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Polymer Processing Using Supercritical Fluids
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Book Synopsis Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids by : Vannessa Goodship
Download or read book Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids written by Vannessa Goodship and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 2005 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SCFs are currently the subjects of intense research and commercial interest. Applications such as the RESS (rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions) process are part of standard industrial practice. In view of their ever-growing importance in the polymer industry there is a need to fully comprehend how supercritical fluids interrelate with polymeric materials to realise the potential that can be gained from their use. The authors review the basic principles of SCFs and their application within the polymer industry: characteristics and properties, extraction of unwanted residual products, polymerisation solvents, and polymer impregnation. Processing applications such as plasticisation, foaming and blending are also considered. There is discussion of the potential within the polymer recycling industry for use of SCFs as cleaning agents or within supercritical oxidation processes. Around 400 references with abstracts from recent global literature accompany this review, sourced from the Polymer Library, to facilitate further reading. A subject index and a company index are included.
Book Synopsis Supercritical Carbon Dioxide by : Maartje F. Kemmere
Download or read book Supercritical Carbon Dioxide written by Maartje F. Kemmere and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-12 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, supercritical fluids have emerged as more sustainable alternatives for the organic solvents often used in polymer processes. This is the first book emphasizing the potential of supercritical carbon dioxide for polymer processes from an engineering point of view. It develops a state-of-the-art overview on polymer fundamentals, polymerization reactions and polymer processing in supercritical carbon dioxide. The book covers topics in a multidisciplinary approach starting from polymer chemistry and thermodynamics, going through monitoring, polymerization processes and ending with polymer shaping and post-processing. The authors are internationally recognized experts from different fields in polymer reaction engineering in supercritical fluids. The book was initiated by the Working Party on Polymer Reaction Engineering of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering and further renowned international experts.
Book Synopsis Polymer processing using supercritical fluids by : Elena Aionicesei
Download or read book Polymer processing using supercritical fluids written by Elena Aionicesei and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The traditional methods for polymer processing use environmentally hazardous volatile organic solvents and chlorofluorocarbons. Due to the increase of hazardous solvent emission and generation of aqueous waste streams, there is an obvious need of finding new and cleaner methods for the processing of polymers. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has attracted particular attention for these applications due to its tremendous potential as a plasticizer in polymer processing. A particular interest is shown to the use of supercritical fluids for processing polymers destined for biomedical applications (as microspheres, microcapsules, foams, membranes, polymer/drug composites). The method offers important advantages related to the absence of harmful organic solvents or, when necessary, the efficient extraction of solvents and impurities, the mild processing conditions and the control of particle and foams morphology by simple variation of pressure and temperature. Despite the huge potential of scCO2 as a ʺgreenʺ solvent for processing biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, the phase equilibrium data, essential for process design, are quite scarce. Optimum processing techniques and parameters (pressure, temperature) still need consideration andstudy. The data are especially scarce regarding the scCO2 processing of polymer/ceramic composites for biomedical applications. On this basis, this thesis is aimed to open new perspectives over the use of scCO2 as a ʺgreenʺ solvent for the processing of biodegradable polymers and composites used as biomaterials. Two biodegradable polymers were chosen for this study, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Their composite with a bioactive ceramic powder, hydroxyapatite (HA), was also studied. The main idea followed by this thesis was the obtaining of porous polymeric or composite material scaffolds suitable for tissue engineering under mild temperature conditions and without the use of additional organic solvents. The behavior of the two polymers under dense CO2 had been studied and explained. More data about the polymer-gas phase equilibrium, necessary for understanding and optimizing the effect of processing parameters, were obtained by determining the solubility and diffusion coefficients of CO2 in the polymers for certain values of temperature and pressure. The solubility ofCO2 was measured for each polymer for three different temperatures (308, 313and 323 K) in the pressure range 10 - 30 MPa. The temperatures were chosen higher than the critical temperature for CO2, but still low enough so as not to affect the bioactivity of any drugs or proteins that could be introduced in the system during processing. The same range of temperature and pressure was employed for all tests involving the studied polymers or their composite materials. The efficiency of mixing in the presence of scCO2 for obtaining composite materials from PLLA and HA and respectively PLGA and HA was studied by comparison with coprecipitation. The solubility and diffusion coefficient of CO2 in the composite materials were afterward determined, and the results were compared with the ones obtained for the polymer alone in order to determine the effect of the ceramic filler on the gas uptake. The possibility of obtaining porous scaffolds was assessed by using a pressure quench technique using dense CO2 as blowing agent, with and without the presence of aporogen. The effect of pressure, temperature, depressurization rate and porogen on the final porous structure was investigated. The experimental results were compared with literature data and with data obtained by mathematical modeling, employing equations of state commonly used for polymersor polymer/solvent systems. The results indicate that gas foaming of biodegradable polymers represents a promising technique for obtaining tissue engineering scaffolds with the desired structure. Still the processing parameters need to be studied and optimized, according to the nature of the substrate and of the aimed final product.
Download or read book Supercritical Fluids written by E. Kiran and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical fluids are neither gas nor liquid, but can be compressed gradually from low to high density and they are therefore interesting and important as tunable solvents and reaction media in the chemical process industry. By adjusting the density the properties of these fluids can be customised and manipulated for a given process - physical or chemical transformation. Separation and processing using supercritical solvents such as CO2 are currently on-line commercially in the food, essential oils and polymer industries. Many agencies and industries are considering the use of supercritical water for waste remediation. Supercritical fluid chromatography represents another, major analytical application. Significant advances have recently been made in materials processing, ranging from particle formation to the creation of porous materials. The chapters in this book provide tutorial accounts of topical areas centred around: (1) phase equilibria, thermodynamics and equations of state; (2) critical behaviour, crossover effects; (3) transport and interfacial properties; (4) molecular modelling, computer simulation; (5) reactions, spectroscopy; (6) phase separation kinetics; (7) extractions; (8) applications to polymers, pharmaceuticals, natural materials and chromatography; (9) process scale-up.
Book Synopsis Processing of Polymers Using Supercritical Fluids by : John J. Aklonis
Download or read book Processing of Polymers Using Supercritical Fluids written by John J. Aklonis and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past, most of the effort expended in the area of supercritical fluids and polymers has been devoted to chromotography and separation. We propose to explore using supercritical fluids as solvents for the preparation of polymers and polymer blends in the form of fibers, polymer sheets and perhaps irregularly shaped polymer solids. It is well known that many of the most interesting new 'high tech' polymers are exceedingly difficult to fabricate. These polymers exhibit such highly desirable properties as electrical conductivity, extremely high strength or remarkable thermal stability to name but a few. In the supercritical regime, one can vary and control the 'solvent power' of fluids over ranges much broader than those accessible in the usual liquid regime. We are attempting to take advantage of the high variability of solvent power of supercritical fluids with respect to processing of homopolymers as well as making polymer blends with unique properties. Keywords: Processing of polymers, Supercritical fluids, Fibers, Solvents, Light scattering studies, PMMA. (JG).
Book Synopsis Product, Process and Plant Design Using Subcritical and Supercritical Fluids for Industrial Application by : Željko Knez
Download or read book Product, Process and Plant Design Using Subcritical and Supercritical Fluids for Industrial Application written by Željko Knez and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes cutting edge technology using supercritical fluids for the production of foodstuffs, medicals, and polymers. It illustrates the importance and use of basic data for design and operation at industrial scale units. The book's authors have several decades of experience of applied research on how to develop large scale industrial units. It provides readers complete insight in design and operation of industrial high pressure process plants. The book is written so it may be understood for people (with?) little or no background on high pressure process technology. It will provide information on how some foodstuffs, medicals, polymers are produced using high pressure technologies. The book demonstrates the importance of fundamental data, how to measure them and how to apply them to design industrial plants. At the same time, it also serves as a textbook for students.
Book Synopsis Foaming with Supercritical Fluids by : Ernesto Di Maio
Download or read book Foaming with Supercritical Fluids written by Ernesto Di Maio and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-06 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foaming with Supercritical Fluids, Volume Nine provides a comprehensive description of the use of supercritical fluids as blowing agents in polymer foaming. To this aim, the fundamental issues on which the proper design and control of this process are rooted are discussed in detail, with specific attention devoted to the theoretical and experimental aspects of sorption thermodynamics of a blowing agent within a polymer, the effect of the absorbed blowing agent on the thermal, interfacial and rheological properties of the expanding matter, and the phase separation of the gaseous phase, and of the related bubble nucleation and growth phenomena. Several foaming technologies based on the use of supercritical blowing agents are then described, addressing the main issues in the light of the underlying chemical-physical phenomena. Offers strong fundamentals on polymer properties important on foaming Outlines the use of supercritical fluids for foaming Covers theoretical points-of-view, including foam formation of the polymer/gas solution to the setting of the final foam Discusses the several processing technologies and applications
Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Cleaning by : Samuel P. Sawan
Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Cleaning written by Samuel P. Sawan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-12-31 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although supercritial fluid (SCF) technology is now widely used in extraction and purification processes (in the petrochemical, food and pharmaceuticals industries), this book is the first to address the new application of cleaning. The objective is to provide a roadmap for readers who want to know whether SCF technology can meet their own processing and cleaning needs. It is particularly helpful to those striving to balance the requirements for a clean product and a clean environment. The interdisciplinary subject matter will appeal to scientists and engineers in all specialties ranging from materials and polymer sciences to chemistry and physics. It is also useful to those developing new processes for other applications, and references given at the end of each chapter provide links to the wider body of SCF literature. The book is organized with topics progressing from the fundamental nature of the supercritical state, through process conditions and materials interactions, to economic considerations. Practical examples are included to show how the technology has been successfully applied. The first four chapters consider principles governing SCF processing, detailing issues such as solubility, design for cleanability, and the dynamics of particle removal. The next three chapters discuss surfactants and microemulsions, SCF interaction with polymers, and the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as a cleaning solvent. The closing chapters focus on more practical considerations such as scaleup, equipment costs, and financial analysis.
Book Synopsis Modification and Processing of Polymers Using Supercritical Fluids by : Paul B. Webb
Download or read book Modification and Processing of Polymers Using Supercritical Fluids written by Paul B. Webb and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Extraction by : Mark McHugh
Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Extraction written by Mark McHugh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical Fluid Extraction is a technique in which CO2 is used under extremely high pressure to separate solution (e.g., removing caffeine from coffee). Separations is basic to all process industries and supercritical fluid extraction is a specific type which is receiving a high level of attention. The book will combine basic fundamentals with industrial applications. The second edition has been expanded and updated and includes new chapters on chromatography and food processing. "...this is an excellent book which is both instructive and amusing to read. Its true value is neatly summarised in one of the closing sentences: 'We have supplied you with the guidelines and criteria which you can now apply when considering supercritical fluids for your own needs.'' - Chemistry in Britain, February 1995
Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluids: Innovations and Applications by : Siti Machmudah
Download or read book Supercritical Fluids: Innovations and Applications written by Siti Machmudah and published by Penerbit Andi. This book was released on 2024-06-02 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the range and the utility of supercritical fluid system in a variety of diverse chemical applications. The book highlighted the green process and served the necessary background and details about separation, material processing, and reaction regarding technique, mechanism, protocol, and potential applications; hence it can appeal to academics and industrialists. Both from a chemical as well as engineering scene, the book updates the recent advances in supercritical fluid technology and other pressurized-solvent system (subcritical water technology). The most wide-spread use of supercritical CO2 as a solvent has been in supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation processes. Other applications are recrystallization of pharmaceuticals, metal nanoparticles generation, and polymer processing. Sub or supercritical water is a unique green solvent which can serve a high solubility for many weakly-polar organics and light inorganic gases. This solvent denotes very high reactivity for biomass processing.
Book Synopsis Advances in Polymer Processing by : S Thomas
Download or read book Advances in Polymer Processing written by S Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-05-30 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Processing techniques are critical to the performance of polymer products which are used in a wide range of industries. Advances in polymer processing: From macro- to nano- scales reviews the latest advances in polymer processing, techniques and materials. Part one reviews the fundamentals of polymer processing with chapters on rheology, materials and polymer extrusion. Part two then discusses advances in moulding technology with chapters on such topics as compression, rotational and blow moulding of polymers. Chapters in Part three review alternative processing technologies such as calendaring and coating, foam processing and radiation processing of polymers. Part four discusses micro and nano-technologies with coverage of themes such as processing of macro, micro and nanocomposites and processing of carbon nanotubes. The final section of the book addresses post-processing technologies with chapters on online monitoring and computer modelling as well as joining, machining, finishing and decorating of polymers. With is distinguished editors and team of international contributors, Advances in polymer processing: From macro- to nano- scales is an invaluable reference for engineers and academics concerned with polymer processing. Reviews the latest advances in polymer processing, techniques and materials analysing new challenges and opportunities Discusses the fundamentals of polymer processing considering the compounding and mixing of polymers as well as extrusion Assesses alternative processing technologies including calendaring and coating and thermoforming of polymers
Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Assisted Polymer Processing by : Joseph Robert Royer
Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Assisted Polymer Processing written by Joseph Robert Royer and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keywords: Supercrtical fluids, Viscosity reduction, CO2-induced plasticization.
Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Technology in Materials Science and Engineering by : Ya-Ping Sun
Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Technology in Materials Science and Engineering written by Ya-Ping Sun and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-03-26 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title analyzes the chemical reactions, structures and fundamental properties of supercritical fluid systems for the production of new compounds, nanomaterials, fibers, and films. It complies contemporary research and technological advances for increased selectivity and reduced waste in chemical, industrial, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. Topics include fluid dynamics, catalysis, hydrothermal synthesis, surfactants, conducting polymers, crystal growth, and other aspects and applications of supercritical fluids.
Book Synopsis Fluid Phase Behavior of Systems Involving High Molecular Weight Compounds and Supercritical Fluids by : Pedro F. Arce
Download or read book Fluid Phase Behavior of Systems Involving High Molecular Weight Compounds and Supercritical Fluids written by Pedro F. Arce and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although supercritical fluids (SCF) and their unique solvent characteristics have been a matter of continuing scientific interest since the past century, their potential benefit to chemical processing have not been fully realised; it is only in the past three decades that SCF solvents have been the focus of active research and development programs, especially in the area of polymer processing.
Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Assisted Polymer Processing: Plasticization, Swelling and Rheology by :
Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Assisted Polymer Processing: Plasticization, Swelling and Rheology written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of supercritical carbon dioxide, scCO is a gas under atmospheric conditions, it can be used as a processing aid and then easily removed from a polymer through evaporation to obtain the original physical properties of the unplasticized polymer matrix. In addition, CO has been shown to be more environmentally friendly in comparison to many of the traditional organic plasticizers. However, the biggest challenge hindering the widespread use of CO as a plasticizer involves a lack of understanding of and data quantifying its effect on polymer swelling and the concomitant reduction in material viscosity. In this work, a three-step approach is used to investigate and quantify the physical phenomena associated with CO-induced plasticization of polymer melts. First, a novel experimental apparatus was designed and constructed to measure equilibrium swelling, swelling kinetics and diffusion of CO into a polymer melt. It was found that diffusion of CO pressure had a negligible effect on the diffusion coefficient; however, the system temperature directly affected the diffusion coefficient. Increased pressure was found to enhance the extent of swelling whereas a maximum was observed with increasing temperature, at pressures above 15 MPa. The Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state was found to be in good agreement with the experimentally calculated variables, and thus, can be used as a predictive tool to obtain physical properties of the CO-PDMS system. Secondly, a high pressure extrusion slit die rheometer was constructed to measure the viscosity of polymer melts plasticized with low concentrations of CO. Polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene, low density polyethylene, and poly(vinylidene fluoride) were all investigated. CO was found to be an efficient plasticizer for all of these polymer materials, generally lowering the viscosity of the melt 30-80%, depending on processing conditions. Predictive viscoelastic scaling models based on free-volume principles and a p.
Book Synopsis Handbook on Supercritical Fluids by : Jane Osborne
Download or read book Handbook on Supercritical Fluids written by Jane Osborne and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) possesses both gas-like and liquid-like properties. It is capable of depositing nanoparticles in small structures and poorly wettable substrates. Deposition and array formation of metal and metal sulphide nanoparticles on various substrates using sc-CO2 as a medium has been a subject of considerable interest for researchers in nanomaterials area in recent years. This handbook begins by exploring nanoparticle deposition using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. Further topics in this handbook include separation of oils using supercritical carbon dioxide; the application of an integrated supercritical extraction and impregnation process for incorporation of thyme extracts into different carriers; supercritical fluid extraction application on dairy products and by-products; and supercritical fluid technology applications in pharmaceutical drug formulations.
