Place Of Science In A World Of Values And Facts

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Place of Science in a World of Values and Facts

Author : Loucas G. Christophorou
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306476231
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Place of Science in a World of Values and Facts by : Loucas G. Christophorou

Download or read book Place of Science in a World of Values and Facts written by Loucas G. Christophorou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-27 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an engrossing book. It is also an unusual book: it is written by a scientist who is quite willing to talk about the softer side of life, about things such as love and respect and responsibility, and to try and position them in the context of his science. He is also willing to talk about religion, the manner in which it relates to science and science to it, and to attempt reconciliation of both. He sets himself a tough task, to tread the narrow path between the maudlin and the severely sober. In this, he is eminently successful. He is successful not because he aims at any grand synthesis, but because he has chosen the more modest path of simply laying out the cards on the table. This work is also unusual for another reason. The majority of books that attempt to explain science to a lay public, that try to describe its workings, its raison d'être, its hidden contents, its societal impact, its implications for our future, etc. , are written by theorists. This is hardly surprising. The theoretician, after all, is expected to think deeply, to be the great unifier, to be concernedwith meaning. Very few books about science are written by scientists, ones who spend their time in a working experimental laboratory. This is such a book. And because it is, it is also a very different book.

The Place of Value in a World of Facts

Author : Wolfgang Köhler
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 9780871401076
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Place of Value in a World of Facts by : Wolfgang Köhler

Download or read book The Place of Value in a World of Facts written by Wolfgang Köhler and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 1976 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can values operate in a world of facts and still be more than indifferent facts themselves?

Science Values and Objectivity

Author : Peter Machamer
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
ISBN 13 : 0822970864
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Science Values and Objectivity by : Peter Machamer

Download or read book Science Values and Objectivity written by Peter Machamer and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 2004-11-28 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few people, if any, still argue that science in all its aspects is a value-free endeavor. At the very least, values affect decisions about the choice of research problems to investigate and the uses to which the results of research are applied. But what about the actual doing of science?As Science, Values, and Objectivity reveals, the connections and interactions between values and science are quite complex. The essays in this volume Theory and Method in the Neurosciences surveys the nature and structure of theories in contemporary neuroscience, exploring many of its methodological techniques and problems. The essays in this volume from the Pittsburgh -Konstanz series explore basic questions about how to relate theories of neuroscience and cognition, the multilevel character of such theories, and their experimental bases. Philosophers and scientists (and some who are both) examine the topics of explanation and mechanisms, simulation and computation, imaging and animal models that raise questions about the forefront of research in cognitive neuroscience. Their work will stimulate new thinking in anyone interested in the mind or brain and in recent theories of their connections.identify the crucial values that play a role in science, distinguish some of the criteria that can be used for value identification, and elaborate the conditions for warranting certain values as necessary or central to the very activity of scientific research.Recently, social constructivists have taken the presence of values within the scientific model to question the basis of objectivity. However, the contributors to Science, Values, and Objectivity recognize that such acknowledgment of the role of values does not negate the fact that objects exist in the world. Objects have the power to constrain our actions and thoughts, though the norms for these thoughts lie in the public, social world.Values may be decried or defended, praised or blamed, but in a world that strives for a modicum of reason, values, too, must be reasoned. Critical assessment of the values that play a role in scientific research is as much a part of doing good science as interpreting data.

Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal

Author : Heather E. Douglas
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
ISBN 13 : 082297357X
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal by : Heather E. Douglas

Download or read book Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal written by Heather E. Douglas and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 2009-07-15 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.

A Tapestry of Values

Author : Kevin C. Elliott
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190260823
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis A Tapestry of Values by : Kevin C. Elliott

Download or read book A Tapestry of Values written by Kevin C. Elliott and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-02 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of values in scientific research has become an important topic of discussion in both scholarly and popular debates. Pundits across the political spectrum worry that research on topics like climate change, evolutionary theory, vaccine safety, and genetically modified foods has become overly politicized. At the same time, it is clear that values play an important role in science by limiting unethical forms of research and by deciding what areas of research have the greatest relevance for society. Deciding how to distinguish legitimate and illegitimate influences of values in scientific research is a matter of vital importance. Recently, philosophers of science have written a great deal on this topic, but most of their work has been directed toward a scholarly audience. This book makes the contemporary philosophical literature on science and values accessible to a wide readership. It examines case studies from a variety of research areas, including climate science, anthropology, chemical risk assessment, ecology, neurobiology, biomedical research, and agriculture. These cases show that values have necessary roles to play in identifying research topics, choosing research questions, determining the aims of inquiry, responding to uncertainty, and deciding how to communicate information. Kevin Elliott focuses not just on describing roles for values but also on determining when their influences are actually appropriate. He emphasizes several conditions for incorporating values in a legitimate fashion, and highlights multiple strategies for fostering engagement between stakeholders so that value influences can be subjected to careful and critical scrutiny.

The Moral Landscape

Author : Sam Harris
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 143917122X
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis The Moral Landscape by : Sam Harris

Download or read book The Moral Landscape written by Sam Harris and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2011-09-13 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sam Harris dismantles the most common justification for religious faith--that a moral system cannot be based on science.

Facts, Values and the Policy World

Author : Phil Ryan
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 1447364554
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (473 download)

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Book Synopsis Facts, Values and the Policy World by : Phil Ryan

Download or read book Facts, Values and the Policy World written by Phil Ryan and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2023-09 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book tackles the prevailing contradiction within policy analysis, that rigorous thought should be uncontaminated by values, despite policy analysis being inherently values based. In resolving the issue, this book provides a new, solid foundation for policy analysis.

The Authority of Reason

Author : Jean E. Hampton
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521556149
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (561 download)

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Book Synopsis The Authority of Reason by : Jean E. Hampton

Download or read book The Authority of Reason written by Jean E. Hampton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-02-28 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This challenging and provocative book argues against much contemporary orthodoxy in philosophy and the social sciences by showing why objectivity in the domain of ethics is really no different from the objectivity of scientific knowledge. Many philosophers and social scientists have challenged the idea that we act for objectively authoritative reasons. Jean Hampton takes up the challenge by undermining two central assumptions of this contemporary orthodoxy: that one can understand instrumental reasons without appeal to objective authority, and that the adoption of the scientific world view requires no such appeal. In the course of the book Jean Hampton examines moral realism, the general nature of reason and norms, internalism and externalism, instrumental reasoning, and the expected utility model of practical reasoning. The book is sure to prove to be a seminal work in the theory of rationality that will be read by a broad swathe of philosophers and social scientists.

Science and Moral Imagination

Author : Matthew J. Brown
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Press
ISBN 13 : 0822987678
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and Moral Imagination by : Matthew J. Brown

Download or read book Science and Moral Imagination written by Matthew J. Brown and published by University of Pittsburgh Press. This book was released on 2020-11-17 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea that science is or should be value-free, and that values are or should be formed independently of science, has been under fire by philosophers of science for decades. Science and Moral Imagination directly challenges the idea that science and values cannot and should not influence each other. Matthew J. Brown argues that science and values mutually influence and implicate one another, that the influence of values on science is pervasive and must be responsibly managed, and that science can and should have an influence on our values. This interplay, he explains, must be guided by accounts of scientific inquiry and value judgment that are sensitive to the complexities of their interactions. Brown presents scientific inquiry and value judgment as types of problem-solving practices and provides a new framework for thinking about how we might ethically evaluate episodes and decisions in science, while offering guidance for scientific practitioners and institutions about how they can incorporate value judgments into their work. His framework, dubbed “the ideal of moral imagination,” emphasizes the role of imagination in value judgment and the positive role that value judgment plays in science.

Is Science Value Free?

Author : Hugh Lacey
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113461974X
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)

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Book Synopsis Is Science Value Free? by : Hugh Lacey

Download or read book Is Science Value Free? written by Hugh Lacey and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-06-23 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the role of values in scientific inquiry, Hugh Lacey examines the nature and meaning of values, and looks at challenges to the view, posed by postmodernists, feminists, radical ecologists, Third-World advocates and religious fundamentalists, that science is value free. He also focuses on discussions of 'development', especially in Third World countries. This paperback edition includes a new preface.

Why Trust Science?

Author : Naomi Oreskes
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691212260
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Why Trust Science? by : Naomi Oreskes

Download or read book Why Trust Science? written by Naomi Oreskes and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why the social character of scientific knowledge makes it trustworthy Are doctors right when they tell us vaccines are safe? Should we take climate experts at their word when they warn us about the perils of global warming? Why should we trust science when so many of our political leaders don't? Naomi Oreskes offers a bold and compelling defense of science, revealing why the social character of scientific knowledge is its greatest strength—and the greatest reason we can trust it. Tracing the history and philosophy of science from the late nineteenth century to today, this timely and provocative book features a new preface by Oreskes and critical responses by climate experts Ottmar Edenhofer and Martin Kowarsch, political scientist Jon Krosnick, philosopher of science Marc Lange, and science historian Susan Lindee, as well as a foreword by political theorist Stephen Macedo.

The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays

Author : Hilary Putnam
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674013808
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays by : Hilary Putnam

Download or read book The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays written by Hilary Putnam and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2004-03-30 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If philosophy has any business in the world, it is the clarification of our thinking and the clearing away of ideas that cloud the mind. In this book, one of the world's preeminent philosophers takes issue with an idea that has found an all-too-prominent place in popular culture and philosophical thought: the idea that while factual claims can be rationally established or refuted, claims about value are wholly subjective, not capable of being rationally argued for or against. Although it is on occasion important and useful to distinguish between factual claims and value judgments, the distinction becomes, Hilary Putnam argues, positively harmful when identified with a dichotomy between the objective and the purely "subjective." Putnam explores the arguments that led so much of the analytic philosophy of language, metaphysics, and epistemology to become openly hostile to the idea that talk of value and human flourishing can be right or wrong, rational or irrational; and by which, following philosophy, social sciences such as economics have fallen victim to the bankrupt metaphysics of Logical Positivism. Tracing the problem back to Hume's conception of a "matter of fact" as well as to Kant's distinction between "analytic" and "synthetic" judgments, Putnam identifies a path forward in the work of Amartya Sen. Lively, concise, and wise, his book prepares the way for a renewed mutual fruition of philosophy and the social sciences.

Value-Free Science

Author : Harold Kincaid
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190294795
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Value-Free Science by : Harold Kincaid

Download or read book Value-Free Science written by Harold Kincaid and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-03-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has long been thought that science is our best hope for realizing objective knowledge, but that, to deliver on this promise, it must be value free. Things are not so simple, however, as recent work in science studies makes clear. The contributors to this volume investigate where and how values are involved in science, and examine the implications of this involvement for ideals of objectivity.

Facts, Values, and Norms

Author : Peter Railton
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521426930
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (269 download)

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Book Synopsis Facts, Values, and Norms by : Peter Railton

Download or read book Facts, Values, and Norms written by Peter Railton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-03-17 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In our everyday lives we struggle with the notions of why we do what we do and the need to assign values to our actions. Somehow, it seems possible through experience and life to gain knowledge and understanding of such matters. Yet once we start delving deeper into the concepts that underwrite these domains of thought and actions, we face a philosophical disappointment. In contrast to the world of facts, values and morality seem insecure, uncomfortably situated, easily influenced by illusion or ideology. How can we apply this same objectivity and accuracy to the spheres of value and morality? In the essays included in this collection, Peter Railton shows how a fairly sober, naturalistically informed view of the world might nonetheless incorporate objective values and moral knowledge. This book will be of interest to professionals and students working in philosophy and ethics.

Reproducibility and Replicability in Science

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309486165
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Reproducibility and Replicability in Science by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Reproducibility and Replicability in Science written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-10-20 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science.

The Universitas Project

Author : Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)
Publisher : The Museum of Modern Art
ISBN 13 : 9780870700705
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Universitas Project by : Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)

Download or read book The Universitas Project written by Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.) and published by The Museum of Modern Art. This book was released on 2006 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In January of 1972, The Museum of Modern Art hosted "The Universitas Project," a two-day conference sponsored by the Museum's International Council and the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies. The distinguished participants, from a wide range of scholarly and artistic disciplines, including Jean Baudrillard, Umberto Eco, Gyorgy Kepes, Octavio Paz, Anatol Rapoport, Meyer Schapiro, Carl Schorske and Jivan Tabibian, among many others, engaged in a multidisciplinary debate on the future of design and design institutions in the postindustrial era. The project, conceived and directed by the noted architect and designer Emilio Ambasz, then Curator of Design at the Museum, was originally described as "a critical and prospective inquiry into the relation of man to the natural and the sociocultural environment...specifically planned to explore the possibility of establishing in the United States a new type of institution centered around the task of evaluating and designing the man-made milieu." This important volume publishes in their entirety the various components of the conference: the working papers that set the terms of the debate; the essays submitted by the invitees; the proceedings of the symposia responding to the papers; and the postscripts provided by the participants after the event. It makes this chapter in the intellectual history of the Museum, addressing issues and ideas still relevant today, available for the first time to scholars, the architecture and design community and the general public.

Explaining Value

Author : Gilbert Harman
Publisher : Clarendon Press
ISBN 13 : 0191519359
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Explaining Value by : Gilbert Harman

Download or read book Explaining Value written by Gilbert Harman and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 2000-08-17 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explaining Value is a selection of the best of Gilbert Harman's shorter writings in moral philosophy. The thirteen essays, originally published between 1967 and 1999, are divided into four sections, which focus in turn on moral relativism, values and valuing, character traits and virtue ethics, and ways of explaining aspects of morality. An indication of the breadth of interest of the book can be given by mentioning a few of the compelling questions which Harman discusses: What accounts for the existence of basic moral disagreements? Why do most people think it is worse to injure someone than to fail to save them from injury? Why do many people think it is morally permissible to treat animals in ways we would not treat people? What is it to value something and what is it to value something intrinsically? How much of morality can or should be explained in terms of human flourishing, or the possession of virtuous character traits? How do people come to be moral? Harman's distinctive approach to moral philosophy has provoked much interest; this volume offers a fascinating conspectus of his most important work in the area.