBN 13 : 1912248743
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis After the Fact? by : Marcus Gilroy-Ware

Download or read book After the Fact? written by Marcus Gilroy-Ware and published by Watkins Media Limited. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do we no longer trust facts, experts and statistics? In this essential guide to the turbulent times in which we live, Marcus Gilroy-Ware investigates our era of post-truths and fake news and answers the question of where we can go from here. We are supposed to have more information at our disposal now than at any time in history. So why, in a world of rising sea levels, populist leaders, resurgent fascism and a global pandemic, do so many people believe bizarre and untrue things about the world we live in? In After the Fact?, Marcus Gilroy-Ware shows us what really created the conditions for mis- and disinformation, from fake news and conspiracy theories, to bullshit journalism and the resurgence of the far-right, and why liberal newspaper columnists and centrist politicians are unable to turn back this tide. Spanning politics, culture, psychology, journalism, and much more, After the Fact? is a timely wake-up call for those who believe we can simply go "back to normal", and instead argues that, if we are to put an end to "fake news" we must deal with the broader social crises that are responsible for it.

Trumping the Media

Author : Michael Mario Albrecht
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1501364847
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Trumping the Media by : Michael Mario Albrecht

Download or read book Trumping the Media written by Michael Mario Albrecht and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2022-08-11 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ascendency of Donald J. Trump to the office of president was not a fluke. Changes in the media environment and changes in the political landscape converged and provided fertile ground for a demagogic populist to exploit existing structures for his personal and political gains. A right-wing ecosystem had developed that included cable television, talk radio, social media, and imageboards. The political rise of Trump occurred alongside a mainstreaming of far-right politics and a skepticism towards long-established institutions. Trump was able to exploit the shifts in politics and the media environment for his political gain. He deployed a post-truth strategy that challenged established media and political institutions and their claims to be arbiters of truth and protectors of democracy. This book explores the shifts in the media environment that made the political career of Donald Trump possible. The author shows the ways that Trump was able to inhabit the new media and political landscape and take advantage of journalistic norms and practices that were susceptible to exploitation by a demagogue with no allegiance to the truth and no reverence towards the foundations of liberal democracy. Understanding the ways in which Trump was able to emerge as a powerful political force is essential to those invested in challenging the momentum of the alt-right and forwarding the project of democracy.